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Part One  Listening Comprehension (15%)
Direction: In this part, you will hear 6 pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only.
Questions 1-3 are based on a research report about personal learning. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 1-3.
1. What may “the biases” most probably refer to in terms of Lozanov?
    A. Our own working history.
    B. Our lifetime of learning process.
    C. Our ability to learn each subject of matter.
    D. Our experience, beliefs, values and attitudes.
2. According to Lozanov, it is not until we tackle these learning barriers that we can __________.
    A. reach our potential
    B. never reach our potential
    C. follow strongly-held principles
    D. achieve less success in learning
3. The speakers’ personal learning block suggests that __________.
    A. we are always the people they way we want to be
    B. we don’t want others to suffer the same way that we have
    C. tribal societies help people to develop their own ability
    D. everyone is not well-suited to helping others
Questions 4-6 are based on a public debate. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 4-6.
4. What may a healthy person enjoy most in the speaker’s eyes?
    A. Monetary wealth
    B. His life
    C. A wealth of health
    D. His vigor and energy
5. According to the speaker, a wealthy person has the financial backing to __________.
    A. buy material things
    B. purchase ships and houses
    C. buy up whole island
    D. look for spiritual comfort
6. The concluding remark implies that a merely wealthy person __________.
    A. should have greater expectation
    B. can easily become richer
    C. may not benefit from both health and wealth
    D. is quite similar to a healthy person
Questions 7-10 are based on a dialogue about intermarriage. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 7-10.
7. Which word may best describe two speakers’ positions on intermarriage?
    A. Comparison
    B. Contrast
    C. Causality
    D. Bias
8. Why does marriage usually thrive concerning customs and traditions?
    A. On a give-and-take policy
    B. Beyond a give-and-take policy
    C. In the manner of each other’s adaptation
    D. Due to religious beliefs
9. The cultural differences arise __________.
    A. at the wedding
    B. before intermarriage
    C. after people get married
    D. until recently
10. What negative effects may the intermarriage most probably cause?
    A. A quick divorce
    B. Cultural shock
    C. A big gap between parents and children
    D. Much suffering in children’s minds
Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about depression. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.
11. Which of the following statement about the depression of our ancestors is NOT true?
    A. It had something to do with the harsh environment our ancestors lived in.
    B. It helped to conserve their resources and energy.
    C. It could help them to survive the rough times.
    D. It is impossible to find the indication of it in us nowadays.
12. The common depression we experience will not __________.
    A. make us feel miserable
    B. last longer than two weeks
    C. make it difficult for us to do things
    D. end until we go to see a therapist
13. Which of the following is NOT the reason why depression has no apparent survival benefits for us today?
    A. We live in relatively affluent society.
    B. The environment is not as harsh and rough as it was for our ancestors.
    C. Our depression is mainly caused by the action of other people not the environment.
    D. We seldom suffer from depression and frustration nowadays.
Questions 14-16 are based on the following report. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.
14. When did Wolf publish his first novel?
    A. Before he left Harvard.
    B. On his return journey from Europe.
    C. When he got married.
    D. After his editor revised the manuscript.
15. Which of the following is NOT depicted in his first novel?
    A. His relationship with his wife.
    B. His pursuit of a spiritual father.
    C. The wild and casual American landscape.
    D. The desire to communicate the incommunicable.
16. What was the most basic element of Wolfe’s writing?
    A. The tragic briefness of man’s life.
    B. Every man and woman he met.
    C. The memory of his experience.
    D. His loneliness.
Questions 17-20 are based on a conversation. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 17-20.
17. Which of the following is NOT the reason that the woman thinks Yoshida is qualified for the position?
    A. She is well liked.
    B. She gets along with people well.
    C. She knows how to deal with people.
    D. She is inherently stronger than the men in the department.
18. Why does the first man regard it is nice to nominate a woman?
    A. Women have had trouble for a long time.
    B. Women are more qualified than men in this position.
    C. Women are better in handling people.
    D. Women are more likely to be accepted by other.
19. What does the second man think of Eleanor Roosevelt?
    A. She was lucky.
    B. She was exceptional.
    C. She was intelligent.
    D. She was a chauvinist.
20. The woman believes that Yoshida should be given more support because __________.
    A. women are not accepted in the department.
    B. women are not as strong as men.
    C. Yoshida will find herself in a different position if she becomes department head.
    D. Except them no one will trust her and believe her.
Part Two  Vocabulary (15 questions, 15 points, 1 point each)
Directions: Choose the one word or phrase which you think closest in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence in its context and mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
21. With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ________ high-tech industries.
    A. given up    B. stepped aside    C. stood along    D. yielded to
22. Economic activity has been organized on the ________ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century until early the 21st century.
