西南大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

西南大学2010年博士入学考试英语试题

Part I Vocabulary (10 points)
Directions: In this part there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the following sentences. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
1. Europe's earlier industrial growth was ______ by the availability of key resources, abundant and cheap labor, coal, iron ore, etc.
A. constrained
B. remained
C. sustained
D. drained

2. We've just installed a fan to ______ cooking smells from the kitchen.
A. eject
B. expel
C. exclude
D. exile

3. We work to make money, but it is a ______ that people who work hard and long often do not make the most money.
A. dilemma
B. conflict
C. prejudice
D. paradox

4. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very ______.
A. intriguing
B. indefinite
C. obscure
D. dubious

5. I had eaten Chinese food often, but I could not have imagined how ______ and extravagant a real Chinese banquet could be.
A. fabulous
B. gracious
C. handsome
D. prominent

6. I told him that I would ______ him to act for me while I was away from office.
A. identify
B. authorize
C. rationalize
D. justify

7. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it ______ when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society.
A. compacted
B. dispersed
C. delayed
D. restricted

8. Allen will soon find out that real life is seldom as simple as it is ______ in commercials.
A. drafted
B. depicted
C. alleged
D. permeated

9. Diamonds have little ______ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.
A. subtle
B. eternal
C. inherent
D. intrinsic

10. Retirement is obviously a very complex ______ period and the earlier you start planning for it, the better.
A. transition
B. transaction
C. transmission
D. transformation

11. As one of the youngest professors in the university, Mr. Brown is certainly on the ______ of a brilliant career.
A. porch
B. threshold
C. edge
D. course

12. They are ______ investors who always make thorough investigations both on local and international markets before making an investment.
A. indecisive
B. implicit
C. cautious
D. conscious

13. Most people in the modern world ______ freedom and independence more than anything else.
A. illuminate
B. fascinate
C. cherish
D. embody

14. Doctors are interested in using lasers as a surgical tool in operations on people who are ______ to heart attack.
A. prone
B. disposed
C. infectious
D. accessible

15. These were stubborn men, not easily ______ to change their mind.
A. tilted
B. converted
C. persuaded
D. suppressed

16. The new secretary has written a remarkably ______ report within a few hundred words but with all the important details included.
A. concise
B. brisk
C. precise
D. elaborate

17. His face ______ as he came in after running all the way from school.
A. flared
B. fluctuated
C. fluttered
D. flushed

18. Steel is not as ______ as cast iron; it does not break as easily.
A. elastic
B. brittle
C. adaptable
D. flexible

19. A big problem in learning English as a foreign language is lack of opportunities for ______ interaction with proficient speakers of English.
A. instantaneous
B. provocative
C. verbal
D. dual

20. Within ten years they have tamed the ______ hill into green woods.
A. vacant
B. barren
C. weird
D. wasteful

Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Directions: There are 6 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
21. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways except to ______.
A. speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem
B. identify a problem
C. bring together disparate facts
D. stipulate clear goals

22. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?
A. They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis
B. They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers
C. They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do
D. They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions

23. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
A. Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not
B. Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not
C. Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not
D. Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not

24. The text provides support for which of the following statements?
A. Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis
B. Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions
C. Managers' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills
D. Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently

25. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?
A. An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given
B. A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced
C. The results of recent research are introduced and summarized
D. Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated

Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers — using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.
Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.
If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
26. In the text, the author is primarily concerned with ______.
A. identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologists
B. stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design
C. proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technology
D. contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists

27. It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are ______.
A. strengthened when they include courses in design
B. weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skills
C. strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courses
D. strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems

28. Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of the first two paragraphs of the text?
A. When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it
B. Each component of an automobile — for example, the engine or the fuel tank — has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that component's function
C. A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought
D. The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer's conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site

29. Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the text?
A. The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientific decisions made by technologists
B. Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technological development
C. As knowledge of technology has increased, the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement and texture
D. A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician's degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers

30. The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record paradoxical (line 6, paragraph 3) most probably because ______.
A. the publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make
B. architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students
C. college students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not
D. engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline

Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Perhaps only a small boy training to be a wizard at the Hogwarts school of magic could cast a spell so powerful as to create the biggest book launch ever. Wherever in the world the clock strikes midnight on June 20th, his followers will flock to get their paws on one of more than 10m copies of “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. Bookshops will open in the middle of the night and delivery firms are drafting in extra staff and bigger trucks. Related toys, games, DVDs and other merchandise will be everywhere. There will be no escaping Pottermania.
Yet Mr. Potter's world is a curious one, in which things are often not what they appear. While an excitable media (hereby including The Economist, happy to support such a fine example of globalization) is helping to hype the launch of J.K. Rowling's fifth novel, about the most adventurous thing that the publishers (Scholastic in America and Britain's Bloomsbury in English elsewhere) have organized is a reading by Ms. Rowling in London's Royal Albert Hall, to be broadcast as a live webcast. Hollywood, which owns everything else to do with Harry Potter, says it is doing even less. Incredible as it may seem, the guardians of the brand say that, to protect the Potter franchise, they are trying to maintain a low profile. Well, relatively low.
Ms Rowling signed a contract in 1998 with Warner Brothers, part of AOL Time Warner, giving the studio exclusive film, licensing and merchandising rights in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000. Warner licenses other firms to produce goods using Harry Potter characters or images, from which Ms Rowling gets a big enough cut that she is now wealthier than the queen — if you believe Britain's Sunday Times rich list. The process is self generating: each book sets the stage for a film, which boosts book sales, which lifts sales of Potter products.
Globally, the first four Harry Potter books have sold some 200m copies in 55 languages; the two movies have grossed over $1.8 billion at the box office. This is a stunning success by any measure, especially as Ms Rowling has long demanded that Harry Potter should not be over commercialized. In line with her wishes, Warner says it is being extraordinarily careful, at least by Hollywood standards, about what it licenses and to whom. It imposed tough conditions on Coca Cola, insisting that no Harry Potter images should appear on cans, and is now in the process of making its licensing programme even more restrictive. Coke may soon be considered too mass market to carry the brand at all.
The deal with Warner ties much of the merchandising to the films alone. There are no officially sanctioned products relating to “Order of the Phoenix”; nor yet for “Harry Potter and Prisoner of Azkaban”, the film of the third book, which is due out in June 2004. Warner agrees that Ms Rowling's creation is a different sort of commercial property, one with long-term potential that could be damaged by a typical Hollywood marketing blitz, says Diane Nelson, the studio's global brand manager for Harry Potter. It is vital, she adds, that with more to come, readers of the books are not alienated. “The evidence from our market research is that enthusiasm for the property by fans is not waning.”
31. When the author says “there will be no escaping Potter mania”, he implies that ______.
A. Harry Potter's appeal for the readers is simply irresistible
B. it is somewhat irrational to be so crazy about the magic boy
C. craze about Harry Potter will not be over in the near future
D. Hogwarts school of magic will be the biggest attraction world over

32. Ms Rowling's reading in London's Royal Albert Hall is mentioned to show ______.
A. publishers are really adventurous in managing the Potter's business
B. businesses are actually more credible than media in Potter's world
C. the media are promoting Pottermania more actively than Hollywood
D. businesses involved with Potter are moving along in an unusual way

33. The author believes that ______.
A. Britain's Sunday Times rich list is not very convincing as it sounds
B. Time Warner's management of licenses is a bit over commercialized
C. other firms may produce goods using Harry Potter images at will
D. what Ms Rowling got in return for her offering to Warner is a real bargain

34. Paragraph 4 intends mainly to show Warner's ______.
A. determination to promote Potter
B. consistence in conducting business
C. high regard for Ms Rowling's request
D. careful restrictions on licensing to Coca-Cola

35. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that ______.
A. products of Potter films have brought enormous profits to Warner
B. current Hollywood's marketing of Potter may damage its potential
C. readers could get tired of Ms Rowling's writings sooner or later
D. Warner will maintain the same strategy with Potter in future

Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
It was a cold, rainy and wholly miserable afternoon in Washington, and a hot muggy night in Miami. It was Sunday, and three games were played in the two cities. The people playing them and the people watching them tell us much about the ever-changing ethnic structure of the United States.
Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by native-born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them black. It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weight and muscles, for how fast they can run, and how hard they can hit each other. Football draws the biggest crowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered.
The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseball World Series. Baseball was once America's favorite game, but has lost that claim to basketball.
Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness. Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World. In that Sunday's final, the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Columbia. The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship. Baseball is a game that may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the rest of the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning.
Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most widely enjoyed sport in the world. In soccer, which many countries just call football, the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball. Until recently, professional soccer in the United States has largely been an import, played by South Americans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world.
Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around the world, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a game largely imported to the United States from neighboring Canada. Lacrosse, a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived, is also gaining a keen national following.
Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
36. Which of the following can reflect the ever-changing ethnic structure of America?
A. Sportsman
B. Audience
C. Both of them
D. None of them

37. Who play professional football in the United States?
A. Native-born American citizens
B. Europeans
C. South Americans
D. Both B and C

38. What is America's favorite game?
A. Baseball
B. Basketball
C. Professional football
D. Soccer

39. Which of the following statements about soccer is true?
A. In soccer and basketball, the ethnic tide is different
B. Until recently, soccer becomes an important game, so many native Americans play it
C. It is the most popular game in the world, so many American citizens take up it
D. Although soccer is the most popular game in the world, American citizens in large numbers do not like it first

40. The author of the passage wants to tell us that ______.
A. Americans like sports and sports reveal much about the changing ethnic structure of the United States
B. In Washington, several games are played in one day
C. Americans like all kinds of games
D. The American games are watched by native-Americans and played by people from different countries

Passage Five
Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe's regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country's three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club — Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales — a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited.
The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe — only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation's symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere — on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.
“Until very recent time most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales's annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can't do anything, we're only Welsh. Now I think that's changing.”
41. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to ______.
A. maintain the present status among the nations
B. reduce legislative powers of England
C. create a better state of equality among the nations
D. grant more say to all the nations in the union

42. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means ______.
A. separatist
B. conventional
C. feudal
D. political

43. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT ______.
A. people's desire for devolution
B. locals' turnout for the voting
C. powers of the legislative body
D. status of the national language

44. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?
A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language
B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union
C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation
D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight

45. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is ______.
A. people's mentality
B. pop culture
C. town's appearance
D. possibilities for the people

Passage Six
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.
Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.
Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.
Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.
At Tulane University's Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication, to determine whether a contact lens fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.
At Columbia University Dr. Linsy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.
46. It is known from the first paragraph that ______.
A. shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to Americans
B. crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy
C. crying usually wins sympathy from other people
D. one who sheds tears in public will be blamed

47. What does "both those responses to tears" (Line 6, Para. 1) refer to?
A. Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness
B. The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers
C. The tear shedder's apology and the observer's effort to stop the crying
D. Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears

48. "Counterproductive" (Lines 7, Para. 1) very probably means ______.
A. having no effect at all
B. leading to tension
C. producing disastrous impact
D. harmful to health

49. What does the author say about crying?
A. It is a pointless physiological response to the environment
B. It must have a role to play in man's survival
C. It is meant to get attention and assistance
D. It usually produces the desired effect

50. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?
A. Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress
B. Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears
C. Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases
D. Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears

Part III Cloze (10 points)
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on Answer Sheet.
The basic function of money is the enable buying to be separated from selling, thus permitting trade to take place without the so called double coincidence of barter. If a person has something to sell and wants something else (51) return, it is not necessary to search for someone able and (52) to make the desired exchange of items. The person can sell the (53) item for general purchasing power — that is “money” — to anyone who wants to buy it and then use the proceeds to buy the desired item from anyone who wants to sell it.
The importance of this function of money is (54) illustrated by the experience of Germany just after World War II, (55) paper money was (56) largely useless because, despite inflationary conditions, price controls were effectively (57) by the American, French, and British armies of occupation. People had to (58) to barter or to inefficient money substitutes. The result was to cut total output of the economy in half. The German “economic miracle” just after 1948 reflected partly a currency reform by the occupation authorities, (59) some economists hold that it stemmed primarily from the German government's (60) of all price controls, (61) permitting a money economy to (62) a barter economy.
(63) of the act of sale from the act of purchase (64) the existence of something that will be generally accepted in payment — this is the “(65) of exchange” function of money. But there must also be something that can serve as a (66) abode of purchasing power, in which the seller holds the proceeds in the interim (67) the first sale and the (68) purchase, or from which the buyer can (69) the general purchasing power with which to pay (70) what is bought. This is the “asset” function of money.

51.
A. on
B. in
C. by
D. for

52.
A. capable
B. likely
C. desirable
D. willing

53.
A. excess
B. extra
C. surplus
D. ample

54.
A. dramatically
B. urgently
C. faithfully
D. incidentally

55.
A. when
B. before
C. since
D. until

56.
A. developed
B. reserved
C. rendered
D. imagined

57.
A. encouraged
B. enlarged
C. endured
D. enforced

58.
A. conform
B. resort
C. commit
D. gear

59.
A. and
B. but
C. therefore
D. however

60.
A. deprivation
B. stimulation
C. elimination
D. restriction

61.
A. thereby
B. therefore
C. then
D. while

62.
A. alternate
B. establish
C. substitute
D. replace

63.
A. Introduction
B. Specification
C. Representation
D. Separation

64.
A. assumes
B. requires
C. focuses
D. undertakes

65.
A. medium
B. function
C. role
D. nature

66.
A. fashionable
B. favorable
C. temporary
D. token

67.
A. both
B. for
C. between
D. after

68.
A. consequent
B. relevant
C. inadequate
D. subsequent

69.
A. execute
B. extract
C. exceed
D. exchange

70.
A. for
B. off
C. back
D. in

Part IV English—Chinese Translation (15 points)
Directions: Read the following passage into Chinese and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
It is simple enough to say that since books have classes — fiction, biography, poetry — we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconception when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author, try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible finesse, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.
Part V Chinese—English Translation (15 points)
Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.
题目：What I Have Lived For by Bertrand Russell（我的人生追求 — 伯特兰·罗素）
有三种朴实却异常强烈的激情左右着我的人生：渴望爱情，寻求知识和对受苦人的怜悯。这三种激情犹如狂风肆意地吹着我，从无边的苦海吹向绝境。
我寻找爱，因为爱使人陶醉。我常常宁愿用我全部的余生来换取几个小时这样的欣喜。我寻找爱，因为爱使我解除了孤寂，解除了一个颤抖的灵魂从人世间到冷漠无底的深渊所经历的孤寂。我寻找爱，因为我在爱的缩影中看到了圣人和诗人眼里天堂的景象。这就是以往我寻找的，虽然对于人生来说似乎过于美好，但我终于找到了。
以同样的激情，我寻求知识。我渴望理解人类的心灵。我想知道群星为何闪烁。我试图领悟毕达哥拉斯的数的魔力，它支配着数的和谐。我已多少达到了此目的。
爱和知识总是通往天堂。但是怜悯总把我带回尘世。痛苦喊叫的回声在我心中回荡。
Part VI Writing (20 points)
Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition of about 250 words entitled “Information and My Life”. You must write it on the Answer Sheet and remember to write it in readable handwriting.

