扬州大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

扬州大学2010年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

科目名称：英语科目代码：1001 适用学科：各学科
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Section I Vocabulary and Structure (10%)
Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and then write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Many tourists were ______ by the city's complicated traffic system.
A. degraded
B. bewildered
C. evoked
D. diverted

2. Hitler committed one of the most ______ crimes in history.
A. violent
B. venturous
C. vicious
D. virus

3. With price ______ so much, it's hard for the company to plan a budget.
A. fluctuating
B. waving
C. swinging
D. vibrating

4. The car engine may ______ as we go up the hill.
A. extinguish
B. stall
C. cease
D. start

5. He could tell by the ______ in her lower lip that she was about to cry.
A. quiver
B. stiffness
C. stillness
D. facilitation

6. Most of the trees in the temperate zone become ______ in winter.
A. barren
B. luxuriant
C. rotten
D. bald

7. ______ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A. Had they arrived
B. Were they arriving
C. Would they arrive
D. Were they to arrive

8. I asked several villagers the way to the river, but none of them was very ______.
A. trustworthy
B. knowledgeable
C. considerate
D. forthcoming

9. We must allow plenty of time to get to the airport—we can't ______ on the road being clear.
A. draw
B. capitalize
C. gamble
D. decide

10. Many ______ came to the President's reception.
A. persons
B. characters
C. people
D. notables

Section II Cloze (20%)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Flats were almost unknown in Britain until the 1850s when they were developed, along with other industrial dwellings, for the laboring classes. These vast blocks were plainly a __11__ means of __12__ social conscience by housing large numbers of the ever-present poor on __13__ city sites. During the 1880s, however, the idea of living in comfortable residential chambers caught on with the __14__ upper and upper middle classes, and __15__ as to the advantages and disadvantages of flat life was a topic of conversation __16__ many a __17__ dinner-table. In Paris and other major European cities, the custom whereby the better-off lived in apartments, or flats, was well __18__. Up to the late nineteenth century in England only bachelor barristers had established the __19__ of living in rooms near the Law Court: any self-respecting head of household would insist __20__ a West End town house as his London home, the best that his __21__ could provide.
The __22__ of flats for the better-off seems to have developed for a number of reasons. First, perhaps, through the __23__ of the railways, which had enabled a wide __24__ of people to enjoy a holiday staying in a suite at one of the luxury hotels which had begun to spring up during the previous decade. __25__, no doubt the fact that many of the early luxury flats were similar __26__ hotel suites, even being provided with __27__ dining-rooms and central boilers for hot water and heating. Rents tended to be high to cover overheads, but savings were made __28__ by these communal amenities and __29__ tenants being able to __30__ the number of family servants.
11.
A. conservative
B. conventional
C. convenient
D. communicative

12.
A. easing
B. decreasing
C. diminishing
D. enhancing

13.
A. compact
B. condensed
C. compressed
D. compatible

14.
A. flourishing
B. affluent
C. humble
D. impoverished

15.
A. ambiguity
B. controversy
C. prediction
D. compromise

16.
A. around
B. through
C. over
D. above

17.
A. respective
B. respectful
C. respectable
D. respecting

18.
A. launched
B. imposed
C. established
D. enacted

19.
A. tradition
B. anticipation
C. conviction
D. qualification

20.
A. in
B. to
C. upon
D. for

21.
A. sense
B. methods
C. means
D. duty

22.
A. superiority
B. popularity
C. priority
D. adversity

23.
A. production
B. destruction
C. consumption
D. introduction

24.
A. category
B. ratio
C. proportion
D. range

25.
A. Nevertheless
B. Notwithstanding
C. Hence
D. Hitherto

26.
A. with
B. to
C. for
D. as

27.
A. communal
B. mutual
C. concentrated
D. domestic

28.
A. vulnerable
B. available
C. accessible
D. possible

29.
A. with
B. from
C. at
D. by

30.
A. shorten
B. reduce
C. shrink
D. increase

Section III Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members or groups. Society's economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.
In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object's physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are "good" and others are "bad", and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society explains our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.
31. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that ______.
A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objects
B. they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them
C. they would not be happy with a life without love
D. they would do things that hurt each other's feelings

32. According to the passage, people's learning activities are possible because they ______.
A. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing
B. know what is vital to the progress of society
C. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive
D. benefit from providing help and support to one another

33. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on ______.
A. the ability to make money
B. the will to work for pleasure
C. the capacity to enjoy incentives
D. the categorizations of our emotional experiences

34. Emotions are significant for man's survival and adaptation because ______.
A. they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects
B. they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained
C. they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements
D. they generate more love than hate among people

35. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they ______.
A. help society exploit its members for profit
B. encourage us to perform important tasks
C. help to perfect the legal and penal system
D. help us to adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic of sleepiness in the nation. "I can't think of a single study that hasn't found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to," says Dr. David. "Even people who think they are sleeping enough would properly be better off with more rest."
The beginning of our sleep-deficit crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark." By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. "People cheat on their sleep, and they don't even realize they're doing it," says Dr. David. "They think they're ok because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous."
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program. "In our society, you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep. If you've got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition."
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
36. People in the 18th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because they had ______.
A. no drive and ambition
B. no electric lighting
C. the best sleep habits
D. nothing to do in the evening