    A. gist    B. notion    C. rationale    D. premise
23. Owing to a/an ________ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.
    A. acute    B. stressful    C. demanding    D. urgent
24. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed ________ two hundred years ago.
    A. original    B. eccentric    C. terrific    D. splendid
25. The policy ________ it necessary for the town’s safety to arrest most speeders.
    A. narrated    B. elaborated    C. deemed    D. commended
26. If you do something on ________, you do it because you suddenly want to, although you haven’t planned to.
    A. impulse    B. pulse    C. impromptu    D. imminence
27. We had no computer back-up and had to rely on old paper files to ________ the records we lost.
    A. remedy    B. recondition    C. reconstruct    D. register
28. A ________ is an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest.
    A. convention    B. congress    C. symposium    D. conference
29. In some cases nowadays concerning job hunting, one had to ________ 1,000 competitors to get a position.
    A. stand out    B. edge out    C. squeeze in    D. jostle against
30. A ________ is a person who knows a great deal about a particular subject and whose advice on it may be taken by others.
    A. consul    B. mentor    C. elite    D. pundit
31. Total investment for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ________, investment this year will double those made in 1997.
    A. sight    B. perspective    C. vision    D. horizon
32. There was not ________ of evidence to suggest that he committed the crimes, so the case was dismissed in the court.
    A. scrap    B. screw    C. scratch    D. scrape
33. The basic ________ of their philosophy is that everyone should be free to do as they please, so long as they do not harm others.
    A. requisite    B. conception    C. premise    D. opinion
34. The spring of last year witnessed the ________ of the strange weather.
    A. adaptation    B. shift    C. vicissitude    D. kaleidoscope
35. Countless billions of ________ sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.
    A. second    B. minute    C. hour    D. day
Part Three  Reading Comprehension (20 questions, 40 points, 2 points each)
Directions: In this section, there are five passages. Read the passage and questions carefully and make your choices that you think would best complete the statements or best answer the questions by marking them on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1
No matter what you think about testing trends, one thing is clear: as long as there is teaching and learning, there will be testing. But how much credit do those charts and numbers deserve?
When you review a school’s test scores at a school board meeting, always look beyond the basic numbers. The scores for a single school in a single year have limited value for judging school performance. Equally important is “trend data”—test scores from several years that show you how a school’s performance has changed over time. Additionally, comparing a school to other schools with similar demographics may give you perspective on where the school stands relative to other schools like it. You can also learn a lot from data that is broken down by ethnic group and socioeconomic level. A school is only truly successful when it achieves high performance with students across all ethnic and social groups.
On the other hand, the next time you hear somebody say, “That school is the best in the district because it has the highest test scores,” make a point to respond: “I’d love to know more about what’s happening at the school that accounts for those scores, but I can’t assume that it’s the best school just based on one piece of evidence. What do you know about the school’s teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?” Take time to investigate these other measures of school quality before making judgments about a school.
To communicate with your child certainly is the final way. Raise your hand if you’ve heard some stories about students begging to stay home on a test day. Is this level of anxiety appropriate? The correct answer is no! When your child’s class is preparing for its annual standardized testing marathon, let your child know that while you hope she does her best on the test, it’s not a competition. Explain that the results may help her and her teacher understand the areas where she might be especially strong or where she may need to focus more.
36. The second paragraph implies that when you review a school’s test scores,
    A. you should give priority to the scores for this year.
    B. you should take into account the performance of the students across all ethnic and social groups.
    C. you needn’t refer to the test scores in the past several years.
    D. you don’t need to compare a school with others since you are only concerned about your children’s scores.
37. According to the author, when we evaluate the quality of a school, the following factors should be involved __________.
    A. teaching methods
    B. leadership of the principal
    C. relationship with other schools
    D. safety
38. In the paragraph of this passage, the word “anxiety” in the sentence “Is this level of anxiety appropriate” implies the child’s serious concern about __________.
    A. strict teachers
    B. competitive exam
    C. unsafe conditions of the school
    D. no care from the parents
39. What is the most proper title for this passage?
    A. Get Smart about School Test Scores
    B. Don’t look up to the Test Scores
    C. The Scores Matters a Lot
    D. Deal Better with the Child and Scores
Passage 2
There are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from pure competition through monopolistic competition and oligopoly to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, pure competition results when every company has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in pure competition. In pure competition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.
