上海理工大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

2012年上海理工大学博士研究生春季入学考试试题

考试科目：英语
准考证号：____________    得分：____________
Part I    Vocabulary (25 points)
Directions: There are 50 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
1. Finding out about these universities has become easy for anyone with Internet ______.
A. entrance
B. admission
C. access
D. entry
2. Unemployment ______ 1.2 million workers in that country.
A. suffers
B. afflicts
C. pains
D. frights
3. The pilot spoke to the passengers to ______ their fears when the plane was hit by a storm.
A. choke
B. strike
C. deter
D. allay
4. It was ______ that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.
A. addicted
B. alleged
C. assaulted
D. ascribed
5. The medicine ______ his pain but did not cure his illness.
A. activated
B. alleviated
C. mediated
D. deteriorated
6. When traveling, you are advised to take traveler's checks, which provide a secure ______ to carrying your money in cash.
A. substitute
B. selection
C. preference
D. alternative
7. Many great scientists ______ their success to hard work.
A. portray
B. ascribe
C. impart
D. acknowledge
8. Pasteur's method of immunization by injecting the ______ virus was used successfully in the treatment of rabies.
A. decayed
B. refined
C. attenuated
D. cultivated
9. Don't trust the speaker any more, since the remarks he made in his lectures are never ______ with the facts.
A. symmetrical
B. comparative
C. compatible
D. harmonious
10. The State Secretary ______ to newsmen that an immediate agreement in the Middle East was nowhere in sight.
A. conceded
B. concealed
C. confessed
D. conceived
11. The meat began to ______ after some time in the sun.
A. destroy
B. decay
C. decompose
D. degrade
12. If you do something in ______ of a person, rule, or law, you do it even though you know that you are not allowed to do it.
A. need
B. pursuit
C. control
D. defiance
13. I always replenish my food supply before it is ______.
A. finished
B. depleted
C. run
D. consumed
14. Some scientists are dubious of the claim that organisms ______ with age as an inevitable outcome of living.
A. depress
B. default
C. deteriorate
D. degrade
15. Each workday, the workers followed the same schedules and rarely ______ from this routine.
A. deviated
B. disconnected
C. detached
D. distorted
16. We must ______ their influence in relatively ineffective rear guard actions designed to prevent particular regulatory measures.
A. dissipate
B. dispose
C. diminish
D. disclose
17. Weeks ______ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.
A. terminated
B. elapsed
C. overlapped
D. expired
18. Few people would not ______ at the abolition of slavery.
A. excel
B. exult
C. exclude
D. exscind
19. I always feel he has a ______ against me, although I don't know why.
A. annoyance
B. hatred
C. revenge
D. grudge
20. It takes ______ to quit a good paying job.
A. time
B. energy
C. money
D. gumption
21. The commander ordered the troops to ______ the castle on all sides.
A. assist
B. assault
C. assert
D. assimilate
22. The Institute publishes a fortnightly ______.
A. announcement
B. advertisement
C. curriculum
D. bulletin
23. Many people think that the standards of public ______ have declined.
A. morality
B. rightness
C. awareness
D. mentality
24. Only by working ______ others can you accomplish the work in time.
A. in accord with
B. in collaboration with
C. in conformity with
D. in contact with
25. The ball ______ two or three times before rolling down the slope.
A. swayed
B. hopped
C. darted
D. bounced
26. The three boys were enjoying themselves ______ on the frozen lake.
A. skidding
B. sliding
C. slipping
D. slithering
27. The writer received a(n) ______ amount of praise for his new play.
A. average
B. feverish
C. fantastic
D. particular
28. The treasurer was ______ from the club for breaking the rules.
A. repelled
B. expelled
C. excelled
D. exploited
29. Connie was told that if she worked too hard, her health would ______.
A. decay
B. deteriorate
C. descend
D. degrade
30. The magician's talk creates a(n) ______ of attention so that the audience does not see how he does his tricks.
A. diversion
B. derivation
C. disorder
D. interference
31. I don't think you have the ______ for what you did.
A. warrant
B. warning
C. warrior
D. warmth
32. Besides washing the cut, you should put some ______ on it in case you have got some dirt in it.
A. deodorant
B. disinfectant
C. antidote
D. antiseptic
33. These inventions, typical of many basic discoveries that were made easy in the century, ______ the spirit of progress of the period.
