西南交通大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

西南交通大学2010年春季博士研究生招生考试试卷

考生请注意：
1、本试题共5大题，共14页，请考生注意检查；
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3、本试题不得拆散，拆散后遗失后果自负。

I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one point each)
Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C, or D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
Some of today’s most cutting-edge technology is now being used to help students with special needs. No longer just the province of games for “video needs”, virtual reality has come into its own as a tool for special education teachers and therapists. As such, it is used for assessment, teaching, and practice, according to Skip Rizzo, research assistant professor at the University of Southern California.
For example, virtual reality has been used effectively to assess students’ depth perception, with the results being quite different from those obtained from traditional paper and pencil tests. It is also used to help students gain transition skills: Students with autism or developmental delay can visit a virtual supermarket, take public transportation, cross the street, or organize his or her day. Students in wheelchairs can learn how to navigate buildings. And the beauty is that these students can make any number of mistakes without endangering themselves.
In fact, one of the biggest virtues of virtual reality is that it allows students to learn in a safe environment, and this holds true for students with behavior disorders. After a student has learned an appropriate behavior or way of controlling his or her anger, the student is put in progressively more difficult virtual social situations where he or she can practice the new technique. And it is expected that future teachers will be exposed to virtual classes, complete with “difficult students” to help them master behavior management techniques.
Virtual reality even allows us to tailor the world to meet a child’s needs. Let’s say we’re teaching a child to cross the street by paying attention to traffic signs. Educators have found that it is often difficult for the child to locate the traffic sign in a busy environment. With virtual reality, we can blow up the “walk sign”, so the student knows what it looks like. Then we gradually begin shrinking the sign and adding other environmental elements. Once the student has mastered this virtually, he or she transfers the knowledge to the real world. In the end, this is the most important function of virtual reality programs for special students.
1. In line 2, Para. 1, the word “province” means ______.
A. technology
B. domain
C. basis
D. region

2. Virtual reality can help future teachers learn ______.
A. how to assess students’ skill levels
B. how to respond to individual student’s needs
C. how to deal with students who misbehave
D. how to run an orderly classroom

3. This text mainly deals with ______.
A. The importance of using virtual reality in special education
B. The applications of virtual reality for special students
C. The advantages of virtual reality over conventional special education methods
D. The potential role of virtual reality in special education

4. Which group does the author NOT suggest might benefit from virtual reality applications to education?
A. students with mental illness.
B. students with behavioral disorders
C. students with physical handicaps.
D. students with developmental problems.

5. According to the text, what is the ultimate purpose of virtual reality in education?
A. To give special students a chance to experience life in the outside world.
B. To train teachers to work with students with special needs.
C. To allow special students to learn life-skills in a safe environment.
D. To prepare special students to transition into mainstream society.

Passage 2
The stock market is up--albeit still down from a year ago--and there is growing hope the long nightmare is finally over. Convictions are rising that this rally is for real. Most believe that an imminent economic rebound is about to validate the increasingly optimistic earnings expectations now imbedded in share prices. So far, any such recovery is just a forecast but policy makers and politicians are doing their very best to convince financial markets that they have both the wisdom and the tools to pull it off. Long frustrated investors want to believe these tantalizing promises. It’s the ultimate act of macro seduction.
On the surface, the policy bet isn’t hard to understand. Even the fiscal authorities have jumped in. America has led the way --upping the ante on budgetary stimulus for the second time in three years. However, very little of the stimulus is going towards the poor and part of the problem is that many policy--makers do not realize the full extent of the poverty problem in this nation. When the current measure used to calculate poverty levels was introduced in 1963, the poverty line for a family of two adults and two children was about $3,100. In 1992, there were 36.9 million people, or 14.5 percent of the U.S. population, with incomes below the poverty line. A proposed new way of measuring poverty levels would include for the first time the effects of work-related expenses such as transportation costs and child care costs on families’ available income. The largest effect of the new measure would be a decrease in the percentage of people in families receiving cash welfare who fall under the poverty line, and an increase in the percentage of people in working families who fall under it. People in families receiving cash welfare would make up 30 percent of the poor under the new measure, compared with 40 percent under the current measure. In contrast, people in working families would make up 59 percent of the poor under the new measure, compared with 51 percent under the current measure. Clearly before we can stimulate our economy we must face the reality of our working poor, not just assume they are being taken care of by our welfare system.
6. The reason why the stock market is up again, according to the author, is that ______.
A. share earnings are higher than in the past
B. share prices reflect higher earnings of stocks
C. the economy has rebounded greatly and caused the markets to follow
D. investors are being seduced into thinking the recovery is real

7. It can be learned from the text that ______.
A. economic stimulus isn’t working
B. economic stimulus ignores the poor completely
C. stimulus concentrates too much on those who are not really poor
D. the number of working poor has been under-counted

8. During the previous measure of poverty, ______.
A. the number of poor were under counted
B. work related expenses were underestimated
C. the percentage of the poor who were receiving welfare was over-counted
D. the number of working poor receiving welfare decreased

9. According to the 1963 standards, the current number of poor working families is ______.
A. 30 percent proportion of the population
B. 40 percent proportion of the population
C. 51 percent proportion of the population
D. 60 percent proportion of the population

10. One difference between the current and proposed measures is the fact that ______.
A. the proposed measure identifies fewer working poor
B. the current measure identifies fewer working poor
C. the proposed measure disregards expenses for basic needs
D. the current measure includes more people with health insurance

Passage 3
Dunnam bought a Chevrolet Blazer with one of the most popular new features in high-end cars: the On Star personal security system.
The heavily advertised communications and tracking feature is used nationwide by more than two million drivers, who simply push a button to connect, via a built-in cell-phone, to a member of the On Star staff. A Global Positioning System, or GPS, helps the employee give verbal directions to the driver or locate the car after an accident. The company can even send a signal to unlock car doors for locked-out owners, or honk the horn to help people find their cars in an endless plain of parking spaces. The biggest selling point for the system is its use in frustrating car thieves. Once an owner reports to the police that a car has been stolen, the company can track it to help arrest the thieves, a service it performs about 400 times each month.
But for Mr. Dunnam, the more he learned about his car’s security features, the less secure he felt. He has enough technical knowledge to worry that someone else--law enforcement officers, or hackers --could listen in on his phone calls, or gain control over his automotive systems without his knowledge or consent. “While I don’t believe GM intentionally designed this system to facilitate such activities, they sure have made it easy,” he said.
Mr. Dunnam said he had become even more concerned because of a federal appeals court case involving a criminal investigation, in which federal authorities had demanded that a company attach a wiretap to tracking services like those installed in his car. The suit did not reveal which company was involved. A three-judge panel in San Francisco rejected the request, but not on privacy grounds; the panel said the wiretap would interfere with the operation of the safety services. On Star has said that its equipment was not involved in that case. An On Star spokeswoman, Geri Lama, suggested that Mr. Dunnam’s worries were overblown. The signals that the company sends to unlock car doors or track location--based information can be triggered only with a secure exchange of specific identifying data, which ought to hinder all but the most determined hackers, she said.
11. The most important feature of On Star advertised by the company is that it can ______.
A. help people find their cars in the big parking lot
B. give verbal direction to drivers lost in unfamiliar areas
C. open car doors for owners unable to find their car keys
D. make it difficult for thieves to get away with stolen cars

12. We can conclude from the passage that On Star is ______.
A. too complicated to use especially for new drivers
B. not so useful and effective as the company claims
C. popularly used among the more expensive cars
D. not widely used in the country except in a few states

13. Mr. Dunnam felt dissatisfied with On Star because ______.
A. his personal information might be revealed
B. his demand for better services was rejected
C. On Star posed potential danger to driving safety
D. On Star has been developed mainly to facilitate police work