In contrast, in monopolistic competition several companies may compete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of monopolistic competition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.
Oligopoly occurs when a few companies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly, serious competition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for every company in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.
Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather than competition, that protects and influences sales.
40. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
    A. Monopolies
    B. The Commodity Market
    C. The Competition Continuum
    D. The Best Type of Competition
41. An example of a product in monopolistic competition is __________.
    A. corn
    B. electricity
    C. airline tickets
    D. coffee
42. What does the author mean by the statement “Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual”?
    A. It is not unusual for all companies to increase prices at the same time.
    B. It is common for companies to compete for customers by lowering prices.
    C. Customers may lose money when companies have price wars.
    D. Prices are lower during price wars, but they are usually higher afterward.
43. The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to __________.
    A. a product or service
    B. competition
    C. revenue
    D. oligopoly
Passage 3
In August 2004, Duke University provided free iPods to its entire freshman class. The next month, a Korean education firm offered free downloadable college entrance exam lectures to students who purchased an iRiver personal multimedia player. That October, a financial trading firm in Chicago was reportedly assessing the hand-eye coordination of traders’ using GameBoys. Yet while such innovative applications abound, the use of technology in education and training is far from new, a fact as true in language classrooms as it is in medical schools.
Practically since their availability, a succession of audiovisual recording devices (e.g., reel-to-reel, VCRs, PCs) has been used to capture language samples, and myriad playback and broadcast devices (e.g., phonographs, radios, televisions) have provided access to authentic speech samples. The espousal of audiolingual theory in the 1950s brought the widespread use of the language laboratory in educational settings. Influenced by behaviorism, the lab was progressively replaced in the 1960s by drill-based computer-assisted instruction, which decades later was itself surpassed by a more intelligent, interactive and multimedia computer-assisted language learning. The popular acceptance of the Internet in the 1990s advanced the development of computer-mediated communications.
As technologies continue to evolve, so does their propensity to shrink in size. “Other technologies that hold the capacity for language learning include PDAs, multimedia cellular phones, MP3 players, DVD players, and digital dictionaries” (Zhao, 2005, p. 447). Such portable media—referred to in popular and scholarly literature as mobile, wireless, handheld or nomadic—are now social staples. Mobile learning, or m-learning, is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement, further evidenced by European initiatives such as m-learning and Mobilearn. In this paper, applied fusions of m-learning and language learning follow, after which their benefits and challenges are reviewed.
44. What is the article introduction specifically deals with?
    A. Language learning
    B. Emerging technology
    C. Mobile assisted language learning
    D. Wired learning
45. The word “espousal” in paragraph two can be best replaced by __________.
    A. advocate
    B. support
    C. idea
    D. perception
46. Mobile learning is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement in the sense that you can study without __________.
    A. iPhone
    B. laptop
    C. PDA
    D. desktop computer
47. Behaviorism language learning strategy does not include: __________.
    A. pattern drills
    B. learner autonomy
    C. rote memorization
    D. repetition
Passage 4
Most Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our cultures. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing “organization man” with an independent individual.
Modern industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the “alienated” man. He is alienated in the sense that his actions, and his own forces have become estranged from him; they stand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him. His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols. They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits. Alienated man bows down before the works of his own hands. He experiences himself not as the active bearer of his own forces and riches but as an impoverished “thing”, dependent on other things outside of himself. He is the prisoner of the very economic and political circumstances which he has created.
Since our economic organization is based on continuous and ever-increasing consumption (think of the threat to our economy if people did not buy a new car until their old one was really obsolete), contemporary industrial man is encouraged to be consumption-crazy. Without any real enjoyment, he “takes in” drink, food, cigarettes, sights, lectures, books, movies, television, any new kind of gadget. The world has become one great maternal breast, and man has become the eternal suckling, forever expectant, forever disappointed.
In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucracy in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, fringe benefits, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
48. Modern industrialized society needs men who are __________.
    A. individualistic in their tastes
    B. capable of commanding the social machine
    C. obedient and submissive
    D. free and independent
49. An alienated man is one who is __________.
    A. in control of economic and political circumstances
    B. ruled by the things he creates
    C. worshipped as an idol
    D. more interested in women than in sports cars
50. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern industrial society?
