答案做在答题纸上，试卷上答题无效
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（第1—70题须做在答题卡上，写作和翻译做在答题本上）
Part One: Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1. She felt suitably humble just as she ____ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.
A) had
B) had had
C) would have had
D) has had
2. If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I ____ my head in my hands for a cry.
A) bury
B) am burying
C) buried
D) would bury
3. It was the training that he had as a young man ____ made him such a good engineer.
A) has
B) later
C) which
D) that
4. ____ economically, one tin of oil will last at least three months.
A) To use
B) To be used
C) Using
D) Used
5. It had been years ____ I visited my hometown and I was determined to enjoy my stay.
A) after
B) when
C) since
D) that
6. Of particular interest to visitors ____ the large number of bookstores that sell books in different languages.
A) have been
B) are
C) were
D) is
7. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ____ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
A) be
B) being
C) were
D) are
8. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ____ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.
A) everything except
B) anything but
C) No less than
D) nothing more than
9. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ____ out of the office.
A) went
B) gone
C) to go
D) would go
10. The roles expected ____ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.
A) of
B) on
C) to
D) with
11. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ____ to find it locked.
A) just
B) only
C) hence
D) thus
12. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ____ in traditional media.
A) exist
B) exists
C) existing
D) to exist
13. As the firm's business increased they ____ more and more employees.
A) took up
B) took in
C) took after
D) took on
14. His effort of decades began to ____. He came to be well-known for his findings.
A) pay off
B) die off
C) put off
D) break off
15. Mrs. Brown couldn't shake the ____ that these kids were in deep trouble and it was up to her to help them.
A) conversion
B) conviction
C) conservation
D) convention
16. Children in the United States are exposed to many influences ____ those of their families.
A) rather than
B) better than
C) more than
D) other than
17. Tennessee's population is nearly two-fifths rural, and no single city or group of cities ____ the state.
A) dominates
B) manages
C) manipulates
D) controls
18. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ____ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.
A) cautiously
B) dutifully
C) faithfully
D) skillfully
19. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ____.
A) thrived
B) swelled
C) prospered
D) flourished
20. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ____ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.
A) overturn
B) overtake
C) offset
D) undertake
21. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ____ at a garage sale.
A) trifled with
B) scraped through
C) stumbled upon
D) thirsted for
22. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ____ as microorganisms.
A) precisely
B) instantly
C) initially
D) exclusively
23. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ____ and needs proving.
A) spontaneous
B) hypothetical
C) intuitive
D) eloquent
24. The future of this company is ____: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.
A) at odds
B) in trouble
C) in vain
D) at stake
25. France's ____ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.
A) assumption
B) consumption
C) presumption
D) resumption
26. Years after the accident he was still ____ by images of death and destruction.
A) twisted
B) dipped
C) haunted
D) submerged
27. Medical students are advised that the wearing of a white coat ____ the acceptance of a professional code of conduct expected of the medical profession.
A) supplements
B) simulates
C) signifies
D) swears
28. As we know, computers are used to store and ____ information efficiently.
A) reclaim
B) reckon
C) reassure
D) retrieve
29. Don't trust the speaker any more, since the remarks he made in his lectures are never ____ with the facts.
A) symmetrical
B) comparative
C) compatible
D) harmonious
30. Fiber-optic cables can carry hundreds of telephone conversations ____.
A) homogeneously
B) spontaneously
C) simultaneously
D) ingeniously
Part Two: Cloze Test (10 points)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million __31__ of these nations looked __32__ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence __33__ the ideas of representative government, careers __34__ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the __35__ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. __36__ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a __37__ set of laws.
On the issue of __38__ of religion and the position of the church, __39__, there was less agreement __40__ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one __41__ by the Spanish crown, __42__ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism __43__ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the __44__ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying __45__ for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had __46__ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's __47__ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much __48__ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies __49__. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __50__ self-rule and democracy.
31.
A) natives
B) inhabitants
C) peoples
D) individuals
32.
A) confusedly
B) cheerfully
C) worriedly
D) hopefully
33.
A) shared
B) forgot
C) attained
D) rejected
34.
A) related
B) close
C) open
D) devoted
35.
A) access
B) succession
C) right
D) return
36.
A) Presumably
B) Incidentally
C) Obviously
D) Generally
37.
A) unique
B) common
C) particular
D) typical
38.
A) freedom
B) origin
C) impact
D) reform
39.
A) therefore
B) however
C) indeed
D) moreover
40.
A) with
B) about
C) among
D) by
41.
A) allowed
B) preached
C) granted
D) funded
42.
A) Since
B) If
C) Unless
D) While
43.