A. amplify
B. visualize
C. exemplify
D. rectify
34. She was too ______ to go along with them upon a road which could only lead to an impasse.
A. hospitable
B. clumsy
C. ignorant
D. shrewd
35. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile ______.
A. outlaws
B. sinners
C. villains
D. convicts
36. The follow-up survey of the result has shown that the ______ operation was a great success.
A. transition
B. transplant
C. transportation
D. transference
37. The Empire took advantage of its neighbor's fears of military expansion to obtain trade ______ from them.
A. concessions
B. depressions
C. conceptions
D. declarations
38. How much of your country's electrical supply is ______ from water power?
A. deduced
B. derived
C. detached
D. declined
39. The general manager of the supermarket gave the customer his ______ that the complaint would be investigated.
A. assurance
B. security
C. assumption
D. insurance
40. His grandmother slipped on a banana skin and ______.
A. fell over
B. fell out
C. fell in
D. fell behind
41. It is my ______ that the truth must be told.
A. confidence
B. faith
C. convention
D. conviction
42. Jim was so angry that he ______ his daughter when she tried to comfort him.
A. whistled at
B. whispered
C. snapped at
D. murmured at
43. No matter what happens, we will ______ you in your just struggle for independence.
A. stand up to
B. stand up for
C. stand out
D. stand over
44. The glass vessels should be handled most carefully since they are ______.
A. crisp
B. intricate
C. subtle
D. fragile
45. The skin of a drum ______ when it is struck.
A. vibrates
B. expands
C. stretches
D. contracts
46. He blew out the candle and ______ his way to the door.
A. converged
B. wrenched
C. groped
D. strove
47. The police had difficulty ______ the crowd from rushing onto the football pitch.
A. restraining
B. refraining
C. constraining
D. controlling
48. Her ______ shows that she isn't concerned with the needs of others.
A. self-consciousness
B. self-satisfaction
C. self-confidence
D. self-centredness
49. Repeated failure in school was harming the girls' ______.
A. self-regard
B. self-confidence
C. self-consciousness
D. self-satisfaction
50. If the government ______ a law, it ceases to be a law.
A. replaces
B. repels
C. repeals
D. renders
Part II    Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:
Americans are proud of their economic system, believing it provides opportunities for all citizens to have good lives. Their faith is clouded, however, by the fact that poverty persists in many parts of the country. Government anti-poverty efforts have made some progress but have not eradicated the problem. Similarly, periods of strong economic growth, which bring more jobs and higher wages, have helped reduce poverty but have not eliminated it entirely.
The federal government defines a minimum amount of income necessary for basic maintenance of a family of four. This amount may fluctuate depending on the cost of living and the location of the family. In 1988, a family of four with an annual income below $16,530 was classified as living in poverty.
The percentage of people living below the poverty level dropped from 22.4 percent in 1959 to 11.4 percent in 1978. But since then, it has fluctuated in a fairly narrow range. In 1998, it stood at 12.7 percent.
What is more, the overall figures mask much more severe pockets of poverty. In 1998, more than one-quarter of all African-Americans (26.1 percent) lived in poverty; though distressingly high, that figure did represent an improvement from 1979, when 31 percent of blacks were officially classified as poor, and it was the lowest poverty rate for this group since 1959. Families headed by single mothers are particularly susceptible to poverty. Partly as a result of this phenomenon, almost one in five children (18.9 percent) was poor in 1997. The poverty rate was 36.7 percent among African-American children and 34.4 percent among Hispanic children.