14. The three-judge panel rejected the request of the federal authorities because ______.
A. it was in violation of individual privacy
B. it was against the Constitution of the nation
C. the wiretap might affect the safety of personal data
D. the wiretap might reduce the efficiency of the system

15. On Star spokeswoman suggested that Mr. Dunnam’s worries ______.
A. exaggerated the problems that might occur
B. represented reasonable concerns of customers
C. presented problems for them to solve
D. make sense due to the existence of hackers

Passage 4
Banking is about money; and no other familiar commodity arouses such excesses of passion and dislike. Nor is there any other about which more nonsense is talked. The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is normally called economics, which is inexact rather than nonsensical, and only in the same way as all sciences are at the point where they try to predict people’s behavior and its consequences. Indeed most social sciences and, for example, medicine could probably be described in the same way.
However, it is common to hear assertions of the kind “if you were left alone on a desert island a few seed potatoes would be more useful to you than a million pounds” as though this proved something important about money except the undeniable fact that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation where very few of us are at all likely to find ourselves. Money in fact is a token or symbolic object, exchangeable on demand by its holders for goods and services. Its use for these purposes is universal except within a small number of primitive agricultural communities.
Money and the price mechanism, i.e., the changes in prices expressed in money terms of different goods and services are the means by which all modern societies regulate demand and supply for these things. Especially important are the relative changes in price of different goods and services compared with each other. To take random examples: the price of house-building has over the past five years risen a good deal faster than that of domestic appliances like refrigerators but slower than that of motor insurance or French Impressionist paintings. This fact has complex implications for students of the industry, trade unionism, town planning, insurance companies, fine-art auctions and politics. Unpacking these implications is what economics is about, but their implications for bankers are quite different.
In general, in modern industrialized societies, prices of services or goods produced in a context requiring a high service-content (e.g. a meal in a restaurant) are likely to rise in price more rapidly than goods capable of mass production on a large scale. It is also a characteristic of highly developed economies that the number of workers employed in service industries tends to rise and that of workers employed in manufacturing to fall. The discomfort this truth causes has been an important source of tension in western political life for many years and is likely to remain so for many more.
16. According to the passage, economics is ______.
A. similar to other social sciences because a lot of nonsense is talked about it
B. different from social sciences which try to forecast the way people behave
C. similar to other social sciences because it can foretell the tomorrow
D. different from sciences such as medicine

17. In the writer’s view, the assertion that money would be useless on a desert island ______.
A. illustrates one limitation to the importance of money.
B. is only of importance to people stayed in such places.
C. proves that there are many situations in which money is irrelevant.
D. tells us nothing of significance about money in a certain situation.

18. Modern societies control supply and demand ______.
A. by direct intervention in the pricing of goods and services
B. by means of money and the price mechanism
C. by keeping a watchful eye on relative price changes
D. by fixing prices in specific industries

19. The writer suggests that economics is concerned with ______.
A. explaining to bankers the price changes
B. understanding the effect of relative price changes
C. trying to understand why some prices rise fast
D. the same financial considerations as banking

20. In developed economies, service industries ______.
A. tend to employ an increasing number of people.
B. employ more people than manufacturing industries do
C. cause problems for the white-collar unions
D. try to reduce their employees to combat rising costs.

Passage 5
In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well.
First, let’s talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place. If you call my mobile, you get me. If you call my fixed-line phone, you get whoever answers it.
This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the “meeting” influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer “see you there at 8”, but “text me around 8 and we’ll see where we all are.”
Texting changes people as well. In their paper, “Insights into social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging”, two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the “talkers” and the “texters” ---those who prefer voice to text messages and those who prefer text to voice.
They found that the mobile phone’s individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well.
Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language. There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the “speakeasy”: the head is held high, in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the “spacemaker”: these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.
Who can blame them? Phone meeting get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people’s privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you needn’t worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.
21. When people plan to meet nowadays, they ______.
A. arrange the meeting place beforehand
B. postpone fixing the place till the last minute
C. seldom care about when and where to meet.
D. still love to work out detailed meeting plans.

22. According to the two British researchers, the social and psychological effects are mostly likely to be seen on ______.
A. talkers
B. the “speakeasy”
C. the “space maker”
D. texters

23. We can infer from the passage that the texts sent by texters are ______.
A. quite revealing
B. well written
C. unacceptable by others
D. shocking to others.

24. According to the passage, who is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile?
A. Talkers.
B. The “speakeasy”
C. The “spacemaker”
D. Texters.

25. An appropriate title for the passage might be ______.
A. The SMS Effect.
B. Cultural Implications of Mobile Phone Use.
C. Changes Caused by the Use of the Mobile.
D. Body Language and the Mobile Phone.

Passage 6
Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural byproducts are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.
But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world--if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.
Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.
Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.
No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.
26. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?
A. Only half of the world’s water can be used.
B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.
C. Half of the world’s water resources have been seriously polluted.
D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.

27. As indicated in the passage, the water problem ______.
A. is already serious in certain parts of the world
B. has been exaggerated by some experts in the field
C. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirs
D. is underestimated by government organizations at different levels

28. According to the author, the water price should ______.
A. be reduced to the minimum
B. stimulate domestic demand
C. correspond to its real value.
D. take into account the occurrences of droughts.

29. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to ______.
A. build big lakes to store water
B. construct big pumping stations
C. build small and cheap irrigation systems
D. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland

30. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to ______.
A. guarantee full protection of the environment
B. centralize the management of water resources.
C. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels.
D. encourage local and regional of control water resources.

II. Grammar and Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 point each)
Directions: Choose the best answer for each blank and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
1. Benjamin West was an eighteenth century American artist who influenced British painters just ______ as he did other American artists.
A. so much
B. as much
C. as more
D. so more

2. It was due to luck ______ judgment when the driver succeeded in avoiding an accident.
A. better than
B. other than
C. rather than
D. more than

3. The Greek soldiers became tired of fighting and began to quarrel among ______.
A. them
B. themselves
C. each other
D. one another.

4. In less than two weeks, I ______.
A. will graduate
B. am graduating
C. have graduated
D. will have graduated.

5. My brother Joe never learned to swim, ______ intend to start now.
A. nor he does
B. nor does he
C. nor he
D. he doesn’t

6. Under the present circumstances there seem fewer reasons for people to hug illusions than there ______ before.
A. was
B. did
C. were
D. being

7. The American Revolution is regarded by military historians as a war Britain ______.
A. should never lose
B. can never lose
C. should never have lost
D. would never have lost

8. ______, Henry felt a great weight taken off his mind.
A. His duty was fulfilled
B. His duty fulfilled
C. His duty fulfilling
D. His duty had been fulfilled

9. ______ I would like to stay, I really must go home.
A. Much as
B. In spite of
C. Despite
D. As

10. An epigram is usually defined ______ a bright or witty thought tersely and ingeniously expressed.
A. to be
B. as
C. /
D. being

11. When and by whom the islands of the West Indies were first settled is a matter ______ among archaeologists.
A. of debating
B. to be debated
C. to debate
D. of debate

12. If we ______ the oil company to build this paper mill, we ______ water pollution now.
A. had not allowed, would not have
B. had not allowed, would not have had
C. didn’t allow, would not have
D. didn’t allow, would not have had

13. I arrived at the shop ______ find I’d left all my money at home.
A. so as so
B. only to
C. as to
D. due to

14. Since you are a success without finishing high school, my students perceive ______ as a reason not to care much about getting a good education.
A. them
B. those
C. that
D. theirs.

