华南理工大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

华南理工大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Use of English (10 points)
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
Color is very important to most animals for it helps them to get along in the world. Color (1) to make an animal difficult for its enemies to see. Many animals match their (2) so well that as long as they do not move no one is (3) to see them. You probably have often "jumped" a rabbit. If you (4), you know how the rabbit sits perfectly still (5) you are just a few feet away. You (6) see the rabbit till it runs for its (7) matches very closely the place where it is (8). Many times you may have walked past a rabbit (9) didn’t run and you never knew it was there at all.
One of the most usual color schemes that helps animals to keep (10) being seen, is a dark back and light underpants. If an animal is the same color all (11), there is always a dark shadow along the animal’s belly. (12) an enemy couldn’t see the animal he could see this dark shadow. The shadow makes the animal (13) out to view. But if the belly is (14) than the rest of the animal, the shadow will not be noticed.
You can see this light underpants in many kinds of animals. There is one very (15) example. In the Nile River lives a certain kind of catfish that swims upside down. I haven’t the faintest idea (16) this catfish likes to float (17) its back. It doesn’t seem to make (18). That’s what this catfish (19), however. And, would you believe it, this catfish has a white back and a dark belly! Its back is always underneath so its back is white (20) its belly.
1. A. helps    B. contributes    C. tries    D. manages
2. A. conditions    B. surroundings    C. enemies    D. bodies
3. A. enable    B. hardly    C. likely    D. possible
4. A. do not    B. had not    C. did    D. have
5. A. where    B. there    C. while    D. until
6. A. sometimes    B. occasionally    C. seldom    D. often
7. A. surface    B. coat    C. shape    D. appearance
8. A. sitting    B. matching    C. running    D. jumping
9. A. you    B. that    C. it    D. which
10. A. out of    B. on    C. from    D. off
11. A. alone    B. together    C. over    D. right
12. A. Even if    B. Unless    C. However    D. As long as
13. A. stand    B. stretch    C. push    D. bring
14. A. thinner    B. darker    C. bigger    D. lighter
15. A. common    B. strange    C. typical    D. complicated
16. A. why    B. how    C. of    D. with
17. A. by    B. without    C. on    D. at
18. A. difference    B. mind    C. sense    D. change
19. A. does    B. makes    C. swims    D. floats
20. A. other than    B. instead of    C. more than    D. in view of
Part II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following five texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Passage 1
To understand the marketing concept it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first try to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it according to consumer demand.
This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activity – the firm and the consumer – and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producer, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. This concept has been recognized in such slogans as "Have It Your Way." And "You’re the Boss." A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed along the new. King Customer ruled!
21. A good knowledge of the difference between marketing and selling leads to ______.
A. the efficient production of goods
B. a perfect command of salesmanship
C. a basic command of the marketing concept
D. the conversion of goods into money
22. Not too long ago, industries focused on ______.
A. producing and selling goods
B. the needs and wants of customers
C. the selling of new products
D. moving goods to the market
23. The very core of marketing lies in ______.
A. all understanding of consumer needs
B. the efficient movement of goods
C. developing new wants for consumer goods
D. making goods readily available to customers
24. A successful business deal can take place only when ______.
A. the customer is satisfied at the expense of the company
B. a company makes a big profit
C. consumer satisfaction and company profit are given equal importance
D. priority is given to the requirements of the customer
25. The last sentence of the passage suggests that ______.
A. the consumer should be allowed to do things his own way
B. the consumer should be treated like a king
C. the consumer should have the final say in the selling of any product
D. the consumer should be advised on what to buy
Passage 2
The rise of "temp" work has further magnified the decreasing rights and alienation of the worker. It is common corporate practice to phase out full-time employees and hire temporary workers to take on more workload in less time. When facing a pressing deadline, a corporation may pay $15-$20 per hour for a temp worker, but the temp worker will only see $7 or $8 of that money. The rest goes to temp agency, which is usually a corporate chain, such as Kelly Services, that blatantly makes its profits off other people’s labor. This increases profits of the corporations because they can increase a workload, get rid of the employee when they are finished, and not worry about paying benefits or unemployment for that employee. I have had to work with temps a few times in my current position, and the workers only want one thing – a full-time job with benefits. We really wanted to hire one temp I was working with, but we could not offer her a full-time job because it would have been a breach in our contract with the temp agency that employed her. To hire a temp full-time, we would have had to pay the agency over a thousand dollars. Through this practice and policy, the temp agency locks its temporary workers into a horrible new form of servitude from which the worker cannot break free.