A) as
B) for
C) under
D) against
44.
A) spread
B) interference
C) exclusion
D) influence
45.
A) support
B) cry
C) plea
D) wish
46.
A) urged
B) intended
C) expected
D) promised
47.
A) controlling
B) former
C) remaining
D) original
48.
A) slower
B) faster
C) easier
D) tougher
49.
A) created
B) produced
C) contributed
D) preferred
50.
A) puzzled by
B) hostile to
C) pessimistic about
D) unprepared for
Part III Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Both civilization and culture are fairly modern words, having come into prominent use during the 19th century by anthropologists, historians, and literary figures. There has been a strong tendency to use them interchangeably as though they mean the same thing, but they are not the same.
Although modern in their usage, the two words are derived from ancient Latin. The word civilization is based on the Latin civis, of a city. Thus civilization, in its most essential meaning, is the ability of people to live together harmoniously in cities, in social groupings. From this definition it would seem that certain insects, such as ants or bees, are also civilized. They live and work together in social groups. So do some microorganisms. But there is more to civilization, and that is what culture brings to it. So, civilization is inseparable from culture.
The word culture is derived from the Latin verb colere, till the soil. But colere also has a wider range of meanings. It may, like civis, mean inhabiting a town or village. But most of its definitions suggest a process of starting and promoting growth and development. One may cultivate a garden; one may also cultivate one's interests, mind, and abilities. In its modern use the word culture refers to all the positive aspects and achievements of humanity that make mankind different from the rest of the animal world. Culture has grown out of creativity, a characteristic that seems to be unique to human beings.
One of the basic and best-known features of civilization and culture is the presence of tools. But more important than their simple existence is that the tools are always being improved and enlarged upon, as a result of creativity. It took thousands of years to get from the first wheel to the latest, most advanced model of automobile.
It is the concept of humans as toolmakers and improvers that differentiates them from other animals. A monkey may use a stick to knock a banana from a tree, but that stick will never, through a monkey's cleverness, be modified into a hook or a ladder. Monkeys have never devised a spoken language, written a book, composed a melody, built a house, or painted a portrait. To say that birds build nests and beavers their dens is to miss the point. People once lived in caves, but their cleverness, imagination, and creativity led them to progress beyond caves to buildings. (405)
51. What does the author think of the words "civilization", and "culture"?
A) They are identical.
B) They are different concepts.
C) They can often be used interchangeably.
D) They are defined differently by different people.
52. According to the author the word "civilization" originally refers to ____.
A) people's way of life in cities
B) people's ability to live together in cities
C) a type of social organizations
D) an advanced level of social life
53. The Latin verb colere originally means "____".
A) live in a city
B) develop oneself
C) promote growth
D) cultivate the land
54. The author believes that creativity ____.
A) is a unique feature of civilized beings
B) brings forth the improvement of tools
C) is the result of human development
D) helps the advance of culture
55. The author mentions monkeys in the last paragraph to show that ____.
A) monkeys are the same as birds
B) people once lived in caves like monkeys
C) monkeys can never develop into human beings
D) man is different from other animals such as monkeys
Passage Two
On Thursday American Airlines and United States Airways announced an alliance to pool their frequent-flier program, giving customers added incentives to fly one another's skies. Then on Friday Delta and United delivered word of a sort-of-but-not-quite coupling. These deals thrust the much-scrutinized airline industry even more into the public spotlight. Airlines profits are at record highs. Business fares are climbing into the stratosphere, up percent last year alone. Now comes the consolidation sweeping the industry. The question is whether these deals will mean more choices and more convenience, as the airlines argue, or less competition or even higher prices.
Clearly consumers can benefit from these tie-ups. American Airlines or United States Airways, for instance, can now use either carrier's network of 72 worldwide clubs and lounges. They can combine their frequent-flier awards, allowing them not only build up redeemable miles more quickly but also cash them in to more destinations. Americans can plug into United States Airways' deeper web of connections up and down the Eastern Seaboard; United States Airways, with fewer routes to South America, the Caribbean and Europe, will be able to offer a greater array of international flights. In time, American Airlines and United States Airways hope to create the more ambitious partnership — a so-called code-sharing agreement that would allow the two carriers to coordinate flight schedules without entering full-fledged merger. The goal is "seamless service" — frequent flights, easy connections, great choices of flying times and destinations — without having to change airlines.
