新疆大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

新疆大学2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考试科目：101 英语（报考学科专业：各专业共用；共12页）

I. Listening Comprehension (15 points)
（说明：本部分为听力理解，原卷无录音材料，以下保留题目文字。）
Part 1
You'll hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer, A, B, or C.
1. Listen to this conversation between a mother and son. How does he feel about doing school homework?
A. He likes it.
B. He doesn't like it.
C. He always wants to do it later.

2. A businesswoman phones to arrange a meeting with you. Where will it be held?
A. at her office
B. at a hotel
C. at a restaurant

3. You are waiting to see the dentist when the receptionist comes to speak to you. What does she suggest you do?
A. relax in the office
B. come back later
C. make another appointment

4. You are at a supermarket, when you hear this announcement. The aim of this announcement is to
A. advertise a special offer.
B. welcome customers
C. entertain customers

5. Listen to this man talking to a colleague. Who is the colleague?
A. his boss
B. a secretary
C. someone from a different company

6. Listen to this young man talking to a friend on the phone about a problem. What is the problem?
A. He is busy on Friday night.
B. He wants to have two girlfriends.
C. He wants to end a relationship.

7. You are waiting to have a haircut when you hear this conversation. The receptionist does not have any change because
A. the girls have taken it.
B. the customers have taken it.
C. there are no customers

8. Listen to this girl talking about a film. Who is Phillip Carrington?
A. an actor
B. a director
C. a writer

Part 2
You will hear a recorded telephone announcement giving a recipe for bacon soufflé. For questions 9-18, complete the notes which summarise what the speaker says about making soufflés. You will need to write a word or a short phrase in each box.
9. The oven must be __________________
10. Make soufflé in __________________
11. Or in __________________
12. Grease bottom and sides, then sprinkle with __________________
13. This stops the soufflé __________________
14. White sauce should be stirred __________________
15. Beat egg whites until __________________
16. Leave in the oven for __________________
17. Or until it __________________
18. It's best to __________________
Part 3
You will hear five people talking about a place where they like to eat. For questions 19-23, choose from the list of places A-F what each speaker is describing. Use the letter only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.
A. a fast food restaurant
B. a steak-house
C. a Chinese restaurant
D. a pizza parlour
E. a fish and chip shop
F. a theatre restaurant

Speaker1 19.
Speaker2 20.
Speaker3 21.
Speaker4 22.
Speaker5 23.
Part 4
You will hear a father and a daughter talking about going on a picnic. For questions 24-30, decide which of the choices A, B, or C is the correct answer.
24. The father thinks his wife
A. does not usually keep her promises.
B. Always does what she says she will do.
C. Referred to the picnic the previous night.

25. What is the wife's job?
A. lawyer
B. basketball-player
C. judge

26. When is this conversation taking place?
A. spring
B. summer
C. winter

27. What did the doctor suggest to the father?
A. Eat as many eggs as possible.
B. do not worry about the number of eggs eaten.
C. Do not eat a lot of eggs.

28. How does the father feel about crackers?
A. He loves them.
B. He doesn't like them.
C. He is angry that she has put some in.

29. What is the daughter taking on the picnic?
A. uncooked vegetables
B. salami
C. fried chicken

30. The daughter suggests that
A. food should never be wrapped in foil.
B. food should always be wrapped in foil.
C. Food can occasionally be wrapped in foil.

II. Vocabulary (10 Points)
In each of the following sentences, the underlined word is closest in meaning to which of the choices. Choose the best answer.
1. Shakespeare is one of the most prolific writers the world has ever seen.
A. humorous
B. erudite
C. productive
D. powerful

2. A public speaker should spend considerable amount of time and effort in exhaustive research and in phrasing the theme or proposition.
A. abundant
B. thorough
C. detailed
D. inductive

3. Galileo abstained from discussing the force that causes acceleration when an object falls towards the earth.
A. evolved from
B. protected from
C. refrained from
D. derived from

4. In addition to an expanding network of highways, bridges, and tunnels, some twenty railroads, with excellent facilities for freight, serve the Pittsburgh area.
A. goods
B. passengers
C. containers
D. traffic