    A. Ever increasing consumption
    B. Bureaucracy
    C. Ever increasing power of man
    D. Automated machines
51. The word “prisoner” in the last sentence of paragraph 2 closely means __________.
    A. the person who is detained by police
    B. the person who is being put behind bar
    C. the person who is confined to his circumstances
    D. the person who is being kept away from the normal life
Passage 5
There is a confusion about two distinct questions: (a) will computers make books obsolete? and (b) will computers make written and printed material obsolete?
Let us suppose that computers will make books disappear (I do not think this will happen and I shall elaborate later on this point, but let us suppose so for the sake of the argument). Still, this would not entail the disappearance of printed material. We have seen that it was wishful thinking to hope that computers, and particularly word processors, would have helped to save trees. Computers encourage the production of printed material. We can imagine a culture in which there will be no books, and yet where people go around with tons and tons of unbound sheets of paper. This will be quite unwieldy, and will pose a new problem for libraries.
Debray has observed that the fact that Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book is not independent of the fact that it was a nomadic civilization. I think that this remark is very important. Egyptians could carve their records on stone obelisks, Moses could not. If you want to cross the Red Sea, a book is a more practical instrument for recording wisdom. By the way, another nomadic civilization, the Arabic one, was based upon a book, and privileged writing upon images.
But books also have an advantage with respect to computers. Even if printed on acid paper, which lasts only seventy years or so, they are more durable than magnetic supports. Moreover, they do not suffer power shortages and blackouts, and are more resistant to shocks. As Bolter remarked, “it is unwise to try to predict technological change more than few years in advance,” but it is certain that, up to now at least, books still represent the most economical, flexible, wash-and-wear way to transport information at a very low cost.
Electronic communication travels ahead of you, books travel with you and at your speed, but if you are shipwrecked on a desert island, a book can be useful, while a computer cannot — as Landow remarks, electronic texts need a reading station and a decoding device. Books are still the best companions for a shipwreck, or for the Day After.
I am pretty sure that new technologies will render obsolete many kinds of books, like encyclopedias and manuals. Take for example the Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited. When finished it will probably contain more information than the Encyclopedia Britannica (or Treccani or Larousse), with the advantage that it permits cross-references and nonlinear retrieval of information. The whole of the compact disks, plus the computer, will occupy one-fifth of the space occupied by an encyclopedia. The encyclopedia cannot be transported as the CD-ROM can, and cannot be easily updated; it does not have the practical advantages of a normal book, therefore it can be replaced by a CD-ROM, just a phone book can. The shelves today occupied, at my home as well as in public libraries, by meters and meters of encyclopedia volumes could be eliminated in the next age, and there will be no reason to lament their disappearance. For the same reason today I no longer need a heavy portrait painted by an indifferent artist, for I can send my sweetheart a glossy and faithful photograph. Such a change in the social functions of painting has not made painting obsolete, not even the realistic paintings of Annigoni, which do not fulfill the function of portraying a person, but of celebrating an important person, so that the commissioning, the purchasing, and the exhibition of such portraits acquire aristocratic connotations.
Books will remain indispensable not only for literature, but for any circumstance in which one needs to read carefully, not only to receive information but also to speculate and to reflect about it.
To read a computer screen is not the same as to read a book. Think of the process of learning how to use a piece of software. Usually the system is able to display on the screen all the instructions you need. But the users who want to learn the program generally either print the instructions and read them as if they were in book form, or they buy a printed manual (let me skip over the fact that currently all the manuals that come with a computer, on-line or off-line, are obviously written by irresponsible and tautological idiots, while commercial handbooks are written by intelligent people). It is possible to conceive of a visual program that explains very well how to print and bind a book, but in order to get instructions on how to write such a computer program, we need a printed manual.
After having spent no more than twelve hours at a computer console, my eyes are like two tennis balls, and I feel the need to sit comfortably down in an armchair and read a newspaper, or maybe a good poem. It seems to me that computers are diffusing a new form of literacy but are incapable of satisfying all the intellectual needs they are stimulating. In my periods of optimism I dream of a computer generation which, compelled to read a computer screen, gets acquainted with reading from a screen, but at a certain moment feels unsatisfied and looks for a different, more relaxed, and differently-committing form of reading.
52. “Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book” indicates that printed books will be __________.