Furthermore, corporate powers push workers to take on bigger workloads, work longer hours and accept less benefits by instilling a paranoia in their workforce. The capitalist bosses assume dishonesty, disloyalty, and laziness amongst workers, and they breed a sense of guilt and fear through their assumptions. Where guilt doesn’t seep in, bitterness, anger, and depression take over, the highest priorities of Big Business are to increase profits and limit liabilities. Personal relations and human needs are last on their list of priorities. So what we see is a huge mass of people who are alienated, disempowered, overworked, mentally and physically ill and who spend the vast majority of their time and energy on their basic survival. They are denied a chance to really "love", because they are forced to make profits for the capitalists in power.
26. Which of the following can NOT be listed as a reason for corporations’ hiring temporary workers and phasing out full-time employees?
A. Corporations intend to leave more workload to temporary workers.
B. Temp workers are generally well-trained and can achieve high efficiency.
C. Corporations can reduce their production cost by employing temp workers.
D. Corporations can benefit a great deal from keeping a small full-time work force.
27. According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Temp workers seem to be satisfied with their conditions.
B. Temp agencies have made it easy for temp workers to be employed as full-time workers.
C. Temp workers are fairly paid by their agencies.
D. It is difficult for temp workers to be employed as full-time workers.
28. The main purpose of the last paragraph is to ______.
A. show how much the capitalist bosses distrust temp workers
B. reveal that temp workers are living in misery
C. arouse reader’s hatred for the capitalists
D. criticize the ignorance of the temp workers
29. The author’s attitude toward the temp workers can be described as ______.
A. amicable
B. depressed
C. sympathetic
D. hostile
30. The word "liabilities" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. risks in hiring temp workers
B. duties distributed to workers
C. responsibilities shared by temp workers
D. considerations offered to temp workers
Passage 3
Zoologists have long been satisfied with the evolutionary theory that holds that humans and monkeys are closely related. But the theorists always welcome additional evidence, and last week they got some striking chemical proof. Drs. B. H. Hoyer, B. J. McCarthy and E. T. Bolton of the Carnegie Institution demonstrated that the DNA in human genetic material has many sections that are identical with monkey DNA.
The experiments that the three Carnegie men report in the magazine Science were both delicate and difficult.
DNA molecules are made up of two very long strands connected to each other by hundreds of thousands of short submolecules, which are set in place like the rungs of a ladder. The rungs differ chemically, and the order in which they are arranged constitutes the genetic code that controls heredity. When DNA is heated in just the right way, the rungs break and the long strands separate. Though the strands are eager to recombine, they cannot do so unless their broken rungs are matched in perfect order.
The Carnegie men heated a solution of mouse DNA until its strands separated. Then they mixed it with agar that cooled to a stiff jelly, which immobilized the long strands and kept them from recombining. Next, the jelly was reduced to tiny granules, each charged with mouse DNA.
Code Segments. The scientists then prepared a solution of mouse DNA that had been made radioactive with carbon 14. They chopped the molecules into short sections, each carrying a small part of the mouse genetic code, and separated the two strands. When these were mixed with the chunks of agar, their small size permitted them to diffuse into the jelly, and whenever one of them encountered a trapped strand that had a matching sequence of genetic code, the two segments combined firmly.
By measuring the radioactivity of the recombined DNA, the scientists could estimate closely how many of the segments had found matching partners. Under the best conditions, about 25% of the chopped DNA hooked up with that in the agar. This comparatively high figure was only natural, since both samples came from the same species of animal.
Other Species. Next step was to repeat the experiment with different species. Just as predicted by evolutionary theory, mouse DNA combined nicely with that of other rodents, such as rats and hamsters. But it showed much less attraction for the DNA of monkeys and cattle. Human DNA demonstrated only moderate interest in mouse, but it combined with some from a rhesus monkey almost as strongly as if the stuff came from a human. Both mouse and human showed weak interest in DNA from salmon, and almost none in that from bacteria.