15. Sometimes criminals are not convicted ______ their crimes because of flaws and errors in judicial decision-making.
A. by
B. of
C. from
D. to

16. Language, culture and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.
A. indistinctly
B. separately
C. independently
D. irrelevantly

17. Once your mind accepted the false fact that there was a ______ in the way you would do everything badly.
A. tiger
B. lion
C. dog
D. cat

18. He lacked the ______ and political acumen for the post of chairman.
A. judgment
B. interpretation
C. commentary
D. explanation

19. I’m not surprised Mary’s ill. With all the voluntary work she’s taken ______, she’s really been doing too much.
A. off
B. in
C. on
D. to

20. We must decide what is important and what is ______ in life.
A. tragic
B. tribal
C. trivial
D. triple

III. Cloze (10%; 0.5 points each)
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and write A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET.
During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the ___1___ phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.
We judge race usually ___2___ the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But ___3___ you were to remove the skin, you could not ___4___ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is ___5___ in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to ___6___ a difference.
There are four types of blood. ___7___ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the ___8___. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belong. Brains will ___9___ in size, but this occurs within every race. ___10___ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain ___11___ examined belonged to a person of weak ___12___. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had ___13___ brains.
Mental tests which are reasonably ___14___ show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. ___15___ equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location. Individuals of every race ___16___ civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, ___17___ enable them to behave in a ___18___ way.
The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new ___19___ is better and higher than anything ___20___ the past.
A. complete
B. full
C. total
D. whole

A. in
B. from
C. at
D. on

A. since
B. if
C. as
D. while

A. speak
B. talk
C. tell
D. mention

A. something
B. everything
C. nothing
D. anything

A. display
B. indicate
C. demonstrate
D. appear

A. All
B. Most
C. No
D. Some

A. same
B. identical
C. similar
D. alike

A. remain
B. increase
C. decrease
D. vary

A. Only
B. Or
C. Nor
D. So

A. ever
B. then
C. never
D. once

A. health
B. body
C. mind
D. thought

A. big
B. small
C. minor
D. major

A. true
B. exact
C. certain
D. accurate

A. Provided
B. Concerning
C. Given
D. Following

A. make
B. cause
C. move
D. turn

A. and
B. but
C. though
D. so

A. ordinary
B. peculiar
C. usual
D. common

A. that
B. what
C. whichever
D. whatever

A. for
B. to
C. within
D. in

IV. Translation (30%)
Part A (20%)
Translate the following passage into Chinese
In contrast, it is very hard for people to care about strangers or about products to be used by strangers. In our era of industrial mass production and mass marketing, quality is a constant problem because the intimate sentimental and personal bonds which once made us responsible to each other and to our products have withered away and been replaced by money relationships. Not only are the producers and consumers strangers but the women and men involved in various stages of production and distribution--management, the workers on the factory floor, the office help, the salespeople--are also strangers to each other. In larger companies there may be hundreds of thousands of people all working on the same product who can never meet face-to-face or learn one another’s names. The larger the company and the more complex its division of labor, the greater the sum of uncaring relationships and hence the greater the effect of Murphy’s Law.
Part B: Translate the following sentence into English (10%)
1. 上海自行车三厂生产的凤凰牌自行车驰名中外。
2. 没有一个民族像我们这么依恋故土。
3. 趁现在年富力强的时候，努力做一种专门学问。
4. 这笔经费非经批准不得动用。
5. 成都是一座来了就不想走的城市。
V. Writing (20%)
Directions: Many people say that we have developed into a “throw-away society”, because we are filling up our environment with so many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. To what extent you agree with this opinion and what measures can you recommend to solve this problem? Write on the Answer Sheet an essay of about 150 words to express your ideas. The suggested title is Saving Planet Earth Requires Everyone’s Effort.