Price is a wild card in these alliances. Consumers group worry that they will reduce competition, translating in turn into higher fares. They could be right. Given the rapid trend toward consolidation, many analysts foresee a day when most major "hub" airports will be dominated by a single airline or consortium. A report last year by the General Accounting Office found that ticket prices, in such cases, ranged from 45 to 65 percent higher than at cities where two or more carriers competed. And just last week the Transportation Department announced it was investigating allegations of price-fixing by the major airlines — aimed at keeping smaller discount-carriers from intruding on their turf — and the Justice Department has begun similar probes. What message? Airlines may yearn to merge — but winning approval from skeptical authorities might be tougher than they expect. (412)
56. Judging from the passage, the frequent-flier program is one by which ____.
A) people who fly an airline frequently may get a generous discount
B) people who have built up a certain number of flying miles with an airline will get a cash award
C) people who fly an airline frequently will get extra service
D) people who have built up a certain number of flying miles with an airline will get a free ticket
57. According to this passage, the federal government's attitude towards airline mergers is one of ____.
A) encouragement
B) restriction
C) prohibition
D) approval
58. The expression "a wild card" in the last paragraph most probably means ____.
A) a chief concern
B) an important factor
C) an unpredictable element
D) a necessary consequence
59. Which of the following statement is true?
A) Airline mergers will give rise to intense competition.
B) Consumers may benefit a great deal from airline consolidation.
C) Tie-ups between airlines seem to draw little public attention.
D) Ticket prices tend to be higher where there is only one carrier.
60. The best title for this passage might be ____.
A) More Choice, Better Service
B) Airline Merger
C) Frequent-flier Awards
D) New Air Travel Options
Passage Three
For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists — that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal.
More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called "human nature." The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to "human nature" in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.
Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man. (391)
61. The traditional view of "human nature" was strongly challenged by ____.
A) the emergence of the evolutionary theory
B) the historical approach to man
C) new insight into human behavior
D) the philosophical analysis of slavery
62. According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings ____.
A) have some traits in common
B) are born with diverse cultures
C) are born without a fixed nature
D) change their characters as they grow up
63. The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker, in order to ____.
A) emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of "human nature"
B) show that the concept of "human nature" was used to justify social evils
C) prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of "human nature"
D) support the idea that some human traits are acquired
64. The word "untenable" (Line 3) in the last paragraph of the passage most probably means ____.
A) invaluable
B) imaginable
C) changeable
D) indefensible
65. Most philosophers believed that human nature ____.
A) is the quality distinguishing man from other animals
B) consists of competitiveness and selfishness
C) is something partly innate and partly acquired
D) consists of rationality and undesirable behavior
Passage Four
They may be one of Britain's most successful exports and among the world's most popular TV shows, ranking alongside the World Cup Final and the Olympic Games opening ceremony in terms of audience. But, in Britain, beauty competitions are unfashionable. To most people, beauty contests seem as out-dated as bowing. Nicolas Barker, a lawyer in London, said that "As much as I think it's fine for women to do it, I don't think it's interesting and in fact, I think they're irrelevant to today." Last year, Miss World was broadcast to 142 countries, but it wasn't even shown in this country where it started in 1951.
It wasn't always this way in Britain. Once, beauty queens dated footballers, traveled the world and were guaranteed fame, fortune and fun. Now, they open new supermarkets, are sponsored by dry-cleaning companies and, if they're lucky, they get free clothes from supermarkets.
When Francesca Marchant was crowned Miss Sussex in 1969 it was something to be extremely proud of. "I came from a small town, and all my friends were green with envy when they found out I'd won. My boyfriend at the time thought it was terrific and boasted to everyone that he was going out with a beauty queen."
But the good times couldn't last. The feminist movement gathered moments on. Some women were determined to bring an end to these "cattle shows". Nowadays, saying that you were a beauty queen just doesn't sound good.
Miss World organizers claim that contestants are judged on qualities rather than just their physical appearance. But, Jacqueline Gold, England's representative at this year's contest, was not chosen because of her academic record. The Miss World Website states that she "left school having gained many computer qualifications, and certificates in First Aid and Life Saving" meaning, not much of an education.