Some analysts have suggested that the official poverty figures overstate the real extent of poverty because they measure only cash income and exclude certain government assistance programs such as Food Stamps, health care and public housing. Others point out, however, that these programs rarely cover all of a family's food or health care needs and that there is a shortage of public housing. Some argue that even families whose incomes are above the official poverty level sometimes go hungry, skimping on food to pay for such things as housing, medical care, and clothing. Still others point out that people at the poverty level sometimes receive cash income from casual work and in the "underground" sector of the economy, which is never recorded in official statistics.
In any event, it is clear that the American economic system does not apportion its rewards equally. In 1997, the wealthiest one-fifth of American families accounted for 47.2 percent of the nation's income, according to the Economic Policy Institute, a Washington-based research organization. In contrast, the poorest one-fifth earned just 4.2 percent of the nation's income, and the poorest 40 percent accounted for only 14 percent of income.
51. According to the text, poverty in America ______.
A. is a main concern of the U. S. government
B. can be eradicated by strong economic growth
C. is a marginal issue for the country
D. is a persisting problem in many areas
52. The poverty level, as determined by the federal government, is based on ______.
A. the percentage of people living in poverty
B. statistical data that fluctuates greatly from year to year
C. the minimum income that can sustain a family of four
D. the minimum income that a family of four can live off comfortably
53. The third paragraph tells us that the percentage of the population living in poverty ______.
A. has continued to decline since 1959
B. has not changed much since 1959
C. has not improved much since 1978
D. fluctuated only slightly between 1959 and 1978
54. We can conclude from this text that the current percentage of African-Americans living in poverty ______.
A. is significantly higher than the overall national rate
B. has not improved in the last quarter century
C. is largely comprised of single mothers
D. has created racial tension in the country
55. According to paragraph 5, some analysts believe that the U. S.' official formulas for determining poverty levels ______.
A. may misread the actual extent of poverty
B. should exclude any forms of government assistance
C. do not adequately address the shortage of public housing
D. are the most comprehensive in the world
Passage 2
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:
The stock market is up --- albeit still down from a year ago --- and there is growing hope the long nightmare is finally over. Convictions are rising that this rally is for real. Most believe that an imminent economic rebound is about to validate the increasingly optimistic earnings expectations now imbedded in share prices. So far, any such recovery is just a forecast but policy makers and politicians are doing their very best to convince financial markets that they have both the wisdom and the tools to pull it off. Long frustrated investors want to believe these tantalizing promises. It's the ultimate act of macro seduction.
On the surface, the policy bet isn't hard to understand. Even the fiscal authorities have jumped in. America has led the way --- upping the ante on budgetary stimulus for the second time in three years. However, very little of the stimulus is going towards the poor and part of the problem is that many policy-makers do not realize the full extent of the poverty problem in this nation. When the current measure used to calculate poverty levels was introduced in 1963, the poverty line for a family of two adults and two children was about $3100. In 1992, there were 36.9 million people, or 14.5 percent of the U. S. population, with incomes below the poverty line. A proposed new way of measuring poverty levels would include for the first time the effects of work-related expenses such as transportation costs and child care costs on families' available income. The largest effect of the new measure would be a decrease in the percentage of people in families receiving cash welfare who fall under the poverty line, and an increase in the percentage of people in working families who fall under it. People in families receiving cash welfare would make up 30 percent of the poor under the new measure, compared with 40 percent under the current measure. In contrast, people in working families would make up 59 percent of the poor under the new measure, compared with 51 percent under the current measure. Clearly before we can stimulate our economy we must face the reality of our working poor, not must assume they are being taken care of by our welfare system.
