首都师范大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

首都师范大学 2010 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Vocabulary (15%)
Directions: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.
1. A very simple style of dress, _____ of ornament, was the latest fashion for the fall.
A. full
B. equipped
C. devoid
D. free
2. Because the sale of bonds is a convenient means of raising capital, companies often issue bonds _____ stocks.
A. as good as
B. in addition to
C. as substitutes for
D. instead of
3. _____ person favors thorough and complete reforms in social and political systems.
A. A radical
B. An advanced
C. A fundamental
D. An eliminating
4. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science. _____, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community.
A. Nevertheless
B. Then
C. Besides
D. As a result
5. The cycle of the tide occurs twice every 24 hours and is _____ on the moon.
A. evident
B. dependent
C. independent
D. subsequent
6. They rented the old house on the _____ that the landlord would paint it.
A. succession
B. impression
C. assumption
D. ascending
7. The dial of the alarm clock is _____ so that it can be seen in the dark.
A. photoelectric
B. luminous
C. brilliant
D. transparent
8. Americans like to go _____ by car as this is the most convenient way to take home purses.
A. buying
B. purchasing
C. bargain
D. shopping
9. Nobody is able to explain the _____ of this commonly-used expressions.
A. beginning
B. starting-point
C. foundation
D. origin
10. It is not necessary to boil the drinking water, because it has already been _____ chemically.
A. distilled
B. cleared
C. purified
D. refined
11. When we _____ something we hide it and cover it up so that people cannot see it.
A. reveal
B. conceal
C. decorate
D. counsel
12. A person is _____ if he acts after weighing all the aspects of a situation.
A. deliberate
B. reasonable
C. considerable
D. confirmed
13. They couldn't go to the theatre together because his free time never _____ with hers.
A. diverges
B. interferes
C. complies
D. coincides
14. Shallow pools of water are _____ to attract mosquitoes and other insects.
A. reliable
B. rebuked
C. recalled
D. rebelled
15. Mrs. Anderson is so _____ about her housework that no one like to work for her.
A. special
B. especial
C. peculiar
D. particular
16. She was _____ of having failed, since she made a promise to win championship when she left her motherland for this game.
A. ashamed
B. humiliated
C. shaming
D. shameful
17. I can't understand why you are so _____ having that leather coat though you don't have enough money.
A. jealous of
B. proud of
C. intent on
D. popular with
18. It is not strange that Linda is _____ while her mother is pretty, because she looks like her father.
A. dull
B. plain
C. humble
D. raw
19. Graduating seniors are ideal _____ for enrollment in the armed services.
A. monitors
B. customers
C. parameters
D. candidates
20. Barbara was interested in a very narrow _____ of subjects, so it was hard to enlarge her knowledge.
A. ration
B. rank
C. rage
D. range
21. Bob really _____ his position as class president by his unselfishness and presence of mind.
A. supervised
B. earned
C. got
D. situated
22. In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super system, causing heightened concerns about _____.
A. monogamy
B. monorail
C. monopoly
D. monomania
23. Our school team _____ a victory in the last few minutes of the game.
A. advanced
B. retrieved
C. gained
D. honored
24. No matter how little money we have, we should get into the habit of _____ some in the bank regularly.
A. laying
B. withdrawing
C. putting
D. depositing
25. The thief tried to _____ the old woman's handbag, but she held it tight and he ran off.
A. capture
B. clasp
C. seize
D. catch
26. When you go in to take the exam, you won't be able to _____ on your notes.
A. lean
B. learn
C. leap
D. lead
27. Although the doctor said you were fine, the condition of your cold _____ me.
A. disturbs
B. discerns
C. depresses
D. determines
28. It is obvious that your white tie doesn't _____ that grey shirt of yours.
A. match
B. balance
C. equal
D. meet
29. Whatever you say, I have to admit that my new secretary is a most responsible and _____ person.
A. conspicuous
B. conscious
C. contemptuous
D. conscientious
30. The news conference turned out to be utter chaos, and at last the soccer team managed to _____ those financial sports puffs and ill-intentioned journalists.
A. carry on
B. throw off
C. keep on
D. involve in
Part Two Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
A skin cream sold on the high street has been clinically proven to reduce fine wrinkles and improve the appearance of weathered skin, scientists say.