The only time the contests attract attention now is because of the protesters. At the 1999 Miss World in Britain, around 60 demonstrators hurled flour bombs and fought with the police. They denounced the beauty contest as a "sexist cattle market". They waved banners saying "fat girls are cool" and "women's bodies are not for sale". (421)
66. Beauty contests in Britain are now ____.
A) bringing huge benefits for the country
B) as popular as the World Cup Final
C) no longer popular in the country
D) widely protested in the country
67. The attitude of Nicolas Barker towards beauty contests is that ____.
A) women shouldn't attend the contests
B) the contests are fine but he doesn't like them
C) the contests are insults to women
D) the contests are behind the times
68. In the 60s and 70s, beauty queens ____.
A) were sponsored by dry-cleaning companies
B) were admired by most people
C) did not have a good reputation
D) got free clothes from supermarkets
69. The author used Jacqueline Gold as an example to show that ____.
A) her academic record was very strong
B) she had gained many qualifications and certificates
C) contestants are judged on their physical appearance
D) contestants are judged on their education
70. The best title for the passage might be ____.
A) Beauty Contests: Insults to Women
B) Beauty Contests: Sexist Cattle Market
C) Beauty Contests: A Headache for British people
D) Beauty Contests: Started in Britain but Unpopular Now
Part Four Writing (15 points)
Directions: Read the story in Chinese below, and then write a composition of no less than 200 words under the title of "The Goal of Life". Your composition should be based on the story and the following outline:
1. What have you learned from the story?
2. What is the goal of your life? If you have achieved the goal of your life, what would you do?
目  标
在英国有一位残疾青年，他双腿走起路来很困难，却凭着坚强的信念和毅力创造了一次又一次的壮举：他19岁时登上了世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰；21岁时登上了阿尔卑斯山；22岁时登上了乞力马扎罗山，28岁前他登上了世界上所有著名的高山。然而，就在28岁这一年他自杀了。原来在他11岁时，他父母在攀登乞力马扎罗山时不幸遭遇雪崩双双遇难。他的父母在临行前给他留下了遗嘱，希望他能像父母一样，登上世界上所有著名的高山。这位残疾青年把父母的遗嘱作为他人生奋斗的目标，当他实现全部目标的时候，他感到前所未有的无奈和绝望。他留下遗言：“如今，功成名就的我感到无事可做了，我没有了新的目标……”
Part Five Translation (40 points)
Directions: Translate the following from Chinese into English (Section A) and from English into Chinese (Section B).
Section A (20 points)
多年来，中国政府一直在不断努力扩大内需。据信这是保持经济持续增长所必须的。政府和商业银行鼓励人民尝试一种以信贷消费为基础的新生活方式。虽然在过去的二十多年中，中国人民的总体生活水平已有很大的改善，但仍然有很多农村家庭买不起家用电器。尽管信贷消费对于拉动社会总需求似乎有积极的效果，然而要评价其对国民经济的长期影响也许为时尚早。大多数上了年纪的人们传统偏好储蓄。他们对于所谓的“先消费，后还债”的生活方式，依然心存疑虑，并且拒绝入不敷出的生活。这也许是代沟的又一例证。（234字）
Section B (20 points)
The latest revision to statistics, published by U.S. Department of Commerce at the end of July, showed that personal saving rates are still on a downward trend, and have fallen particularly sharply in the past 18 months. At one level, this revision cleared up a bit of mystery. Economists had been surprised at the lack of a "wealth effect": people did not seem to be spending much more, despite huge appreciations in the value of their stock market assets. The new statistics show much higher consumption.
The existence of a "wealth effect" has some important short-term implications. As David Hensley, an economist at Salomon Brothers, points out, it suggests that American consumption is likely to remain strong. 1) After all, share prices have risen by more than 20% this year. Rapid consumption growth in a fully stretched economy raises the risks of inflationary pressure yet further. Indeed, the economy shows few signs of a serious slowdown: on August 28th the Commerce Department revised up its estimate of GDP growth in the second quarter to 3.6%, consumer confidence remains strong and retail sales rose sharply in July.
2) But Americans' passion for spending has implications far beyond the business cycle. Capital accumulation and long-term growth prospects depend on thrift rather than profligacy. The irony is that Americans themselves seem to know this, or at least know that they should save more. 3) According to surveys, the typical baby-boomer would like to save about 15% of his income, but actually put aside less than a third as much. Why do Americans find it so hard to save?
Some economists believe that the problem is lack of self-control. 4) Just as many people would like to give up smoking (tomorrow), so they want to save (tomorrow). Today, it is more tempting to spend. That intuition may sound obvious, but it has some big implications. It means that, contrary to what many economists assume, people do not rationally plan their future financial needs and save and spend accordingly.
Part of the control-problem may lie in the culture. During the past 40 years, consumerism has become a central part of American life. Although President Eisenhower was exhorting people to "buy selectively and carefully", the 1950s were basically a decade when people were urged to consume. 5) Those scarred by the Depression needed convincing that consumption was good; their children have grown up in a culture where the consumer is king. (407/127)