56. The reason why the stock market is up again, according to the author, is that ______.
A. share earnings are higher than in the past
B. share prices reflect higher earnings of stocks
C. the economy has rebounded greatly causing the markets to follow
D. investors are being seduced into thinking the recovery is real
57. It can be learned from the text that ______.
A. economic stimulus isn't working
B. economic stimulus ignores the poor completely
C. stimulus concentrates too much on those who are not really poor
D. the number of working poor has been under-counted
58. During the previous measures of poverty, ______.
A. the number of poor were undercounted
B. work related expenses were underestimated
C. the percentage of the poor who were receiving welfare was over-counted
D. the number of working poor receiving welfare decreased
59. According to the 1963 standards, the current number of poor working families is ______.
A. 30 percent proportion of the population
B. 40 percent proportion of the population
C. 51 percent proportion of the population
D. 60 percent proportion of the population
60. One difference between the current and proposed measures is the fact that ______.
A. the proposed measure identifies fewer working poor
B. the current measure identifies fewer working poor
C. the proposed measure disregards expenses for basic needs
D. the current measure includes more people with health insurance
Passage 3
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:
The "new economic order" is a global one. Policymaker, educators, business, and industry are all concerned with strengthening the United States for competition in this new arena. Career education has generally focused on helping people understand the relationship between education and work and acquire employability skills. Now people need assistance in realizing the opportunities and meeting the challenges of the international workplace.
The evolving global economy is based on a number of factors: decreasing transportation and communications costs, new political structures and economic alliances. The most important influence is the emergence of flexible, information-based technologies. Profound economic and social changes are creating new market standards (productivity, quality, variety, customization, convenience, timeliness) and integrating producers and customers into networks for delivering goods and services globally or locally. Meeting these standards requires great changes in organizational structures, skill needs, and jobs.
According to Carnevale, competitive organizations will be characterized by productivity, flexibility, speed, affordable quality and customer focus. Many organizations will emphasize closely integrated work groups, teamwork and shared information. The need for certain types of workers is being reduced or eliminated. At the same time, freer movement of some workers across national borders is escalating; other workers may engage in "electronic immigration", interacting through telecommunications with their employers in other countries.
The global economy will influence people's lives whether or not they are employed in international firms. In the new economy, nations compete not only with each other's economic systems, but also with each other's research and development and educational systems. Global events affect domestic economies.
Other characteristics of work in the new economy also have implications for career development. Managers will become brokers/facilitators; there will be more technical specialists, and shorter, flatter career ladders. Instead of the old-style division of labor into discrete tasks, job functions will converge, and work teams will consist of individuals who alternate expert, brokering and leadership roles. Rewards will be based more on the performance of teams and networks.
A number of the skills needed for work in the global economy are reflected in current curricular emphases such as development of critical thinking skills, tech prep, the integration of vocational and academic education. Career educators can collaborate with vocational and academic educators and employers in documenting the need for these skills and infusing them in a multidisciplinary approach. As Zwerling puts it, "the best liberal education may come to be seen as career education; the best career education may be seen to be liberal education". The challenges of the global economy are an opportunity not only for work organizations to redesign themselves across national borders, but also for education to transcend its traditional boundaries and re-envision ways to prepare people for life and for work.
61. In face of the evolving global economy, the author suggests that the emphasis on career education be shifted to ______.
A. facilitating the acquisition of employability skills
B. strengthening the United States of the international workplace
C. preparing people for challenges of the international workplace
D. understanding flexible and information-based technologies
62. The changes in the skills needed for work in the new economy are prompted mainly by ______.
A. new political structures
B. new market standards
C. decrease in transportation
D. organizational structures
63. All of the following are true of the work in the new economy EXCEPT ______.
A. the emphasis of collective efforts directed at a task
B. a worker's ability to shift between roles
C. more specialized jobs resulting from division of labor
D. intensified competition in research and education
64. What Zwerling means by "liberal education" is education directed at ______.
A. training students' employability skills
B. transcending traditional boundaries
C. encouraging students to think freely and critically
D. prompting students' academic capabilities
65. The passage is mainly about ______.
A. the features of work and career education in the new era
B. the influence of the evolving global economy on education
C. the emergence of a new economic and political order
D. the need for new rules of competition in the international market
Passage 4
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We're pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build résumés so they can get into the college of our first choice. I've twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids' college background as a prize demonstrating how well we've raised them. But we can't acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we've contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn't matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford.