Dermatologists at the University of Manchester carried out a trial on 60 volunteers with signs of sun-damaged skin and found that the cream, made by Boots, could help to reduce the most common signs of ageing. The study, published online today by the British journal of Dermatology, found that 70 percent of people who used the cream for a year had significantly fewer wrinkles compared with volunteers using a placebo. It is thought to be the first time that a cosmetic has been subjected to such rigorous testing, producing results that were visible and could be verified by a doctor.
The No.7 Protect & Perfect beauty cream was hailed as a wonder cream and sold out after the same research team highlighted its effects on the BBC Two -Horizon-program in 2007. A rebranded version, No.7 Protect & Perfect Intense Beauty Serum, goes on sale in May 2009, costing £19.75 for a 30ml tube. Boots predicts boom sales. The cream was originally launched in 2006 as No. 7's Refine and rewind cream, costing £16.75.
Chris Griffiths, a professor of dermatology at Manchester who led the study, said that the effect varied from person to person but were visible on before and after photographs after six months. On a ten-point clinical scale of photo-ageing, the difference was equivalent to a reduction from an ageing of 5.2 points to 4 across those who used the cream, but the effect applied only to wrinkles, and not other signs of ageing. The research was funded by Boots, but independently controlled. The finding could have been published even if they had not produces positive results. Professor Griffiths said that limiting sun exposure or using sun block was still the best way to maintain young-looking skin, but added: "Boots was actually very brave to subject its product to this kind of testing. It is rare for such benefits to be reported for an over-the-counter anti-ageing product and this study paves the way for larger studies with more statistical power." Nina Goad, of the British Association of Dermatologists, said: "approximately one in five people using the cream will get something extra for their money over plain moisturizers."
31. According to the passage, we know that a dermatologist is someone who _____.
A. searches for a cure for skin cancer
B. carries out trial studies in clinical medicine
C. studies and treats skin diseases
D. designs medical or surgical treatment
32. What breakthrough has the No.7 Protect& Perfect beauty serum made as a cosmetic?
A. It is tested extensively and proven effective.
B. It is developed from the latest finding in genetic science.
C. It is characterized by direct personal experience.
D. it is induced by biological changes.
33. The main idea of the third paragraph is _____.
A. How Boots developed its technology of anti-aging cream
B. How much profit Boots may win from the sales
C. How the research team highlight the effect of the cream
D. How research findings help with the sale volume
34. It can be inferred from the last sentence of the text that _____.
A. buyers tend to spend much more money on this cream
B. one in five people complain about the effect of this cream
C. the cream can indeed help some buyers relieve the sign of ageing
D. the cream serves no other function apart from moisturizing the skin
Passage Two
During the next half-century, most wealthy societies, the United States is a conspicuous exception, will lose population; all will have older populations. This is a collective change that will profoundly influence the world economy, the future of democracy and relations between nations with declining populations (generally richer countries) and those will expanding populations (general poorer countries). Just how the effect might be is anyone's guess. But the driving forces behind ageing and population decline, how birthrate and longer life expectancy seem fairly fixed.
Only the United States, with higher birthrates and immigration, escapes population decline. But even in the United States, there are fewer potential workers for each potential retiree. As long as retirees are supported by taxpayers, through Social security and health insurance, the economic burden on workers will rise. In most countries, the shift would be stark and possibly unworkable. Germany's working age population is projected to drop from 51 million in 2000 to 29 million in 2050, meanwhile, the 65 and over population in the more developed countries has essentially ceased.
Americans may have succeeded better in mixing family and work. Or immigrants may have more children than other Americans. Regardless, all rich nations will feel the pressures of aging--or declining populations. And there is a perverse possibility that more old people will further reduce the number of young people. If taxes on workers increase to cover higher retirement benefits, family's willingness to have children may diminish, because it would be harder to pay for them. Immigration is one possible safety value. But for Europe and Japan, the increase needed to avert population declines would be huge.
Richer countries could also prepare for their aging by investing in poorer countries. Trade could substitute for immigration investment from wealthier countries would enable developing nations to build up their industries. As people retire in the rich world, they could use some of the dividends and interest from their investments to buy imports from poorer countries.
To predict the future is not always easy. But few rich countries are anticipating it. They should be tempering the vicious circle of higher retirement spending, heavier taxes on workers and fewer children. This means gradually raising retirement age. And scaling back benefits, especially for wealthier retirees.