What all this means, say the Carnegie scientists, is that bacterial DNA has almost no code sections that are identical with those of higher animals. But fish are vertebrates; thus their genetic code has quite a number of sequences that have survived from the primitive fish that were the ancestors of all vertebrates. When fragments of human DNA combine with salmon DNA, they presumably find matching code sequences that control such common attributes as hemoglobin in the blood or an internal skeleton. Mice are mammals, so they have more in common with humans (warm blood, hair, a similar reproductive system); and in the world of primates monkeys are so similar to man that long stretches of their genetic codes must be identical. The all-important differences between men and monkeys, say the Carnegie scientists, are not likely to be detected by their DNA-matching method.
31. The three Carnegie scientists found that ______.
A. monkeys are the ancestors of human beings
B. some of human DNA is the same as that of monkeys’
C. biochemistry can prove evolutionary theory
D. DNA controls heredity
32. The word "delicate" in Para. 2 means that the experiments ______.
A. were complicated
B. were hard to understand
C. were carried out carefully
D. involved many steps
33. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?
A. DNA molecules are composed of two long strands and numerous short submolecules.
B. The order in which submolecules are arranged constitutes the genetic code that controls heredity.
C. The rungs will not break or the long strands will not separate unless DNA is heated in just the right way.
D. The strands cannot recombine, even if their broken rungs are matched in perfect order.
34. In the experiment, mouse DNA can match with that of ______.
A. hamsters
B. monkeys
C. salmon
D. bacteria
35. The DNA-matching method failed in detecting all-important differences between ______.
A. bacterial and plants
B. salmon and mice
C. men and monkeys
D. mice and hamsters
Passage 4
We’ve covered a lot of information about motivation. If you’re a manager concerned with motivating your employees, what specific recommendations can you draw from the theories and issues we’ve covered? Although there’s no simple, all-encompassing set of guidelines, the following suggestions draw on what we know about motivating employees.
Recognize Individual Differences. Almost every contemporary motivation theory recognizes that employees aren’t identical. They have different needs, attitudes, personalities, and other important individual variables.
Match People to Jobs. There’s a great deal of evidence showing the motivational benefits of carefully matching people to jobs. For example, high achievers should have jobs that allow them to participate in setting moderately challenging goals and that involve autonomy and feedback. Also, keep in mind that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in autonomy, variety, and responsibility.
Use Goals. The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that employees have hard, specific goals and feedback on how well they’re doing in achieving those goals. Should the goals be assigned by the manager or should employees participate in setting them? The answer depends on your perception of goal acceptance and the organization’s culture. If you expect resistance to goals, participation should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, use assigned goals.
Ensure That Goals Are Perceived as Attainable. Regardless of whether goals are actually attainable, employees who see goals as unattainable will reduce their effort because they’ll be thinking "why bother?" Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that increased efforts can lead to achieving performance goals.
Individualize Rewards. Because employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcer for one may not for another. Managers should use their knowledge of employee differences to individualize the rewards they control, such as pay, promotions, recognition, desirable work assignments, autonomy, and participation.
Link Rewards to Performance. Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. Rewarding factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Important rewards such as pay increases and promotions should be given for the attainment of specific goals. Managers should also look for ways to increase the visibility of rewards, making them potentially more motivating.
Check the System for Equity. Employees should perceive that rewards or outcomes are equal to the inputs. On a simple level, experience, ability, effort, and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility, and other obvious outcomes. And remember that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal reward system should probably weigh inputs differently in arriving at the proper rewards for each job.
Use Recognition. Recognize the power of recognition. In a stagnant economy where cost-cutting is widespread, using recognition is a low-cost means to reward employees. And it’s a reward that most employees consider valuable.
Don’t Ignore Money. It’s easy to get so caught up in setting goals, creating interesting jobs, and providing opportunities for participation that you forget that money is a major reason why most people work. Thus, the allocation of performance-based wage increases, piecework bonuses, and other pay incentives is important in determining employee motivation. We’re not saying that managers should focus solely on money as a motivational tool. Rather, we’re simply stating the obvious — that is, if money is removed as an incentive, people aren’t going to show up for work. The same can’t be said for removing goals, enriched work, or participation.