37. According to Dr. David, Americans ______.
A. are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
B. often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
C. do not know how to relax themselves properly
D. can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep

38. Many Americans believe that ______.
A. sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy
B. they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life
C. to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day
D. enough sleep promotes people's drive and ambition

39. The word "subjects" (first sentence, last paragraph) refers to ______.
A. the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B. special branches of knowledge that are being studied
C. people whose behaviors or reactions are being studied
D. the psychological consequences of sleep deficit

40. It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to ______.
A. improve one's memory dramatically
B. be considered dynamic by other people
C. maintain one's daily schedule
D. feel energetic and perform adequately

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:
Every country and culture, whether it's as ancient as India or as young as the Czech Republic, has history that will greatly affect both market and the marketeers. A market that has been heavily exploited in the past by foreigners will turn a predictably skeptical eye toward any overseas company seeking new sales territory. It may even refuse products that could greatly benefit the society. Understanding that history will enable a marketer to approach the culture in a more subtle manner, and it will certainly cause an adjustment of schedule. On the other end of the spectrum, a culture that has been marked by independence for some time will have few fears of foreign operations and may find the subtle approach far too lackluster and slow.
Marketeers may bring their own burdens to the process and should take care to separate themselves, at least emotionally, from their personal and cultural history. Oftentimes, this includes racial prejudices that are difficult to shake, earlier political disagreements that have never been fully settled, or old, unhealed war wounds.
Let's look at the race issue first. Companies with Caucasian (白人) marketing personnel returning to post-apartheid (种族歧视) South Africa are generally plagued with a feeling that they "owe" something to the new black majority government. It's a completely self-generated debt as the government is, in reality, overjoyed that investment has returned after the long embargo. However, this joy doesn't prevent South African companies from taking advantage of their counterparts' guilty feeling when it's time to cut a deal.
On the political front, the relationship between Vietnam and United States is a prime example of two sets of marketers misinterpreting each other's history and culture when it was time to do business. Following in the wake of the bloody two-decade war that ended in 1975, the United States and Vietnam finally reopened trade in 1994, the Vietnamese assumed that the American business community would heap investment on them to make up for past wrongs, while the Americans thought they would be welcomed as the saviors of Vietnam's floundering economy. Most of America's marketers sent to Vietnam's were small children during the war, and the conflict had little bearing on their lives. Vietnam's decision markers, on the other hand, were primarily veterans of the conflict and saw it as the key element of the relationship. Neither side paid attention to the other's view of history and the results have been decidedly disappointing for almost everyone.
41. This passage mainly discusses that ______.
A. cultural differences force companies to adjust schedule
B. marketing success and failure are much like history
C. developing countries are hostile to developed countries
D. the history of a country or culture influences the market

42. It is advisable for a marketer to ______.
A. understand the history of a country or culture
B. exploit the market with great effort
C. keep a skeptical eye on overseas companies
D. slow down foreign operations

43. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. Marketeers should be responsible for the burdens of the past
B. Marketeers should separate themselves from their personal and cultural history
C. Marketeers should disagree on racial prejudices
D. Marketeers should take care of the wounded in the war

44. The Caucasian example indicates that ______.
A. South African companies are plagued with a guilty feeling
B. South Africans are overjoyed with the overseas investment
C. South Africans owe debts to Caucasian company
D. South African companies take advantage of their counterpart's guilty feelings

45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. The failure of the reopened trade between American and Vietnam should be taken as a lesson.
B. The Vietnamese take it for granted that the American business community will invest money in Vietnam to make up for past wrongs.
C. The relationship between Vietnam and the US is a good example of forgetting the past.
D. Misinterpreting history and culture leads to business failure.

Section IV Translation (total 20%)
1. Translate the following into Chinese: (10%)
Most of us have inherited morality from religion, family, education, or society in general, and usually from all these sources, because they share common taboos against killing, stealing, adultery, lying, and so on and a common belief in what constitutes praiseworthy behavior. In some respects, however, these sources can be at odds with each other. Your rational assessment of a situation may lead you in one direction; religion, in another; and family tradition, in still another. Life pushes us into so many quandaries that doing the right thing in every instance becomes exceedingly difficult.
2. Translate the following into English: (10%)
人的发展和物的发展是社会发展的两大基本形态，这两大形态的发展是既相互依存又相对独立的。以人为本的价值理念在对待人与物的关系上，要求以人为中心，以物为工具和手段，坚持用人的发展来规范和控制物的发展，使物的发展适合和满足人的需要。
Section V Writing (20%)
Directions: In this part, you are required to write an essay of 250 words by answering the following question:
Some people believe that air pollution is becoming more and more serious in China. Others say that the measures the government has taken to reduce the pollution have been effective. What is your opinion? Give examples.
You should write neatly on your ANSWER SHEET.