5. The professor, in collaboration with his assistants, successfully completed the research project.
A. with the help of
B. aided by
C. in a joint effort
D. in cooperation with

6. The local government subsidized the project housing for the poor of the city.
A. granted fund for
B. supported with manpower
C. made money from
D. rejected

7. Malnutrition is a major cause to the infant mortality in some African countries.
A. Epidemic disease
B. Food inadequacy
C. Poor health care
D. Environmental pollution

8. Prehistory is divided into a sequence of cultural periods, conventionally based on technological criteria.
A. traditionally
B. primarily
C. basically
D. generally

9. There is much controversy about the course of primate evolution.
A. agreement
B. adversity
C. disagreement
D. research

10. The aesthetic concepts seen in Primitive art are as diverse as the societies from which they stem.
A. beauty
B. artistic
C. anthropoid
D. romantic

11. Karachi is famous for its broad boulevards and many fine modern buildings, including those of University of Karachi.
A. tree-lined streets
B. mosques
C. highways
D. bridges

12. A fervent Christian, Kaunda based his political career on the ending of racialism and on the promotion of humanism.
A. devoted
B. ardent
C. submissive
D. courageous

13. Worn-out soil, antiquated equipment, and a dearth of capital kept the Korean countryside in abject poverty through most of the 1950s.
A. desperate
B. severe
C. absolute
D. definite

14. Another color pattern that achieves protection for the bearer involves various devices to provide an erroneous impression as the size, shape, or the direction of movement of the bearer.
A. correct
B. incorrect
C. beautiful
D. monotonous

15. The peasants, disturbed by the shift from a medieval to a modern economy, had long been in ferment.
A. poverty
B. turmoil
C. prosperity
D. stability

16. A prominent member was another Anglican cleric, Charles Kingsley, whose novels portrayed the unjust sufferings of the poor.
A. expressed
B. revealed
C. sympathized
D. described

17. Protoplasm is usually a translucent substance somewhat resembling the white of an egg.
A. semi-transparent
B. semi-liquid
C. fluid
D. transplanted

18. Protozoan locomotion shares some of the basic mechanisms of molecular contraction encountered in the functioning of the flagella and cilia of higher animals.
A. reproduction
B. digestion
C. movement
D. compartment

19. Mahayana prophecies the coming of multitudes of savior-Buddhas, such as Maitreya.
A. predicts
B. warns
C. believes
D. prays

20. Judah's Hebrew verse skillfully assimilated the literary forms of meters of Arabic poetry.
A. drew from
B. was similar to
C. adopted
D. differed from

III. Error Detection (5 Points)
Each sentence has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one that is incorrect.
1. The pear tree has simple, oval leaves that are smoother and shinier than them of the apple.
A. has simple
B. that are
C. smoother and shinier
D. them

2. In the orbit of a planet around the Sun, the point closest to the Sun is called it the Perihelion.
A. In
B. planet
C. closest
D. called it

3. In the early 1900's, Roy Harris created and promoted a distinctly American style of classical music and greatly influenced a number of composer in the United States.
A. and promoted
B. distinctly
C. style
D. composer

4. The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of North American ports, particular Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major commercial centers within the British empire.
A. the emergence of
B. particular
C. as major
D. within

5. Guitar-like instruments have exist since ancient times, but the first written mention of the guitar itself is from the fourteenth century.
A. exist
B. but
C. mention of
D. itself

6. The law of biogenesis is the principle what all living organisms are derived from a parent or parents.
A. The
B. what
C. living organisms
D. or parents

7. Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its regular and straight parallel bands of white, black, or brown.
A. recognized
B. straight parallel
C. of white
D. or brown

8. There are as many as 200 million insects for every human beings, and in fact their total number exceeds that of all other animals taken together.
A. as many as
B. human beings
C. that of
D. other

9. Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, the peanut is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.
A. Native to
B. and cultivated
C. is said to
D. have introduced

10. Originally canoes were made by the hollowing out of logs and used were for combat as well as transport.
A. Originally
B. hollowing out
C. used were
D. as well as

IV. Sentence Conversion (10%)
For questions 1-10, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
Here is an example (0):
You must do exactly what the manager tells you.
Carry
You must ____________ instructions exactly.
The gap can be filled by the words: carry out the manager's. Write only the missing words on the separate answer sheet.