    A. preserved permanently
    B. perused widely
    C. repaired when damaged
    D. transcribed as heritage
53. The advantage of the printed books include all of the following except __________.
    A. being less durable than magnetic supports
    B. not suffering power shortages and blackouts
    C. being more resistant to shocks
    D. transporting information at a very low cost
54. The example of Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited shows that __________.
    A. CD-Rom can store more information
    B. The space is left on shelves
    C. The e-encyclopedia is more superior
    D. The disappearance of normal paint is a grief
55. By comparison, the author least likes to do reading __________.
    A. online
    B. off line
    C. at leisure
    D. during the adventure
Part Four  Cloze (15 questions, 15 points, 1 point each)
Directions: Read the article below and fill in each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase by marking your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
The marvel of machine age, the electronic computer has been (56) ________ only since 1946. It can do simple computations—add, subtract, multiply, and divide—(57) ________ lightning speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 10-digit numbers in 1/1,000 seconds, a problem that would (58) ________ an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. Some computers can work 500,000 times faster than (59) ________.
Once it is given a “program” — that is, a (60) ________ set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language — a computer can gather a wide range of information for many purposes. (61) ________, it can (62) ________ bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, the computer will find out (63) ________ route to take. Not only can the computer gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can (64) ________ whenever they are needed. (65) ________ gathering and storing information, the computer can also solve complicated problems that once took months for people to do. For example, (66) ________ sixteen hours an electronic brain solved a difficult design problem. First, it was (67) ________ all the information necessary for designing a chemical plant. After running through 16,000 possible designs, it (68) ________ the plan for the plant that would produce the most chemical at the lowest cost. Then it issued a printed set of exact (69) ________. Before it solved this problem, a team of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs, (70) ________ of which was as effective as the computer’s.
56.  A. using    B. in use    C. being used    D. used
57.  A. at    B. with    C. in    D. of
58.  A. use    B. spend    C. take    D. demand
59.  A. can any person    B. any person can    C. any person    D. any person do
60.  A. carefully worked out    B. worked out carefully    C. carefully works out    D. works out carefully
61.  A. Many    B. all kinds of    C. a great many of    D. a wide range of
62.  A. take    B. keep    C. bring    D. get
63.  A. that    B. how    C. any    D. what
64.  A. pour them out    B. drive them out    C. stamp them out    D. get rid of them
65.  A. Except    B. Except for    C. Besides    D. In spite of
66.  A. for    B. within    C. on    D. beyond