We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won't be enough prize to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better educating and develop better contacts. All that is plausible --- and mostly wrong. We haven't found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don't systematically employ better instructional approaches than less-selective schools. On two measures --- professors' feedback and the number of essay exams --- selective schools do slightly worse.
By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates' lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-point increase in a school's average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke. A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools.
Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it's not the only indicator and, paradoxically, its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college isn't life's only competition. In the next competition --- the job market and graduate school --- the results may change. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph. D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn't.
So, parents, lighten up. The stakes have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.
66. Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admission wars?
A. They have the final say in which university their children are to attend.
B. They know best which universities are most suitable for their children.
C. They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application.
D. They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves.
67. Why do parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever?
A. They want to increase their children's chances of entering a prestigious college.
B. They hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships.
C. Their children will have a wider choice of which college to go to.
D. Elite universities now enroll fewer students than they used to.
68. What does the author mean by "Kids count more than their colleges" (Line 1, Para. 4)?
A. Continuing education is more important to a person's success.
B. A person's happiness should be valued more than their education.
C. Kids' actual abilities are more important than their college backgrounds.
D. What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements.
69. What does Krueger's study tell us?
A. Getting into Ph. D. programs may be more competitive than getting into college.
B. Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs.
C. Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores.
D. Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation.
70. One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that ______.
A. they earn less than their peers from other institutions
B. they turn out to be less competitive in the job market
C. they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation
D. they overemphasize their qualifications in job applications
Part III    Error Correction (10 points)
Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion (∧) in the correct place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and be sure to put a slash (/) in the blank.
Example:
Television is rapidly becoming the literature of our period.    1. time
Many of the arguments having used for the study of literature as a school subject are valid for ∧ study of television.    2. /    3. the
American researchers say a new study has found that a substance made by the plant known as Saint John's wort (藿香) is not effective in treating serious depression. Depression is a feeling of deep sadness that continues for at least 14 days. People who are depressed may have decreased energy, feelings of guilty or thoughts of killing themselves.    1. ______    2. ______
Saint John's wort has become very popular in the United States to treat depression. It sells in many stores. Researchers say the latest study is the first large scientific trial of Saint John's wort in patients suffering serious depression. It is involved 200 people at 11 medical centers in the United States. The patients received either Saint John's wort nor an inactive substance. After eight weeks, the researchers found no real difference between the group taking Saint John's wort and the group taking the inactive substance.    3. ______    4. ______    5. ______
Richard Shelton, a professor at Vanderbilt University led to the study and published the results in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He said the study means that people suffering depression should take Saint John's wort. They should go to a doctor and receive medicine that is known to help depression. The new results dispute the findings of at least 20 earlier studies. These studies showed that Saint John's wort did help people suffer a less serious kind of depression. So Doctor Shelton and the other researchers re-examined their study results. They looked for any effects from Saint John's wort on less serious depression.    6. ______    7. ______    8. ______
Again they found that the substance was not efficient. Doctor Shelton said no proof exists to support the use of Saint John's wort for any kind of depression. But he also said more studies are needing to confirm the findings of his group.    9. ______    10. ______
Part IV    Translation (10 points)
Translate the following passage into English.
的确，喜欢一座雕塑是没有任何理由的。有些人喜欢一幅山水画也许是因为它使人们想起了家；有些人喜欢一幅画肖像是因为它使人们想起了一位朋友。我们每一个人在观看一幅画时都会想起这样或那样能够影响感觉的事情。只要这样的联想有助于我们欣赏我们所看到的事物，就无须担忧。只有当一些无关的印象使我们产生偏见时，比如，当我们因为讨厌爬山而本能地否定一幅高山壮观景色的画时，我们就必须认真探讨一下为什么对这幅画原有的欣赏兴致会变成嫌恶。不喜欢一件艺术品是有原因的。
Part V    Writing (15 points)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 200 words under the title of "My Favorite Color". Please write clearly on the Answer Sheet.