参考答案及解析
I. Reading Comprehension
Passage 1
【文章大意】
现在人们正在使用一些当代最前沿的技术帮助特殊需要的学生。虚拟现实不再只是视频游戏的领域，它已经声誉鹊起，开始流行，成为从事特殊教育的教师和治疗师们使用的工具。虚拟现实可以用来进行评估、教学、练习等活动。虚拟现实最大的好处在于它使学生在安全的环境中学习。
【答案详解】
1. B 【解析】词汇题。根据第一段第二句"No longer just the province of games for ‘video needs’"（虚拟现实不再只是视频游戏的……）及后面例举的"它在各种领域的应用"可推知province的意思为"领域"，由此知B项正确。A"技术"；C"基础"；D"地区"。
2. C 【解析】细节事实题。根据第三段最后一句"And it is expected that future teachers will be exposed to virtual classes, complete with ‘difficult students’ to help them master behavior management techniques."（未来的教师有望接触有难对付的学生的虚拟课堂，通过这种方式帮助这些学生掌握行为管理技巧。）知difficult students指的是调皮捣蛋的学生；所以选择C项"如何对付调皮捣蛋的学生"。A项"如何评估学生的技能水平"及B项"如何满足个别学生的需要"在文中未提到；D"如何管理有序的课堂"在文中也没有提及。
3. B 【解析】主旨大意题。综观全文，作者从老师与学生角度介绍了虚拟现实在教育中的用途。所以选择B项"虚拟现实运用于特殊学生身上"。A项"特殊教育中使用虚拟现实的重要性"、C项"虚拟现实比传统特殊教育方式的优越性"及D项"虚拟现实在特殊教育中的潜在作用"都只是内容的一个方面。
4. A 【解析】细节事实题。根据第二段第二句"…Students with autism or developmental delay（患孤独症的学生或发展迟滞的学生）"可知C项"身体有残疾的学生"及D"发展迟滞的学生"均被提到了适于虚拟教育，由第三段第一句"…students with behavior disorders（行为失调的学生）"知B项的内容也被提到了适于虚拟教育，由"有精神疾病的学生"在文中未提及知A项正确。
5. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据全文内容，可知虚拟现实教育的最终目的是帮助"特殊"学生顺利地融入主流社会，由此知D项"帮助特殊学生顺利地融入主流社会"。A项"给特殊学生机会去体验外部世界的生活"、B项"培训老师教育有特殊需要的学生"及C项"让特殊学生在安全的环境中学习生活技能"都是虚拟现实教育的具体实施方法。
【长难句剖析】
1. For example, virtual reality has been used effectively to assess students’ depth perception, with the results being quite different from those obtained from traditional paper and pencil tests.
【参考译文】例如，虚拟现实已经被有效地用来评估学生的深度知觉，它的评估结果明显与用传统的纸笔测试得到的结果截然不同。
【结构分析】主干：virtual reality（主语）has been used to（谓语）assess students’ depth perception（宾语）；with引导介词短语作结果状语。
2. It is also used to help students gain transition skills: Students with autism or developmental delay can visit a virtual supermarket, take public transportation, cross the street, or organize his or her day.
【参考译文】它（即虚拟现实）还用来帮学生掌握（向普通人生活）过渡的技巧：患孤独症或发展迟滞的学生可以去虚拟超市、乘坐公共汽车、过马路、或者安排自己一天的生活。
【结构分析】主句：It（主语）is used to（谓语）help students gain transition skills（宾语）；冒号后面的句子是对主句的解释说明。
3. After a student has learned an appropriate behavior or way of controlling his or her anger, the student is put in progressively more difficult virtual social situations where he or she can practice the new technique.
【参考译文】学生学会某种适当的行为举止或控制自己的情绪的办法后，就会被置身于难度越来越大的虚拟社交场合来练习自己学会的新技巧。
【结构分析】主句：the student（主语）is put in（谓语）difficult virtual social situations（地点状语），where he or she can practice the new technique是situation的后置定语从句，after引导时间状语从句。
Passage 2
【文章大意】
在政策制定者们尽力去让人们信服他们有能力和措施去刺激经济的增长情况下，股市回暖，经济开始复苏并增长。但是刺激政策却没有太多关注很多处在贫困线下的人。在我们能刺激我们的经济增长前，很明显的是我们需要面对我们工作中的穷人的现实，而不是仅仅认为他们正受到我们的福利系统的照顾。
【答案详解】
6. D 【解析】细节事实题。根据第一段最后一句"It’s the ultimate act of macro seduction（它是宏观诱惑的最终行为）"知D项"投资者被诱惑去认为复苏是真实的"正确。由第一段中"albeit still down from a year ago（尽管股市相比一年前还仍然低迷）"知A项不符合原文内容；由第一段中"Most believe that an imminent economic rebound is about to validate the increasingly optimistic earnings expectations now imbedded in share prices.（大多数认为一个即将到来的经济反弹将让越来越被乐观期待的股票价格上涨成为现实）"知"股票价格上涨和经济反弹都是人们期待的，但是他们都还没有成为现实"，由此知B项及C项不正确。
7. C 【解析】推理判断题。由第二段中"However, very little of the stimulus is going towards the poor（然而，现在的刺激政策对穷人的关注却很少）"知B项"经济刺激完全忽视了穷人"不符合原文内容，也由此可以反推C项"经济刺激太过关注那些不真正贫穷的人"正确；A项"经济刺激并没有发挥作用"与第一段"股市正在许多人相信经济刺激政策作用情况下反弹"内容不符；D项"贫穷的上班族人数被少算了"在文中没有提及。
8. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第八句"The largest effect of the new measure would be a decrease in the percentage of people in families receiving cash welfare who fall under the poverty line, and an increase in the percentage of people in working families who fall under it.（新措施的最大作用是减少在贫困线下领取现金福利家庭的人员比例，增加在贫困线下工薪家庭人员比例）"知C项"领取福利的贫穷人员比例统计过高"正确，A项"贫穷人员的数量统计过少"及D项"接受福利的贫穷上班族人数减少了"在文中未提及；由第二段中"A proposed new way of measuring poverty levels would include for the first time the effects of work-related expenses（提议的新衡量贫困方式将第一次包括工作相关费用的影响）"可推知"先前的贫困衡量方式没有包括工作相关费用"，由此知B项"与工作相关费用估计不足"与原文内容不符。
9. C 【解析】细节事实题。根据第二段第十句"…compared with 51 percent under the current measure.（现行政策下的比例是51%）"知C项正确。
10. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第十句"In contrast, people in working families would make up 59 percent of the poor under the new measure, compared with 51 percent under the current measure.（相比之下，在新措施里有59%工薪家庭处在贫困线上，而在目前的措施下，只有51%的工薪家庭处在贫困线上）"可知B项"目前的贫困措施识别了较少的工作穷人"正确；也由此知A项不正确；由第二段中"A proposed new way of measuring poverty levels would include for the first time the effects of work-related expenses（提议的新衡量贫困方式将第一次包括工作相关费用的影响）"知C项"提议的措施忽视了基本的生活开销"不正确，D"现行措施包括更多有健康保险的人群"在文中未提到。
【长难句剖析】
1. So far, any such recovery is just a forecast but policy makers and politicians are doing their very best to convince financial markets that they have both the wisdom and the tools to pull it off.
【参考译文】到目前为止，任何此种的复苏都仅仅是一种预测，但是决策者和政客们正在尽力去说服金融市场他们有智慧和方法让经济复苏。
【结构分析】主句：any such recovery（主语）is（谓语）just a forecast（表语）；but引导转折从句；that they have both the wisdom and the tools to pull it off为that引导的从句作动词convince的间接宾语。
2. However, very little of the stimulus is going towards the poor and part of the problem is that many policy--makers do not realize the full extent of the poverty problem in this nation.
【参考译文】然而，现在的刺激政策对穷人的关注却很少，这个问题的部分原因是许多政策决策者们并没有意识到国家贫穷问题的整个范围。
【结构分析】由两个句子组成，第一个句子：very little of the stimulus（主语）is going towards（谓语）the poor（宾语）；第二个句子：part of the problem（主语）is（谓语）表语（that引导表语从句）。
3. The largest effect of the new measure would be a decrease in the percentage of people in families receiving cash welfare who fall under the poverty line, and an increase in the percentage of people in working families who fall under it.
【参考译文】这项新措施的最大作用是减少在贫困线下领取现金福利家庭的人员比例，增加在贫困线下工薪家庭人员比例。
【结构分析】由两个句子构成，第一个句子：The largest effect of the new measure（主语）would be（谓语）a decrease（表语）；receiving cash welfare及who fall under the poverty line都是families的后置定语；第二个句子：The largest effect of the new measure（主语，省略）would be（谓语，省略）an increase（表语）。
Passage 3