参考答案及解析
Part I Vocabulary
1. C   2. B   3. D   4. C   5. A   6. B   7. D   8. B   9. D   10. A
11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. B
【解析要点】
1. C。sustain 支撑、维持；句意：欧洲早期工业增长得益于关键资源、廉价劳动力、煤、铁矿石等。
2. B。expel 排出、驱除；句意：安装风扇把厨房的油烟排出去。
3. D。paradox 悖论、自相矛盾；句意：努力工作的人往往挣钱最少，这是个悖论。
4. C。obscure 晦涩难懂的；句意：讲座主题晦涩，少有人懂。
5. A。fabulous 极好的、难以置信的；修饰宴会。
6. B。authorize 授权；authorize sb. to do sth. 授权某人做某事。
7. D。restricted 受限制的；句意：不喜欢在合法道德范围内自由受限。
8. B。depict 描述、描绘；句意：现实生活很少像广告描绘的那样简单。
9. D。intrinsic 固有的、内在的；intrinsic value 内在价值，与价格取决于稀缺相对。
10. A。transition 过渡；a complex transition period 复杂过渡期。
11. B。on the threshold of 即将开始；固定搭配。
12. C。cautious 谨慎的；句意：投资前做彻底调查，是谨慎的投资者。
13. C。cherish 珍视；cherish freedom and independence 珍视自由独立。
14. A。be prone to 易于……的；prone to heart attack 易患心脏病。
15. C。persuade 说服；not easily persuaded to change their mind 不易被说服改变主意。
16. A。concise 简明的；句意：几百词却涵盖所有重要细节，简明。
17. D。flush 脸发红；跑回家后脸通红。
18. B。brittle 脆的；句意：钢不如铸铁脆，不易断裂。
19. C。verbal 口头的；verbal interaction 口头交流。
20. B。barren 贫瘠的；barren hill 荒山，与绿色树林相对。
Part II Reading Comprehension
Passage One:    21. D   22. D   23. C   24. D   25. B
Passage Two:    26. B   27. A   28. D   29. A   30. D
Passage Three:   31. A   32. D   33. D   34. C   35. D
Passage Four:    36. C   37. A   38. D   39. B   40. A
Passage Five:    41. C   42. A   43. D   44. B   45. A
Passage Six:     46. A   47. C   48. D   49. B   50. A
【解析要点】
21. D。直觉五种用法：感到问题存在、迅速进行行为模式、综合孤立信息、检验理性分析、绕过分析产生可行方案。D 明确目标未提及。
22. D。第二段首句 such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is，即误解了经理如何运用直觉。
23. C。直觉管理者 thinking is inseparable from acting，先行动后分析；正式分析者则相反。
24. D。直觉基于多年实践经验，使管理者更有效地运用实践经验。
25. B。第一段先否定传统理性模式（do not closely follow...），再引入直觉这一替代方式。
26. B。全文强调工程设计中非言语思维的重要性。
27. A。设计课程应成为工程课程核心，包含设计课程时工程学才得以强化。
28. D。吊桥特征既反映设计者构思，也反映现场物理要求，最能说明主旨。
29. A。首段主旨：技术中蕴含的知识并非都来自科学，技术人员做了许多非科学决策。
30. D。第三段首句：工程课程缺乏设计课程，工程学生未受过绘制此类图的训练。
31. A。无法逃脱 Pottermania 意味着读者对哈利·波特的吸引力不可抗拒。
32. D。罗琳在皇家阿尔伯特厅朗读一事说明商家行为低调、不同寻常。
33. D。in return for what now appears to have been a steal，作者认为这是笔划算交易。
34. C。第四段说明华纳按罗琳要求严格控制、反对过度商业化。
35. D。末段重申该策略正确，市场调研显示热情未减，未来将保持同一策略。
36. C。运动员与观众两者都能反映美国种族结构变化。
37. A。职业橄榄球几乎全由土生土长的美国公民参加。
38. D。足球是世界上最受欢迎的运动，如今大量美国公民开始参与。
39. B。直到最近美国职业足球多为南美人和欧洲人，现在多数美国人终于开始喜欢足球。
40. A。主旨：体育运动反映美国不断变化的种族结构。
41. C。devolution 旨在 restore the balance，即创造各民族间更平等的状态。
42. A。centrifugal forces 威胁联盟理念，与 union 相对，意为分离主义的。
43. D。语言地位未提及为威尔士与苏格兰的区别。
44. B。欧盟扶贫款是对威尔士情况的介绍，并非民族身份复兴的例证。
45. A。Dyfan Jones 认为威尔士人缺乏信心的心态正在改变。
46. A。眼泪让美国人感到不舒服和尴尬，即带来不愉快感受。
47. C。两种反应指流泪者的道歉和旁观者制止哭泣的努力。
48. D。counterproductive 与 inappropriate 相近且程度更强，意为有害健康。
49. B。crying has one or more functions that enhance survival，即必有助于人类生存。
50. A。新研究表明情感泪液在缓解压力中起直接作用。
Part III Cloze
51. B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. B 59. B 60. C
61. A 62. D 63. D 64. B 65. A 66. C 67. C 68. D 69. B 70. A
【解析要点】
51. B。in return 固定短语，作为回报。
52. D。willing 愿意的；买卖双方自愿，able and willing。