67.  A. input    B. fed    C. sent    D. planted
68.  A. picked out    B. formed    C. had    D. worked
69.  A. numbers    B. figures    C. details    D. specifications
70.  A. none    B. one    C. any    D. all
Part Five  Writing (1 question, 15 points)
Directions: Write an essay (200-300 words) according to the topic given.
Some people say that social change occurs more quickly in heterogeneous societies (where there is a mixture of different kinds of people) than in homogeneous ones (where people are similar in many ways). Write an essay comparing the two kinds of societies and explain in which you think social change is most likely to occur.
 
南开大学2010年博士研究生入学考试参考答案及解析
Part Two  Vocabulary
21. 答案：D
   解析：词组辨析。give up 放弃，让出；step aside 避开，回避；stand along 站成一排；yield to 屈服，让步于；根据句意可知，选项D最符合题意。句意：随着科学技术的发展，一些劳动密集型产业逐渐让位于高科技产业。
22. 答案：D
   解析：词义辨析。gist 主旨，要点；notion 想法，概念；rationale 基本原理；premise 前提；on the premise of 固定搭配“在…的前提下”；根据句意，可知选项D符合题意。句意：20世纪初到21世纪初，经济活动一直是在廉价而又丰富的石油的前提下组织起来的。
23. 答案：A
   解析：词义辨析。acute 严重的，激烈的；stressful 紧张的，有压力的；demanding 难满足的；urgent 紧急的，急迫的；根据句意可知，答案选A。句意：因为严重缺少低收入住房，市政府对住房问题感到局促不安。
24. 答案：B
   解析：词义辨析。original 原始的，最初的；eccentric 古怪的，反常的；terrific 极好的；splendid 灿烂的，辉煌的；根据题意，可知答案选B。句意：机器能够飞上天，这在200年前可算是个古怪的想法。
25. 答案：C
   解析：词义辨析。narrate 叙述，讲述；elaborate 精心制作，详细讲述；deem 认为，视作；commend 称赞，表扬；根据句意，可知选项C最符合题意。句意：这个政策认为为了城镇的安全有必要逮捕违章超速驾车的人。
26. 答案：A
   解析：固定搭配。impulse 冲动；pulse 脉搏；impromptu 即兴的；imminence 迫切，急迫；on impulse 为固定搭配“一时冲动”，根据句意选A。句意：如果你做某件事是一时冲动，这是你突然想去做，尽管你并没有事前计划。
27. 答案：C
   解析：词义辨析。remedy 补救，纠正；recondition 修补，翻新；reconstruct 重造，重建；register 登记，注册；根据句意，可知答案选C。句意：我们电脑没有备份，不得不依靠落后的纸质文件来重建丢失的记录。
28. 答案：C
   解析：词义辨析。convention 大会；congress 国会；symposium 专题研讨会；conference 会议；四个选项都有“会议”的意思，但根据句意，可知选项C最符合题意。句意：专题研讨会就是对某一主题非常了解的人们聚在一起讨论感兴趣的话题。
29. 答案：B
   解析：词组辨析。stand out 突出，站出；edge out 胜出，挤掉；squeeze in 挤进；jostle against 推撞，倾轧；根据句意，可知答案选B。句意：如今，在某些岗位上，人们必须挤掉1000位竞争者才能获得一个职位。
30. 答案：D
   解析：词义辨析。consul 领事；mentor 导师；elite 精英；pundit 权威，专家；根据句意，可知D选项最符合题意。句意：专家就是对某一主题非常熟悉的人，他们的意见往往会被其他人采用。
31. 答案：B
   解析：固定短语搭配。Put something into perspective “理智地看待…”；其他三个选项均没有此固定搭配。因此，答案选B。句意：今年的总投资额达到了5600百万美元，理智来看，今年的投资额将会是1997年的两倍。
32. 答案：A
   解析：词义辨析。scrap 少量，碎片；screw 螺丝，螺钉；scratch 抓，挠；scrape 刮，擦；a scrap of “少量的”；根据句意，可知答案选A。句意：根本没有证据表明是他犯的罪，因此法院决定撤销此案。
33. 答案：C
   解析：词义辨析。requisite 必需品；conception 概念，设想；premise 前提；opinion 意见，想法；根据句意，可知选项C为正确答案。句意：他们的哲学里最基本的前提就是人们应该有自由做想做的事的权力，只要他们不伤害其他人。
34. 答案：D
   解析：词义辨析。adaptation 适用，改编；shift 转变，变化；vicissitude 变迁，盛衰；kaleidoscope 千变万化，万花筒；根据题意，可知答案选D。句意：去年春天的天气变化无常，千变万化。
35. 答案：B
   解析：词义辨析。second 秒，第二；minute 分钟，微小的，细微的；hour 小时；day 一天，白昼；minute 除了有“分钟”的意思外，还可以表示“微小的，细微的”的意思；因此，根据句意，可知答案选B。句意：数亿的微小海洋动物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。
Part Three  Reading Comprehension
Passage 1
36. 答案：B
   解析：推理题。通读全文可知，文章第二段讲的是不要只关注某个学校一年的成绩，同时也应关注近年来成绩的变化，并且将有相同人口统计特征的学校做比较，这样才会知道，在同类学校中，某一学校的排名情况。A和C的意思均为只关注学校某一年的成绩，错误；D选项内容文中没有提及。只有B选项符合文章意思，因此答案选B。
37. 答案：C
   解析：细节题。文章第三段，“What do you know about the school’s teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?” 评价一个学校的质量，不能仅仅只凭学校的考试成绩，同时也应当关注学校的教学方法，校长的领导能力，以及学校的安全性等。A、B和D选项文中都提到了，只有C选项没有提到，因此答案选C。
38. 答案：B
   解析：推断题。通读文章第四段，可知“Is this level of anxiety appropriate?”这句话是与其前一句“Raise your hand if you’ve heard some stories about students begging to stay home on a test day.”相关联的。因此，可以推断后一句中的“anxiety”指的就是学生对考试的担忧。故答案选B。