【文章大意】
安吉星是无线技术和全球定位系统卫星向用户提供的完善无线服务，只要一个键就能联系上客服中心，全程语音帮车主解决问题。该技术主要是为通用汽车提供安全信息服务，包括自动撞车报警、道路援助、远程解锁服务、免提电话、远程车辆诊断和逐向道路导航等服务。
【答案详解】
11. D 【解析】细节事实题。根据第二段第四句"The biggest selling point for the system is its use in frustrating car thieves.（该系统的最大卖点是它能成功阻止汽车被盗）"知D项"让贼很难将偷的车开走"正确。A项"帮助人们在大的停车场找到自己的车"、B项"为迷失在不熟悉环境中的驾驶员提供语音导航服务"及C项"为找不到车钥匙的车主打开车门"都是安吉星的特点，但却都不是最重要的。
12. C 【解析】推理判断题。文章开头就介绍了雪佛莱是高档车，由此可知选择C"昂贵车型中广泛使用"。A项"太复杂而无法尤其让新驾驶员使用"与"文中介绍的使用方便的优点"不符；B项"并没有制造商所宣传的那么实用有效"与原文中提及的很多实效不符；D项"除了在一些州使用外，并没有推广到全国"与第二段中"…used nationwide（在全国使用）"不符。
13. A 【解析】细节事实题。根据第二段第二句"He… could listen in on his phone calls, or gain control over his automotive systems without his knowledge or consent.（在他不知晓或允许的情况下，窃听电话或控制自动系统）"知A项"他的个人信息可能会被泄露"正确。B项"他要求更好的服务被拒绝了"、C项"安吉星为驾驶安全带来潜在危险"及D项"安吉星主要为方便警察工作而开发的"都在文中未提到。
14. D 【解析】细节事实题。根据第三段第三句"…the wiretap would interfere with the operation of the safety services（窃听器将会干扰安全服务的正常运行）"知D项"窃听器会降低系统效能"正确。由最后一段中"but not on privacy grounds（不是基于隐私）"知A"它侵犯了个人隐私"不正确；B项"它违背国家的宪法"及C项"窃听器会影响个人数据的安全"都在文中未提到。
15. A 【解析】细节事实题。根据第三段第五句"…Mr Dunnam’s worries were overblown（敦纳先生的担心是太过度了）"知A项"夸大了可能出现的问题"正确。
【长难句剖析】
1. Mr. Dunnam said he had become even more concerned because of a federal appeals court case involving a criminal investigation, in which federal authorities had demanded that a company attach a wiretap to tracking services like those installed in his car.
【参考译文】敦纳先生说，由于一桩涉及刑事调查的联邦上诉法院案件，他变得更加担忧。在该案件中，联邦当局要求一家公司为像安装在他车里的跟踪服务那样的系统安装窃听器。
【结构分析】主句：Mr Dunnam（主语）said（谓语）宾语（省略that的宾语从句）；because of a federal appeals court case involving a criminal investigation为because of引导原因状语；in which=where，引导非限定性定语从句，对前句进行补充说明。
2. A three-judge panel in San Francisco rejected the request, but not on privacy grounds; the panel said the wiretap would interfere with the operation of the safety services.
【参考译文】旧金山的一个三人法官小组拒绝了这一要求，但不是基于隐私理由；该小组认为窃听器将会干扰安全服务的运行。
【结构分析】第一个句子：A three-judge panel（主语）rejected（谓语）the request（宾语）。not on privacy grounds为条件状语；第二个句子：the panel（主语）said（谓语）宾语（省略that的宾语从句）。
3. The signals that the company sends to unlock car doors or track location-based information can be triggered only with a secure exchange of specific identifying data, which ought to hinder all but the most determined hackers, she said.
【参考译文】她称，公司发送的打开车门或跟踪基于地点的信号的触发仅在与特定识别数据进行安全交换时才可以，所以几乎可以阻止大多数黑客的入侵。
【结构分析】主干：she（主语）said（谓语）宾语（the signals…hackers）。整个宾语中，that the company sends to unlock car doors or track location--based information为that的从句作signal的定语；which ought to hinder all but the most determined hackers为which引导的从句，对前面的情况进行补充说明。
Passage 4
【文章大意】
理财是有关金钱的学问。经济学虽不精确，但并非荒谬，而且它与所有科学的唯一共同点是它们都试图预测人们的行为模式及其后果。实际上，金钱只是一种符号或一种信物，其持有人可以根据需要用它来交换商品或服务。除了在少数原始农业社区，金钱的用途是很普遍的。金钱和价格机制，即用金钱形式的价格变化来表现不同商品和服务，是所有现代社会用以调节这些东西供需的方式。
【答案详解】
16. C 【解析】细节事实题。根据第一段第三句"The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is normally called economics, which is inexact rather than nonsensical, and only in the same way as all sciences are at the point where they try to predict people’s behavior and its consequences.（我所想到的这类事物不是通常所称的经济学，经济学虽不精确，但并非荒谬，而且它与所有科学的唯一共同点是它们都试图预测人们的行为模式及其后果）"知C项"和其它社会科学一样，因为它能预测明天"正确。也由此知A项中"a lot of nonsense"与B项中"different from social sciences"与原文不符，由第一段中"Indeed most social sciences and, for example, medicine could probably be described in the same way.（确实，大多数社会科学也这样——预测人们的行为模式及其后果。例如医学可能被这同样的方式来描述）"知"医学与经济学一样都试图预测人们的行为模式及其后果"方面也是一样的，由此知D项与原文内容不符。
17. D 【解析】推理判断题。由第二段中"as though this proved something important about money except the undeniable fact that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation where very few of us are at all likely to find ourselves.（这似乎证明了金钱的一个要义，但却无法说明一个不容否认的事实，即我们极少有人会陷身于这种金钱无用的境地）"知D项"告诉我们在某些情况下金钱不重要"正确。A项"举例说明对金钱重要性的一个限制"、B项"只对待在如那样的情况下的人是重要的"及C项"证明金钱不相关的情况有很多"都不是作者在这里想表达的意思。
18. B 【解析】细节事实题。根据第一段第一句"Money and the price mechanism, i.e., the changes in prices expressed in money terms of different goods and services are the means by which all modern societies regulate demand and supply for these things.（金钱和价格机制，即用金钱形式的价格变化来表现不同商品和服务，是所有现代社会用以调节这些东西供需的方式）"知B项"运用金钱和价格机制"正确。A项"直接干预货物及劳务的定价"、C项"一直关注相对价格变化"及D项"规定特殊行业的价格"在文中都没有提及。
19. B 【解析】推理判断题。由第三段中"Especially important are the relative changes in price of different goods and services compared with each other.（彼此比较，不同商品和服务的价格的相应变化尤其重要）"及"Unpacking these implications is what economics is about, but their implications for bankers are quite different.（揭开这些含意就是经济学要做的，但这些含意对银行家来说又相当不一样）"可推知B项"弄懂相对价格变化的影响"正确；也由此知A项"向银行家解释价格变化"及D项"如银行家样有同样的金融考虑"不正确；C项"试图弄懂为什么价格会增长那么快"只是B项涉及内容的一个方面。
20. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中"It is also a characteristic of highly developed economies that the number of workers employed in service industries tends to rise and that of workers employed in manufacturing to fall.（这也是高度发达经济〈国家〉的一个特点，即服务行业的就业人数倾向于增长，而制造业的工人数量在减少）"可推知A项"倾向于雇佣越来越多的员工"正确，也由此知D项"试图裁员以应对成本上涨"不正确；B项"比制造行业雇佣更多人员"是对文中提及的"服务行业的就业人数倾向于增长，而制造业的工人数量在减少"的误解。
【长难句剖析】
1. The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is normally called economics, which is inexact rather than nonsensical, and only in the same way as all sciences are at the point where they try to predict people’s behavior and its consequences.
【参考译文】我所想到的这类事物不是通常所称的经济学，经济学虽不精确，但并非荒谬，而且它与所有科学的唯一共同点是它们都试图预测人们的行为模式及其后果。
【结构分析】句子的主干：The type of thing（主语）is not（谓语）what is normally called economics（表语）；that comes to mind为thing的后置定语；which引导非限制性从句作economics的后置定语；where they try to predict people’s behavior and its consequences为the point的后置定语。
2. However, it is common to hear assertions of the kind “if you were left alone on a desert island a few seed potatoes would be more useful to you than a million pounds” as though this proved something important about money except the undeniable fact that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation where very few of us are at all likely to find ourselves.