35. The declining population in rich countries will mainly cause _____.
A. a decrease of the economy in these countries
B. greater economic burden on the younger
C. extended working-age of each individual
D. more immigrants from poorer countries
36. The loss population in rich countries is directly due to _____.
A. lower birthrate
B. the influence of the world economy
C. the aging problem
D. emigration to other countries
37. Aging will bring a new round of population decline because _____.
A. people will find it financially difficult to support big families
B. the natural growth of population will be adversely affected
C. the immigration policy will have to be frightened in time
D. more capital will be shifted to poorer countries for investment
38. One way to get enough money to feed the aging generation is to _____.
A. reduce the number of immigrants
B. build up more powerful industries
C. earn dividends from overseas investment
D. give financial rewards to families with more children
Passage Three
"Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we response to stress. But psychologists at the University of California, Los Angeles say that women have more in their stress-response arsenal than just aggression or escape.
According to research led by Dr. Shelley E. Taylor and Dr. Laura C. Klein (now at Pennsylvania State University), females under "attack" are less likely to fight or flee and more apt to attempt to protect their children and seek help from others, particularly other females. The researchers call this pattern of behavior "tend-and-befriend", and they suggest an evolutionary explanation for the difference.
The UCLA scientists analyze hundreds of biological and behavioral studies of both animals and humans. For example, they looked at research showing that crowding heightens stress among male rats but tends to calm female rats. One study found that fathers often wanted to be left alone when they got home from work. And if they had been under stress during the day, they were more likely to incite conflict in the family. Women who held jobs outside the home, however, were more likely to cope with a tough day at work by concentrating on their children.
The authors believe that hormones are one reason for the difference, especially sex hormones and the pituitary hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin, which induces relaxation and lowers anxiety, is produced at a high level in nursing mothers. It's also released in response to stress by both males and females--but its effects are enhanced by female hormones and reduced by male hormones. In contrast, the fight-or-flight response activates the nervous system and causes the secretion of the stress hormones adrenaline and cortical. Both sexes release these hormones under stress, but men also release testosterone, which tends to increase hostility and aggression.
Because female aggression is less closely linked to nervous system arousal, the authors suggest, it's more easily moderated by learning and culture, although they don't deny that women's social networks can also produce stress and conflict. Nor are they saying that men cannot tend and befriend under stress-only that they do so less easily and less often.
Taylor and her colleagues think the tend-and-befriend response has been ignored largely because researchers studying stress have concentrated until recently only on men. The UCLA scientists are now conducting studies on oxytocin and stress.
39. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _____.
A. all people respond to stress in a fight-or-flee pattern
B. men are likely to have active responses when confronting stress
C. women are likely to have passive responses to stress
D. men tend to fight or escape under stress
40. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the text?
A. Women are likely to take care of children under stress.
B. After work men like to stay alone at home.
C. Men are easily angry after work.
D. Men and women have different reactions to stress.
41. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. The past researches mainly focus on men and stress.
B. Women and stress are attracting scientists' attention now.
C. researchers have been paying little attention to women's response to stress.
D. All of the above.
42. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
A. Men and women have different responses to stress.
B. Fight-or-flight is women's usual response.
C. Sex hormone influences people's reactions to stress greatly.
D. Women can better deal with stress.
Passage Four
Fortunately there are still a few tasty things for us to enjoy in relative security. Their numbers, however, are reduced almost daily, it seems, by merciless from the Food and Drug Administration and its allies, our doctors. The latest felon to face prosecution is the salt of life, sodium chloride.
It is claimed that overuse of salt causes hypertension or high blood pressure, the cause of half the deaths in the United States every year. A few years ago the anti-salt campaigners advocated banning salt from baby food. Currently pressure is being applied to food manufacturers to oblige them to label their products to show sodium content. Because doing so would cost money, they argue that they have no idea how much salt remains on such things as potato chips and how much sticks to the bag. Furthermore, salt isn't the only harmful ingredient and specify which are harmful to our health? Cigarettes have a warning printed on them. Shouldn't the same type of warning appear on canned foods that are notoriously oversalted?