53. C。surplus 剩余的；surplus item 剩余产品。
54. A。dramatically 巨大地；这一功能由战后德国的经历戏剧性地说明。
55. A。when 引导时间定语从句，那时纸币基本无用。
56. C。rendered 使得；rendered largely useless 使基本无用。
57. D。enforced 执行、加强；价格管制被占领军有效执行。
58. B。resort to 求助于；人们只好求助于以物易物。
59. B。but 转折关系；货币改革部分反映，但一些经济学家认为主要源于……
60. C。elimination 取消、消除；取消所有价格管制。
61. A。thereby 从而、因此；承接关系，使货币经济取代物物交换经济。
62. D。replace 取代；money economy to replace a barter economy。
63. D。Separation 分离；买卖行为的分离。
64. B。requires 需要；买卖分离需要有普遍接受的支付物。
65. A。medium 媒介；medium of exchange 交换媒介。
66. C。temporary 暂时的；货币作为购买力的临时居所。
67. C。between 在……两者之间；between the first sale and the subsequent purchase。
68. D。subsequent 随后的；先卖后买，随后的购买。
69. B。extract 取得、提取；买方从中提取购买力。
70. A。pay for 为……付款；pay for what is bought。
Part IV English—Chinese Translation 参考译文
既然书籍有不同的门类，如小说、传记、诗歌等，我们应该把它们区分开来，并从每种汲取它应当给予我们的正确的东西；这话说起来固然容易，然而，很少有人要求从书籍中得到它们所能提供的东西。通常我们总是三心二意地带着模糊的观念去看书：要求小说情节真实，要求诗歌内容虚构，要求传记阿谀奉承，要求历史能加深我们自己的偏见。如果我们读书时能抛弃所有这些成见，那将是一个极可贵的开端。我们对作者不要指手划脚，而应努力站在作者的立场上，设想自己在与作者共同创作。假如你退缩不前，有所保留并且一开始就批评指责，你就在妨碍自己从你所读的书中得到最大的益处。然而，如果你能尽量敞开思想，那么，书中开头几句迂回曲折的话里所包含的几乎难以觉察的细微的迹象和暗示，就会把你引到一个与众不同的人物的面前去。如果你深入下去，如果你去认识这个人物，你很快就会领悟作者正在给你或试图给你某些明确得多的东西。
Part V Chinese—English Translation 参考译文
What I Have Lived For by Bertrand Russell
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life — the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy — ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness — that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what, at last, I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.
Part VI Writing 参考范文
Information and My Life
It is known that information plays an important role in our modern society. Someone says that ours is a society of information. In fact, information is expanding at such an increasing rate that as a member of modern society, I have to be fully aware of the significance of information to my life. It affects nearly every aspect of my life. Then how to obtain and deal with information seems to be of utmost importance.
As for me, the most convenient and efficient way is to obtain information online. Internet is indispensable in this era and has surely changed our conventions of learning and living. Of course, internet isn't the only source of information. I can learn much information by other means, like going to libraries, watching videos and even talking with my friends.
But information is so immense that we haven't ample energy and time to deal deeply with it. Moreover, some of the information might not be true. So, how to select information is also significant to me. To obtain accurate information and to throw off the false part of it should be our attitude.
Information should be made full use of in my life. The quicker you learn the information, the sooner it can be applied. Only in this case can we be armed with the freshest and most significant information to make my life more convenient and efficient.