【参考译文】然而，人们常听到这样的说法："如果你独自呆在荒岛上，一些留种的土豆要远比百万英镑有用。"这似乎证明了金钱的一个要义，但却无法说明一个不容否认的事实，即我们极少有人会陷身于这种金钱无用的境地。
【结构分析】主句：it（主语）is common to hear（谓语）宾语（assertions of the kind）；"if you were left alone on a desert island a few seed potatoes would be more useful to you than a million pounds"是assertions of the kind的同位语；if引导条件状语从句；as though引导让步状语从句，从句中：this（主语）proved（谓语）something important（宾语）；that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation为同位语从句来修饰前面的facts；where very few of us are at all likely to find ourselves作定语从句来修饰前面的situation。
3. In general, in modern industrialized societies, prices of services or goods produced in a context requiring a high service-content (e.g. a meal in a restaurant) are likely to rise in price more rapidly than goods capable of mass production on a large scale.
【参考译文】通常情况下，在现代工业化社会里，在需要大量服务内容的环境下（如在餐馆进餐）产生的服务或商品的价格可能比可大规模生产的商品增长得更快。
【结构分析】句子主干：prices of services or goods（主语）are likely to rise（谓语）；produced in a context requiring a high service-content (e.g. a meal in a restaurant)为"services or goods"的后置定语；requiring a high service-content (e.g. a meal in a restaurant)为a context的后置定语；capable of mass production on a large scale为第一个"goods"的后置定语。
Passage 5
【文章大意】
文章介绍了手机为我们的文化及身体带来的变化。相比固定电话对应一个地方，一个手机号码对应了一个人，在手机的影响下，人们可以随时来安排聚会，而手机短信也展现了一个不同的自我，从而让认识你的人在看到你的短信后会感到惊讶，另外手机对人的心理及肢体语言也带来了一些变化。
【答案详解】
21. B 【解析】细节事实题。根据第三段中"Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run.（然而，现在晚上外出可以边走边安排）"及"text me around 8 and we’ll see where we all are.（在8点左右给我发短信，我们将看我们是在什么地方碰面）"知B项"推迟确定见面地方到最后的时间"正确；也由此知C"很少担心见面时间与地点"不正确；A项与D项是手机使用前的情况，故其不正确。
22. D 【解析】细节事实题。根据第四段第一句话"Texting changes people as well. In their paper ‘Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging’（短信也改变了人。在他们的论文"洞察SMS〈短消息服务〉对社会和心理的影响"）"知D项"爱好发短信的人"正确。
23. D 【解析】细节事实题。根据第五段中"Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts.（爱好发短信的人很可能称自己的家人如果阅读了自己的短信将会吃惊）"及其中"surprised"的对应关系知D项"令他人吃惊的"正确。A项"非常透露真情的"、B项"很好地编写"及C项"不被他人所接受"在文中未提到。
24. C 【解析】细节事实题。根据倒数第二段最后一句话"And there is the ‘spacemaker’: these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.（这些人关注自己而且防止别人进入）"知C项正确。
25. C 【解析】主旨大意题。由第一段中全文的中心句"the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well.（手机正在不仅改变我们的文化，而且还改变了我们的身体）"知C项"使用手机带来的变化"正确；A项"短信服务的影响"、B"使用手机带来的文化影响"及D项"肢体语言和手机"只是文中提及的变化的一部分。
【长难句剖析】
1. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place.
【参考译文】移动电话与（它的父母亲）固定电话的区别在于固定电话对应一个地方，而一个手机号码对应了一个人。
【结构分析】主干：The difference（主语）is（谓语）表语（that引导从句作表语）；that引导的从句是个复合句，while引导转折从句；the fixed-line phone是its parent的同位语，起进一步解释作用。
2. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the “meeting” influence.
【参考译文】然而，最常见的且可能永远改变我们的文化就是对约会的影响。
【结构分析】主干：The most common one（主语）is（谓语）the "meeting" influence（表语）。perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever为The most common one的同位语，其中that引导定语从句来修饰前面的thing。
3. In their paper, “Insights into social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging”, two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the “talkers” and the “texters” ---those who prefer voice to text messages and those who prefer text to voice.
【参考译文】在两位英国研究人员的论文"洞察短消息服务对社会和心理的影响"中，他们对两组手机使用者进行了区别，即：喜欢讲电话的与喜欢发短信的，前者喜欢打电话而不喜欢用短信，后者喜欢发短信而不喜欢打电话。
【结构分析】主句：two British researchers（主语）distinguished（谓语）between two types of mobile phone users（宾语）；"Insights into social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging"为paper的同位语；"who prefer voice to text messages"及"who prefer text to voice"为定语从句，分别修饰前面的the "talkers"和the "texters"。
Passage 6
【文章大意】
水资源问题在世界某些地方已变得很严重。缺水与干旱导致某些地区出现饥荒和灾难，同时工农业副产品正在污染水源。政府应通过为水资源建立更经济、更环保的有效方式来保护水资源。与其将权力分散到地方政府来让国家的代理机构来监督水资源的利用，国家应该建立调整用水政策的集中机构。
【答案详解】
26. D 【解析】细节事实题。根据第二段第二句"Water shortages do not have to trouble the world if we start valuing water more than we have in the past.（如果我们开始比过去更加珍惜水的话，水资源短缺就不会困扰世界）"知D项"人类并没有很珍惜水资源"正确，也由此知B项"世界人口增长越来越快"不正确；A项"世界上只有一半的水可以使用"与客观事实"地球表面的70%被水覆盖，但淡水资源仅占所有水资源的2.5%"不符；C项"世界上有一半的水资源已被严重污染"在文中未提到。
27. A 【解析】推理判断题。通读全文不难看出水资源问题在世界某些地方已变得很严重。根据第一段第二句"Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies.（缺水与干旱导致某些地区出现饥荒和灾难，同时工农业副产品也正在污染水源。）"知A项"水资源问题在世界某些地方已变得很严重"正确。B项"水资源专家夸大了水资源问题的严重性"不符合原文。C项"给水库建设技术带来了挑战"及D项"各级政府组织低估了水资源的问题"在文中没有提及。
28. C 【解析】细节事实题。根据第三段第一句"Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value.（对水资源的利用，除国内穷人对水的需求外，政府应对水进行定价来以反映其真正价值）"知C项"符合真实价值"正确；也由此知A项"降为最小值"不正确；B项"刺激国内需求"及D项"考虑干旱的发生"在文中都没有提及。
29. C 【解析】细节事实题。根据文中第四段第二句"For example, often the cheapest way… is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.（例如，经常最便宜的方式是……通过小规模的项目，如在洼地收集雨水，然后将其抽送到最近的农田）"中"cheapest"及"small-scale"的对应关系知C项"建设小型且廉价的灌溉系统"正确。
30. B 【解析】细节事实题。根据最后一段中"…countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy……（国家应该建立调整用水政策的集中机构）"中central的对应关系知B项"对水资源实施集中管理"正确。
【长难句剖析】
1. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world if we start valuing water more than we have in the past.
【参考译文】如果我们开始比过去更加珍惜水的话，水资源短缺就不会困扰世界。
【结构分析】主句：Water shortages（主语）do not have to（谓语）trouble（宾语）；if引导条件从句。
2. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.
【参考译文】例如，给干旱的热带地区提供灌溉用水的最廉价的方式是建设小规模项目，如用洼地收集雨水，然后将其抽送到最近的农田。
【结构分析】主干：the cheapest way（主语）is（谓语）through small-scale projects（表语）；to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics为不定式作后置定语来修饰前面的way。
3. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.
【参考译文】与其将权力分散到数百或甚至数千的地方、地区及国家代理机构，让他们监督水资源使用的各个方面，国家应该建立调整用水政策的集中机构。
【结构分析】主句：countries（主语）should set up（谓语）central authorities（宾语）；rather than介词短语，此短语中包含定语从句that watch various aspects of water use来修饰前面的agencies。
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
1. B 【句意】本杰明·韦斯特是一位18世纪时的美国艺术家，他对英国画家的影响同对其它美国艺术家的影响一样大。【解析】语法题。考查比较结构。as much as表程度上的同级比较；so much as也表程度上的同级比较，但只用于否定句；C、D两项中的"more"属于比较级，意思不对；故选择B项。