39. 答案：A
   解析：主旨题。通读全文，可知文章讲述的是应该对学校考试成绩辩证地看待。B选项“不要看重考试成绩”具有片面性；C选项“分数非常重要”与B选项意思相反，也是片面的；D选项“更好地处理孩子与分数之间的关系”本文主要讲的是学校考试成绩，并没有讲太多孩子的话题；A选项“正确看待学校考试成绩”最符合文章大意，因此答案选A。
Passage 2
40. 答案：C
   解析：纵观全文，本文介绍的就是商业竞争的四种基本形式。因此答案选C。
41. 答案：D
   解析：本题可参照文章第二段。“The classic example of monopolistic competition is coffee and tea”。从中可知，只有D选项符合题意。
42. 答案：A
   解析：作者的意思是，虽然也会出现顾客受益的价格战，但所有的公司联合起来提高价格也是很常见的。因此A选项为正确答案。
43. 答案：B
   解析：从第三段的“…serious competition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for every company in the group”可知，这句话中的“it”显然指代前面的“serious competition”。因此正确答案为B。
Passage 3
44. 答案：B
   解析：通读全文可知，文章讲的是科技的进步与发展使得人们学习语言的方式也不断地在发生改变，其中重点讲述的是科技的日新月异。因此，B选项“新兴科技”最能概括本文的大意，答案选B。
45. 答案：B
   解析：espousal “拥护，信奉，支持”；选项A，advocate 提倡者，主张者，支持者；选项B，support 支持，扶持；选项C，idea 想法，主意；选项D，perception 知觉，感觉，看法；因此，答案选B。
46. 答案：D
   解析：根据文章意思，题干中的“mobile learning”指的就是“移动学习”，运用移动设备来学习语言，A选项手机；B选项手提电脑；C选项掌上电脑；D选项台式电脑；只有选项D是非移动设备，“移动学习就是你可以在没有台式电脑的情况下凭借移动设备仍可以学习”，因此答案选D。
47. 答案：B
   解析：文章第二段，“Influenced by behaviorism, the lab was progressively replaced in the 1960s by drill-based computer-assisted instruction…”由此可知，受到行为主义的影响，语言实验室逐渐地由基于训练的计算机辅助教学代替。行为主义语言学习理论认为通过不断的重复训练、刺激来学习语言。A选项句型训练；B选项自主学习；C选项死记硬背；D选项重复。可知选项B最不可能是行为主义学习理论的一种策略。故答案选B。
Passage 4
48. 答案：C
   解析：文章第二段，“Modern industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the ‘alienated’ man.” “They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits.”现代的工业社会不断产生的人是“异化的人”，他们的行动、力量已经不受自己支配，相反他们被自己行动、力量所控制了，并且只会服从于他们所创造的东西。由此可知，现代工业社会所需要的人已经只会服从，没有了自己做决定的能力了。故答案选C。
49. 答案：B
   解析：从文章第二段全段讲的都是“alienated man”，其中最后一句，“He is the prisoner of the very economic and political circumstances which he has created.”他成为了他所创造的经济政治环境的奴隶，因此A选项错误。“they stand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him.”他被他所创造的事物所控制、统治了，因此B选项正确。“His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols.”他创造的事物成了他自己的偶像，他崇拜、服从于这些偶像，而不是被崇拜，因此C选项错误。D选项所述内容文中没有提及，因此错误。
50. 答案：C
   解析：文章最后一段，“in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery”，“yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless”，在现代的工业社会里，人们越来越没有了权力。因此，选项C“人们权力越来越大”错误。故答案选C。其他三个选项文中都有提到，都是现代工业社会的特征。
51. 答案：C
   解析：文章最后一段，“He is the prisoner of the very economic and political circumstances which he has created.”本句中的prisoner并不是传统意义上的坐监狱的“囚犯”，而是指被自己所创造的经济、政治环境所束缚、限制。因此选项A、B、D均错误，选项C为正确答案。
Passage 5
52. 答案：A
   解析：通读全文，可知作者谈论的是电脑是否会取代纸质书本，而作者给出的明确答案是否定的。文章第三段，“the fact that Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book is not independent of the fact that it was a nomadic civilization”，并且另一个游牧文明——阿拉伯文明也是建立在纸质书上的。从此可以推断出，纸质书更能够保存长久些，传承文明文化。因此，答案选A。
53. 答案：A
   解析：本题为细节题。题干问纸质书的优点不包括以下哪项。文章第四段讲述的就是纸质书的优点，其中有“Even if printed on acid paper, which lasts only seventy years or so, they are more durable than magnetic supports.”由此可知，A选项“being less durable than magnetic supports”错误，不是纸质书的优点，因此答案选A。
54. 答案：A
   解析：文章第六段谈到了电脑在一个方面是可以取代纸质书的，那就是“encyclopedias and manuals”百科全书和手册。其中“Take for example the Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited. When finished it will probably contain more information than the Encyclopedia Britannica…”由Horizon Unlimited开发的电子百科全书能够比《大英百科全书》储存更多的信息。故答案选A。
55. 答案：A