36. Most contemporary motivation theories recognize that employees have different ______, attitudes, personalities, and other important individual variables.
A. needs
B. family background
C. opinions
D. education
37. Which of the following is Not one of the reasons why employers tend to ignore money when they motivate their employees?
A. They might be busy setting up goals.
B. They tend to get too caught up in creating interesting jobs.
C. They are occupied with providing opportunities for participation.
D. They are reluctant to pay their employees extra money.
38. A reinforcer for one may not work for another because employees ______.
A. have different pursuits
B. have different needs
C. are hard to please
D. have different personalities
39. An ideal reward system values inputs differently in arriving at the proper rewards for each job because ______.
A. different people have different expectations
B. different people have different abilities
C. one person's equity is another's inequity
D. different people put in different efforts
40. Using recognition is a low-cost means to reward employees in a ______ economy.
A. well-developed
B. fast-growing
C. stagnant
D. mature
Part B
Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
Order: G → 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → 45 → F
[G] The shame of it! In a new study of school pupils’ performance by the OECD, Germany, the world’s thir...
[C] "Shocking", "scandalous" and "catastrophic", politicians, parents and educators have wailed in uniso...
[E] How can this be? Whatever else, Germany is famous for its thoroughness. Its technical education was ...
[A] What else might be wrong? Money? Germany’s spending per pupil is a bit below the OECD average. But s...
[B] There is more of a clue, perhaps, to be found in the teaching force itself. Germany’s school-teacher...
[D] Other explanations abound. One is the German zeal for rote learning, rather than for teaching childr...
[F] Some people blame Germany’s compressed school day, which starts at 8 am and usually ends at 1:30 pm ...
Part III English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
In 2009, when policymakers in New Delhi set a goal to produce 20,000 megawatts of solar energy by 2020, few gave India more than a slim chance. (46) The world’s solar-savvy countries put together were generating that much solar power at the time, and India was contributing virtually nothing. But today, with acres of land in its arid, sun-drenched northwest carpeted with thousands of gleaming solar panels, analysts say India is poised to exceed its target. And the most tangible indicator of this makeover is money. In the last year, funding for solar projects in India increased seven-fold, from $0.6 billion in 2010 to $4.2 billion in 2011, a new Bloomberg New Energy Finance report said.
On paper, India has always had a good case for going solar. (47) Several parts of the country are endowed with an abundance of raw material – as many as 300 days of sunshine a year – much to the envy of cloud-enveloped Germany. India has vast tracts of under-utilized land on which to embed rows upon rows of solar panels; the country’s growing and grossly underserved population and expanding industry are hungry for electricity. (48) But the deal breaker, solar’s classic Achilles’ heel, had always been the cost factor; solar is expensive – considerably more expensive than the alternatives, coal and wind. And solar is a seemingly extravagant venture for a developing nation struggling with double-digit poverty and ruinous public health. (49) For years, the global solar industry has piggybacked on generous subsidies from governments – inevitably developed and wealthy – willing to foot an enormous bill to develop clean energy. India never quite fit into this elite club.
But last year, the promise of affordable solar came one step closer to becoming a reality. First, the global price of solar panels and modules that turn sunlight into electricity plummeted 30 to 40 percent, triggered by a massive expansion in China – home to the world’s leading panel makers – and a supply surplus owing to tepid demand from Europe. (50) While this brought doom to American manufacturers unable to compete with China’s prices, it proved transformative for the industry by making solar infrastructure more accessible. Germany added a record 7.5 gigawatts of panels in 2011, more than double the government’s target. In the United States, grid-connected solar installations in the third quarter of 2011 grew 140 percent over the previous year. Indian developers too decided to join the party.
（46-50题为划线句翻译题，请将文中划线句翻译成中文。）
Part IV Writing (20 points)
Directions: Write an essay of 250-300 words to state your view after reading the following short paragraph. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. In the first part of your writing, you should state your main argument, and in the second part, you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.
Wu Juping, a female worker in Hangzhou, is given the name of the "most beautiful mother" by netizens for risking her own life to save a two-year-old girl falling down from the 10th floor of a building. She was offered a reward of 200,000 yuan and decided to keep the money. Her decision set off a debate. Some people think that, as a public role model, she should donate the money, while others believe that she has every right to keep the money. What is your opinion?