2. C 【句意】司机成功避免事故应归于运气而非判断。【解析】连词辨析题。better than"超过，多于"；other than"除了，不同于"；rather than"而不是"；more than"多于，超出"。由关键词"due to luck（应归于运气）"知"而不是"符合语境，所以选择C项。
3. B 【句意】希腊士兵变得厌倦了战斗，内部开始争吵。【解析】代词辨析题。A错，因为主语宾语相同时要用反身代词；C：彼此；相互（表示两两之间），意思不对；D：彼此；相互（表示在多人中的两两之间），意义不对。由关键词"Greek soldiers（希腊士兵〈应该多于2人〉）"知B项正确。
4. D 【句意】在不到两周时间里，我将要毕业了。【解析】语法题。in+时间，是表示将来的时间内，给了我们一个将来的截止时间点，所以用将来完成时态。A：一般将来时态。B：现在进行时态。C：现在完成时态。
5. B 【句意】我哥哥乔从未学过游泳，他现在也不想去开始学。【解析】语法题。否定词放句首，句子倒装，将助动词提到主语之前，故选择B。
6. C 【句意】在目前情况下，人们去抱有幻想的理由似乎比之前更少了。【解析】语法题。考查主谓一致及时态。illusions是复数且before表示以前的时间，所以要用复数且过去式，由此知C项正确。
7. C 【句意】美国独立战争被军事历史学家认为是一场英国绝不该输掉的战争。【解析】语法题。考查情态动词。should have done表示"过去本该……但事实上没有做"，而should not并未体现"过去本该"的意思；would have done表示"（过去如果发生某事）就会做某事，但事实上没做"。故选择C。
8. B 【句意】任务完成后，亨利感到去掉了一件大的心事。【解析】语法题。考查独立主格结构。前一个句子的主语是his duty，与后一个句子的主语Henry不一致，且动词fulfill与his duty之间是被动关系，所以fulfill只能以过去分词这样的非谓语形式来构成独立主格结构来表示原因，由此知B项正确。
9. A 【句意】尽管我很想留下来，但我真的要回家了。【解析】语法题。考查让步状语从句。much as：虽然，尽管，后面接从句。in spite of和despite，虽均有"尽管"之意，但两者均为介词〈短语〉后面只能接名词或名词性短语；as引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，故选择A。
10. B 【句意】隽语通常被定义为能简洁且巧妙地表达的机智之语。【解析】固定搭配。define sth. as sth."给……下定义"。所以选择B。
11. D 【句意】西印度群岛由何人和在何时最先定居是考古学家们一直在争论的话题。【解析】固定搭配。a matter of debate表示"一个争论的话题"。debate在这里用作名词。故答案为D。
12. A 【句意】如果当初我们不同意石油公司建这个造纸厂，现在就不会有水污染的问题了。【解析】语法题。考查虚拟语气。本句是交错时态句。前半句是对过去事实的虚拟，用过去完成时。后半句是对现在事实的虚拟，用would do结构。故答案为A。
13. B 【句意】我到商店却发现钱全放在家里。【解析】语法题。only to往往表示一种出乎意料的或令人失望的结果。去商店购物却发现钱没带，出乎意料。so as to"以便"；as to"关于"；due to"由于"。
14. C 【句意】因为你中学没毕业却获得了成功，所以我的学生们将那认为是他们不需要接受良好教育的原因。【解析】语法题。由关键词"as a reason（作为一个原因）"知应该选"that"来指代前面提及的这个事实，故C项正确。
15. B 【句意】因为司法决策中的缺陷与错误，有时罪犯不会为他们的罪行而被判罪。【解析】固定搭配。convict sb. of sth."判某人有罪"。
16. C 【句意】语言、文化和个性可能被认为在思想上是相互独立的，但事实上它们是不可分割的。【解析】副词辨析题。句中"are inseparable"是题眼，可知要选个与之相反意思的词，所以选择C项"独立地"。indistinctly"不明了地"；separately"分别地；个别地"；irrelevantly"不相干地"。
17. B 【句意】一旦你思想上错误地认为有拦路虎存在，你将事事难成。【解析】固定搭配。a lion in the way表示"拦路虎"的意思。注意不要受中文思维影响直接就译为tiger。
18. A 【句意】他欠缺做主席应具有的辨别力和政治敏锐度。【解析】名词辨析题。句中political acumen是题眼，and连接表并列意义的词，所以选择A项"辨别力"。interpretation"解释；口译"；commentary"注释；评论"；explanation"解释；说明"。
19. C 【句意】玛丽生病，我一点也不觉得惊讶。因为她承担了所有的志愿工作，她实在干得太多了。【解析】词组辨析。take off"起飞；脱下"；take in"吸收；理解"；take on"承担"；take to"走向"。由关键词"work"知"承担"符合搭配，由此知C项正确。
20. C 【句意】我们必须弄清楚人生什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。【解析】形容词辨析。句中important就是题眼，有这里的对比关系知要选择与之意思相反的，所以选择C项"不重要的，琐碎的"正确；tragic"悲剧的"；tribal"部落的"；triple"三倍的"。
III. Cloze
【文章大意】
根据肤色不同，可以将人类分成不同人种：黄色人种、白色人种、黑色人种、棕色人种。人类只有四种血型且所有的这些血型都存在每个种族中，所以不能依靠血型来辨别人种。人的思想、行为、个性等方面都会受到所在环境的影响。
【答案详解】
1. D 【解析】词义辨析。complete"（强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面的完整）完整的；完全的"；ful"（侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味）完全的；完整的"；total"（强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内）全部的；完全的；绝对的"；whole"（强调大小或重要性）整个的，全部的"。由空格前提及"听说很多有关种族的事情"及空格处所在句子意思"the phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.（这种种族的……现象由一些表面迹象组成的）"可推测这里指代"整个现象"，在由固定表达"whole phenomenon（整个现象）"知D项正确。
2. B 【解析】固定搭配。由固定搭配judge from"根据……判断"知B项正确。该句的意思为"我们常常根据肤色来判断种族"。
3. B 【解析】语法题——if引导的虚拟语气。由空格所在句前后关系及关键词"were to"和"could not"知这是一个对现在情况进行虚拟的条件句，故B项"如果"正确。if引导表示对现在情况的虚拟（即与现在事实相反的假设）时，其固定模式为"从句的谓语动词用动词的过去式（be一般用were），主句用would/should/could/might+动词原形"。since"因为；由于"；as"因为，随着"；while"虽然，当……时候"。
4. C 【解析】词义辨析。speak"说话；演讲"；talk"谈话；交谈"；tell"辨别；告诉；告知"；mention"提到；提及"。由关键词"remove the skin（去除外皮）"及空格后的"belonged（属于）"可推知这里指"辨别有关种族的任何事情"，由此知C项正确。
5. C 【解析】逻辑关系。由下一段中"No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belong.（没有科学家能从检查大脑上去告诉你个人属于的种族）"及其它详细说明可以看出在physical structure（物理结构）、the brain（大脑）或the internal organs（内脏）方面是没有任何东西可以去指出不同的。由此知C"没有东西"正确。A"某些东西"；B"所有东西"；D"任何东西"。
6. B 【解析】词义辨析。由第五题的分析知B项"表明；指出"正确。display"显示；表现"；demonstrate"证明；展示"；appear"出现；显得"。
7. A 【解析】逻辑关系。由空格前的"There are four types of blood（这里有四种血型）"与空格后的"no type is distinct（没有一种是独特的）"知这里指代"所有的血型"，由此知A项"所有的"正确。most"大多数"；no"没有"；some"一些"。
8. A 【解析】固定搭配。空格前的定冠词the为依据，same前常加the。identical"同一的"；similar"相似的"；alike"相似的，相同的"。
9. D 【解析】逻辑关系。由空格前的"No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belong.（没有科学家能从检查大脑上去告诉你个人属于的种族）"及空格所在句but引导的转折部分句意"但是这个发生在每一个种族"可推测"大脑尺寸变化"更符合逻辑；故D项"变化"正确。remain"保持一致，不变"；increase"增加，增长"；decrease"减少，减小"。
10. C 【解析】语法题——倒装句。由助动词does提前及anything"任何事情"一般用在否定句子知四个选择中只有表示否定的nor"也不；也不是"符合语境，由此知C项正确。
11. D 【解析】词义辨析。ever"（一般用于否定句、祈使句、疑问句和条件从句，表示强调）曾经"；then"然后；那时"；never"从不；决不"；once"曾经，一次"。由这里是例举一个例子知"曾经"符合句意，再由这里"___11___ examined"是作the largest brain后置定语知D项的"once"正确。
12. C 【解析】逻辑关系。由第13空后面的"brain（大脑）"的对应关系知四个选项中的mind"头脑"符合；由此知C项正确。health"健康"；body"身体"；thought"思想"。
13. B 【解析】逻辑关系。由前一句中的"largest"的对应关系知"small（小的）"符合，由此知道B项正确。big"大的"；minor"较小的"；major"主要的"。
14. D 【解析】固定搭配。测试应用"精确"来形容，由此知D项正确。true"真实的"；exact"精确的；准确的"；certain"无疑的，必然的"。
15. C 【解析】语法题——条件从句。由空格后句意"there will be no difference in average standings（在平均排名上将也没有不同）"知前一句应该是表示假设的从句，由此知C项given"（后面可以直接跟名词或短语）假定，倘若"正确。provided"（后面一般接that从句）假定，倘若"；concerning"关于，就……而言"；following"跟随"。
16. B 【解析】词义辨析。make"使得（主动语态句中其后接动词时不用to）；制造"；cause"引起，使遭受（主动语态句中其后接动词时候需用to）"；move"移动"；turn"转动"。由空格处的句意"每个种族的个体……文明倒退或进步"将四个选项带入，明显知B项正确。
17. A 【解析】逻辑关系。由关键词"change"与"enable"的对应关系知前后句的关系应该是并列关系，由此知四个选择中A项"和，与"正确。but"但是"；though"尽管"；so"所以；因此"。
18. B 【解析】逻辑关系。由空格前面的"change the response of a group of people（改变人的反应）"可推知这里指"独特的方式"，由此知B项"独特的；奇怪的"正确。ordinary"普通的"；usual"通常的"；common"一般的；通常的；共同的"。
19. A 【解析】固定搭配。句子中包含一个定语从句，其先行词something，只有that才可以引导这种定语从句。what"什么"；whichever"任何一个"；whatever"无论什么"。
20. D 【解析】固定搭配。in the past"过去，从前"。
IV. Translation
Part A 参考译文
相比之下，人们很难去关心陌生人或陌生人所使用的产品。在我们这个工业大规模生产和大众营销的时代，产品质量始终是个难题，因为一度使我们要对对方或自己的产品负责的亲密感情和人际关系已经消失且被金钱关系取而代之。不仅生产者和消费者现在是陌生人，就连那些参与生产和分配各个阶段的男人和女人们也彼此陌生，他们包括管理人员、生产第一线的工人、办公室勤杂人员以及销售人员。在较大的公司里，也许有成千上万的人都在为同一产品而工作，而这些人可能从未碰过面或知晓其它人的名字。公司越大，劳动力分工越复杂，互不关心的人际关系也越是占上风，因此墨菲定律的效果也就越明显。
【难点分析】
在翻译"In our era of industrial mass production and mass marketing"时，需要将后置era的后置定语"of industrial mass production and mass marketing"提前翻译成"在我们这个工业大规模生产和大众营销的时代"。