   解析：推断题。题干问作者可能最不喜欢在下列哪种方式下阅读。文章最后一段，“It seems to me that computers are diffusing a new form of literacy but are incapable of satisfying all the intellectual needs they are stimulating.”由此可以推断，作者最不喜欢的还是在电脑上阅读，因此答案选A，online联网状态下。
Part Four  Cloze
56. 答案：B
   解析：句意“电子计算机自1946年起就已经在使用中了”。“since 1946”表示的是时间段，因此动词应该用延续性的动词，而used表被动表示的是瞬间性，因此本句中用介词短语来表示延续性动作，in use “在使用中”。
57. 答案：B
   解析：in和of都不能和此空后的speed搭配，speed还与后面的accuracy并列，但at不能同accuracy搭配，因此答案选B。
58. 答案：C
   解析：句意“这个问题可能会使普通人花费5分钟才能用笔和纸算出来。”spend和take都有“花费”的意思，但spend的主语必须是人，take的主语是物，“某物使某人花费了…”，这句话的主语是“the problem”，因此应该选take，答案选C。
59. 答案：B
   解析：比较级比较的对象必须是同一属性的，“计算机工作的效率”不能与“任何人”来做比较，只能是与“任何人工作的效率”来比较，原文中用的是“Some computers can work”，那么所比较的对象也应该是“any person can work”，并且work可以省略，而且any person can并不用倒装。
60. 答案：A
   解析：过去分词作定语，修饰过去分词的副词放在前面，因此，选carefully worked out，“精心制作的”。
61. 答案：D
   解析：文章后面列举了电脑的各种用途，范围广泛，从电子账单到订机票，再到储存信息，强调的是用途广泛，因此，选a wide range of “大范围的，范围广泛的”最合适。
62. 答案：B
   解析：keep up to date为固定搭配，表示“使（日记、账户、簿记）记到最新日期”。
63. 答案：D
   解析：find out what route to take找出乘坐哪一条路线（的飞机）。其他选项都不符合句意。
64. 答案：A
   解析：句意“电脑不仅能够储存信息，并且能够在需要时提取出来”，pour out倒出，倾吐；drive out驱赶，驱逐；stamp out扑灭，压灭；get rid of摆脱，去除；由此可知，选项A最符合句意。
65. 答案：C
   解析：句意“除了能够收集和储存信息外，电脑还能够……”，except除了（不包括在内）；except for与except同义，但是指“除了（事物的细节）之外”也不包括事物在内；besides除了（包括在内）；in spite of尽管，不符合句意；本句意思说“电脑除了能收集和储存信息”，显然指电脑能够做的是包括收集和储存信息在内。因此选C。
66. 答案：B
   解析：for接时间段表示“持续…”；within接时间段表示“在…内”；on和beyond都不能接时间段；本句意为“在16个小时内，电脑能够解决一个设计难题。”
67. 答案：B
   解析：feed有“输入”的意思，如“feed information into a computer”，本句中指“将所有设计一化学工厂所需要的信息输入进去”。
68. 答案：A
   解析：句意“将所有16,000种可能的方案浏览一遍过后”，就应该是从中“选择”一个方案，而不是“形成”，因此选pick out选择。
69. 答案：D
   解析：句意“然后，再打印出一系列具体准确的要求”；numbers数字；figures图表；details细节；specifications具体要求。
70. 答案：A
   解析：本句指，工程师们花费了一年时间才设计出三个方案，并且“其中没有一个和计算机设计出来的有相同的效果”，因此，选用none表否定。
Part Five  Writing
参考范文：Heterogeneous societies V.S. Homogeneous societies
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the meaning of heterogeneous is something that is consisting of many kinds of things—let that something be different types of things or people. So, by the phrase “heterogeneous society” we mean such a society which consists of different kinds of people from various regions of the world—which is basically a society that is ethnically heterogeneous.
And a homogeneous society is a society where most of the community members share the same culture, language, ethnicity and religious beliefs. The most prominent homogeneous societies are grouped according to ethnicity; thus people with the same skin complexion are found in the same locality. Some homogeneous societies are made of people with the same financial background.
In my opinion, social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous ones, simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the former. There are more ideas, more conflicts of interest, and more groups and organizations of different persuasions. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and tolerance in heterogeneous societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision rather than subjecting them to authority. In a quite homogeneous society, there are fewer occasions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change, because everything seems to be the same and, if not satisfactory, at least customary and undisputed.