1.. The football match was postponed due to the rain.
Put
The football match was ________ due to the rain.

2.. There was no one here except John.
Apart
There was no one here ________ John.

3.. You'll have to pay at least $500 to get that watch.
Impossible
You'll find it ________ that watch for less than $500.

4.. I don't want to eat this now.
Rather
I ________ eat this now.

5.. "Shall I turn on the light?" Sue asked Jill.
Wanted
Sue asked Jill ________ the light turned on.

6.. Mother walked in quietly so as to avoid waking the baby.
Order
Mother walked in quietly ________ the baby.

7.. It's possible that she didn't understand what I had said.
Might
She ________ what I had said.

8.. I couldn't concentrate fully because of the loud music.
Difficult
The loud music ________ fully.

9.. The tea is too hot to drink.
Enough
The tea ________ drink.

10.. She is certain to have heard about it on the news.
Must
She ________ about it on the news.

V. Reading Comprehension (30 Points)
Questions 1—7
Television—perhaps the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth—is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.
Television, then, is more than just an electronic system; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 1/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10-second "sound bite" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of speech on the news.
In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.
Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it required a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.
Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo-events, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television has been crafted by politicians, their speech writers, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.
1. What is the main point of the passage?
A. Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television coverage.
B. Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.
C. Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.
D. Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.

2. It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties ____.
A. had more influence over the selection of political candidates
B. spent more money to promote their political candidates
C. attracted more members
D. received more money

3. The author mentions the "stump speech" in the second paragraph as an example of ____.
A. an event created by politicians to attract media attention
B. an interactive discussion between two politicians
C. a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth-century
D. a style of speech common to televised political events

4. According to the passage, as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse was more successful at ____.
A. allowing news coverage of political candidates
B. placing political issues within a historical context
C. making politics seem more intimate to citizens
D. providing detailed information about a candidate's private behavior

5. The author states that "politicians assert but do not argue" at the end of the third paragraph, in order to suggest that politicians ____.
A. make claims without providing reasons for the claims
B. take stronger positions on issues than in the past
C. enjoy explaining the issues to broadcasters
D. have difficulty explaining their own positions on issues to citizens

6. According to the fifth paragraph, staged political events are created so that politicians can ____.
A. create more time to discuss political issues
B. obtain more television coverage for themselves
C. spend more time talking to citizens in person
D. engage in debates with their opponents

7. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
A. Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
B. Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
C. Citizens today are less informed about a politician's character than in the past.
D. Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.

Questions 8—14
The spectacular auroral light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.
To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blazing toward the Earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field. Charged particles in the solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar wind, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit auroral radiations of visible light.
The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish-white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit a crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet.
Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and auroral activity are very intense, auroral displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.
Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.
8. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The methods used to observe auroras from outer space
B. The information and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles
C. The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras
D. The periodic variation in the displays of auroras

9. The word "picture" in the beginning of the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.
A. frame
B. imagine
C. describe
D. explain

10. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (second paragraph) because ____.
A. its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth
B. it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere
C. it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind
D. it is strongest in the polar regions

11. The word "emit" in paragraph three is closest in meaning to ____.
A. change from
B. connect with
C. add to
D. give off

12. Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United States when ____.
A. magnetic storms do not affect Earth
B. solar flares are very intense
C. the speed of the solar wind is reduced
D. the excitation of atoms is low

13. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding of auroras?
A. Before advances in technology including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.
B. New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.
C. Scientists cannot explain the causes of the different colors in auroras.
D. Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.

14. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
A. "magnetosphere" (paragraph two)
B. "electrons" (end of paragraph two)
C. "ionize" (end of paragraph two)
D. "fusion" (end of the last paragraph)

Questions 15—19
Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on America's "urban frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.
The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction—as well as the expanded market in consumer goods—allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the United States.
Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people; the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.
15. What aspect of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Technological developments.
B. Standards of living.
C. The impact of foreign immigrants on cities.
D. The relationship between industrialization and urbanization.

16. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discusses ____.
A. foreign immigration
B. the agricultural revolution
C. rural life
D. famous cities of the twentieth century

17. What proportion of the population of the United States was urban in 1900?
A. Five percent
B. Eleven percent
C. Twenty-eight percent
D. forty-six percent

18. The word "stimulated" in the second sentence of paragraph two is closest in meaning to ____.
A. agreed
B. prepared
C. limited
D. motivated

19. The word "era" in the second half of the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ____.
A. period of time
B. location
C. action
D. unique situation

Questions 20—25
The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is necessary for an understanding of adult morphology.
In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentioned above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "automatic nervous system" refers to the parts of central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
The nervous system is composed of millions of nerve and glial cells, together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons," are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena of irritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed "neuroglia." They are characterized by short processes that have special relationships to neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The comparable cells in the peripheral nervous system are neurilemma cells.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The parts of a neuron.
B. The structure of animals' nerves.
C. The nervous system of vertebrates.
D. The development of the brain.

21. According to the passage, the nerve cord of vertebrates is ____.
A. large
B. hollow
C. primitive
D. embryological

22. The two main parts of the central nervous system are the brain and the ____.
A. sensory endings
B. cranial nerve
C. spinal cord
D. peripheral nerves

23. All of the following are described as being controlled by the automatic nervous system EXCEPT ____.
A. connective tissue
B. cardiac muscle
C. glandular activity
D. smooth muscle

24. Where does the author identify certain characteristics of nerve cells?
A. The beginning of the first paragraph.
B. The beginning of the second paragraph.
C. The end of the second paragraph.
D. The beginning of the third paragraph.

25. Supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system are called ____.
A. neuroglia
B. short processes
C. blood vessels
D. neurilemma

Questions 26—30
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by text-books — purchasable wells of wisdom. What would civilization be like without its benefits?
So much is certain: that we could have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births — but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.
If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past, we would have the most "democratic" form of "college" imaginable. Among the people we call savages, knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures an obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates" — if the term can be applied to peoples without a script — while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and savages know no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.
26. In paragraph 1, the author compares text-books to ____.
A. greatest opportunities.
B. potential leaders.
C. purchasable wells of wisdom.
D. enlightened civilizations.

27. We can infer from the text that the author ____.
A. supports modern education.
B. is opposed to modern education.
C. praises formal education.
D. wants to get rid of formal education.

28. From Paragraph 3 we can infer that, compulsory school attendance ____.
A. has become law all over the world since 1642.
B. used to be law in all schools.
C. will become law in all schools.
D. has become law in some nations.

29. Which of the following statements is true?
A. In the primitive cultures, receiving the traditional instruction is compulsory to everyone.
B. In the primitive cultures, only a few people have the opportunity to receive traditional knowledge.
C. In our time, people are equal in receiving education.
D. In our time, receiving education is compulsory to everybody.

30. According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is NOT true of the education in the primitive societies?
A. A child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents.
B. There is no juvenile delinquency.
C. Parents have to earn a lot of money in order to give their children a good education.
D. Children are not neglected because it is unnecessary for their parents to make a living away from home.

VI. Translation (15 Points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
The ancient belief that the behavior of birds, cats and dogs provides evidence of imminent earthquakes has recently gained credence as a result of tests carried out in California. It has been shown that changes take place in the metabolic rates of these animals which correlate with subsequent seismic activity. It is hypothesized that the animals are sensitive to the seismic waves which precede major quakes.
In zones where earthquakes are known to occur, improved construction techniques can significantly reduce the effects of seismic waves. If more accurate information regarding the time and magnitude were available, governments could take even more effective measures to reduce the impact on human life. If, however, an entirely accurate prediction technique became available, there would be significant social and political implications. An earthquake prediction in a major urban area, for example, would require governments to provide an effective evacuation strategy, necessitating massive resourcing and political will.
VII. Writing (15 Points)
A new regulation drafted by the Ministry of Education on college students' administration will come into effect in the coming September, which is different from the previous one in that college students are permitted to marry while studying in college. Now you are required to write an essay of about 300 words with regard to your opinion on marriage on campus, with factual supports to your opinion. Your writing will be graded according to the soundness of argument, precision of expression, cohesion and relevance of materials.