在翻译"the intimate sentimental and personal bonds which once made us responsible to each other and to our products have withered away and been replaced by money relationships"是个复合句，在翻译时，我们可以先找出句子的主干"the intimate sentimental and personal bonds have withered away and been replaced by money relationships"翻译成"亲密感情和人际关系已经消失且被金钱关系取而代之"，接着将the intimate sentimental and personal bonds的后置定语"which once made us responsible to each other and to our products"翻译成"一度使我们要对对方或自己的产品负责的"后置前。
在翻译"The larger the company and the more complex its division of labor, the greater the sum of uncaring relationships and hence the greater the effect of Murphy’s Law."时，它是一个句意为"公司越大，劳动力分工越复杂，互不关心的人际关系也越是占上风，因此墨菲定律的效果也就越明显。"的比较句，可直接翻译成以上中文。
Part B 参考译文
1. 【参考译文】The Phoenix brand bicycles which are manufactured by Shanghai No. 3 Bicycle Factory have won fame both at home and abroad.
【难点分析】"驰名中外"可以翻译"have won fame both at home and abroad / have been known at home and abroad / have been renowned both inside and outside the country / have good reputation both at home and abroad"；在翻译"上海自行车三厂生产的"时，我们可以用which引导一个分句作"凤凰牌自行车"的后置定语来翻译，从而让句子更符合英文习惯。
2. 【参考译文】No other nation has such a strong attachment for the native land as we Chinese.
【难点分析】在翻译"依恋故土"时，我们也可以通过意译来翻译成be reluctant to leave / be unwilling to leave / feel regret at parting from the native land；另外除用as的同级比较外，我们也可以使用比较级来翻译"We are more reluctant to leave the native land than any other nation."
3. 【参考译文】While you are in the prime of life, why not devote yourselves to a special field of study?
【难点分析】"趁现在年富力强的时候"我们可以翻译成"while you are in the prime of life"或"while you are young and strong"；"努力做一种专门学问"也可以翻译"why not focus your effort on learning a special knowledge"。
4. 【参考译文】This fund may not be drawn on without permission.
【难点分析】"动用"也可以翻译成"put to use或employ"来表达；句子是双重否定，翻译时可译如参考译文样的双重否定句，也可以翻译成一个条件句"This fund may be employed with permission."或"Permission is needed for this fund to be used"。
5. 【参考译文】Chengdu is a city that you will never want to leave once you come to it.
【难点分析】在翻译这句时，我们可以先找出句子的主干"成都是一座城市"翻译成"Chengdu is a city"，而将"来了就不想走的"当作"一座城市"的后置定语来翻译"that you will never want to leave once you come to it"，从而让译文简洁且符合英文的表达方式。
V. Writing
【审题解析】
这是一篇命题作文。可以采用以下写作思路：先提出自己的观点，然后对观点进行论证，最后总结全文。这是一篇命题作文，根据作文的写作要求，文章以四个段落来写。第一段提出自己的观点"I agree with this opinion（我赞同这个主张）"；第二段论述如今使用的三种垃圾处理方式"Dump it, burn it and convert it into something useful.（直接倒掉，烧掉和转化成有用的东西）"的不足；第三段紧接第二段指出"直接倒掉或烧掉垃圾应该被禁止，而将垃圾转化成有用的东西需要更进一步改进和管理，并提出了有利于处理垃圾的一些建议"；第四段即最后一段总结全文后提出自己的观点"尽管保护环境有很多事情要做，但我相信在大家的努力下终究会成功"。
【参考范文】
Saving Planet Earth Requires Everyone’s Effort
There is a growing tendency nowadays for people to produce much more garbage than ever before. Some people hold an opinion that this leads to a throw-away society for too many plastic bags and rubbish that we produce but cannot fully dispose of or threaten to overwhelm us. Personally, I agree with this opinion.
When we come to think about it, there are only three ways we can deal with rubbish. Dump it, burn it and convert it into something useful. In the first instance, we throw various kinds of useless things without sorting to a garbage bin and then let the garbage-collecting truck carry them away to designated place to dump directly, problems seemingly are solved for us, but the unprocessed garbage will have the designated places polluted first, then the poisonous materials released by it will soon pollute our air by wind or water resources by penetrating into soil. In the second method, there is no doubt that kinds of harmful gas will be produced and then pollute our atmosphere as well as our health. The last way sounds a good idea; however, converting garbage into something useful needs complicated and advanced recycle technology which will cost a huge sum of money, so for the sake of reducing cost and gaining profits, many plants responsible for converting and recycling garbage in fact are not so environment-oriented as declared.
Through discussions above, we can clearly find that the first two ways should be banned undoubtedly and further improvements and managements for the third way are needed, so I recommend some measures should be taken to make the third way more efficiently and effectively. These measures include: our government make more investment in researches related to garbage-converting technologies and helping garbage-converting companies update their equipments, create a more favorable environment for garbage-converting companies to develop through reducing taxes, providing incentives as well as setting up related specific laws. Moreover, we should raise the public’s awareness of protecting our environment, and let them consciously use less plastic bags and develop a habit of disposing garbage after sorting out them, and so on.
All in all, although there are now so many things to do for protecting our environment, I believe we can save our planet earth with everyone’s efforts in the long run.
【结构点评】
第一段提出自己的观点；第二段论述"如今使用的三种垃圾处理方式的不足"；第三段紧接第二段指出"直接倒掉或烧掉垃圾应该被禁止，而将垃圾转化成有用的东西需要更进一步改进和管理，并提出了有利于处理垃圾的一些建议"；第四段进行总结并提出自己的观点。文章观点明确，全文层次清晰，结构简洁合理，语句流畅。
【高分闪光词句】
如今 nowadays / these days / at present / now
垃圾 rubbish / garbage / refuse / waste
持有一种意见 hold / have an opinion
处理 dispose of / handle / deal with / manage
淹没 overwhelm / submerge / flood / drown
垃圾回收车 garbage-collecting truck
将垃圾转化成有用的东西 converting garbage into something useful
为了减少成本 for the sake / purpose of reducing cost / in order to reduce cost
提高公众保护我们的环境的意识 raise the public’s awareness of protecting our environment
总而言之 all in all / generally speaking / in a word / in brief / in short / on the whole
让他们有意识地少用塑料袋并养成分类处理垃圾的习惯 let them consciously use less plastic bags and develop a habit of disposing garbage after sorting out them.