There are endless ifs and buts in the controversy, but the most telling of these is the questionable proof of salt's effect upon the blood pressure. True, people who cut their salt intake lowered their blood pressure, but where is the scientific proof that something other than salt didn't do the trick? The most common means of providing dubious proof that salt causes hypertension is to compare societies that use little salt with those that use mountains of salt in their daily diets. Studies of the Japanese indicate that as the world's greatest salters, they suffer the most from hypertension. On the other hand, the simple, salt-free cooking of several tribes in the Solomon Islands has kept older tribesmen and women from developing hypertension, a disease traditionally killing their peers in America. No account is taken of the effects of inflation, recession, pollution, crime, and various other ills to which Americans, unlike people on primative island, are exposed. To salt or not to salt? That is the question. Now that the question has arisen, it must not be treated with levity but, rather, with searching scientific investigation so that those of us who are deeply concerned with both savory food and long life may decide which of the two is worth its salt.
43. What does the author think of the controversy about salt?
A. We must stop eating salty food immediately.
B. Salty food is not at all harmful to health.
C. It's fortunate that we no longer believe the Food and Drug Administration.
D. The statement that salty food is harmful is not convincing enough.
44. According to the author, half of American deaths result from _____.
A. hypertension ultimate
B. the use of too much salt
C. great emotional tension
D. the shortage of salt in food
45. According to the author, why should canned food be labeled with the same type of warning as cigarettes?
A. Because the author likes neither of them.
B. Because, being over-salted, canned foods are equally harmful to health.
C. Because all canned foods are as poisonous as cigarettes.
D. Because manufacturers should inform customers of the sodium content.
46. The comparisons between the diets and deaths of Japan, America and the Solomon islands show that _____.
A. great salters have a lower rate of death
B. people of primitive societies live longer than those of modern societies
C. America's high rate of death may not result from the much use of salt
D. the more developed the country is, the more like the people are to die
Passage Five
That people have personalities goes without saying. Pet owners will quickly argue that animals have personalities too. Yet rather little has been done to find out if such characteristics exist in wild animals. One such study, published recently in Animal Behavior, shows not only that some do, but also that the presence of such traits is skewing the way data are collected by researchers. The animals in question are birds-collared flycatchers, to be specific. A team of researchers monitored the courtship behavior of the birds. The 41 males observed were nesting in boxes long used by the species, and a single attractive female was placed in an enclosure on top of each box.
First, the team measured the varying intensity of the courts: hip behaviors displayed by the 33 males that responded to the caged female. After they had collected enough data to act as a base line, they then attached a white piece of paper to each of the boxes used by these males and watched how the males in question responded to this novelty. They found that roughly half seemed afraid of the paper and reduced their courtship of the female. The other half ignored the paper and continued displaying as they had done before. In the third phase of the experiment a male was placed in the cage over the box where the female had once been, and the amount of aggression towards this male from the nesting male was measured. In general, those males who had not been deterred by the presence of the paper attacked the newly presented competitor with vigor while those who had been intimidated by it seemed reluctant to attack the putative competitor.
Another part of the study analyzed male willingness to fight in the presence of potential predators, by watching aggressive interactions between nesting males and caged competitors when an unfamiliar human slowly approached the site. Those males who had been afraid of the paper often fled when the human was as such as 20 meters away. Those who had continued their courtship in the presence of the paper again proved their courage and often kept fighting until the observing human was just two meters away. Lastly the team placed traps within the nesting boxes and monitored which birds were caught. They found that the aggressive, risk-taking males twice as likely as non-risk-takers to be trapped.
These results are interesting because this is the first time that differences in personality have been shown in wild birds. If birds, as well as mammals, have personalities, it may make it easier to study the evolutionary pressures that give rise to such systematically different ways of behaving within a single species.
47. According to the text, the chief purpose of this recent study is to _____.
A. display the courtship behavior of wild animals
B. find out possible personalities in wild animals
C. prove male animals tend to be more aggressive
D. show the systematical behavior of a certain species
48. According to the study, which of the following might cause the most serious aggression?
A. The intrusion of an outsider.
B. The shortage of food.
C. The observation of human being.
D. The appearance of strange objects.
49. Paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 are written to _____.
A. discuss the cause of risk-taking interactions
B. show wild animals are aggressive when being attacked
C. exemplify the males are more courageous
D. explain how the research is conducted and its findings
50. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the text?
A. The more courageous the bird is, the more likely for it to get trapped.
B. The research team is likely to further conduct the research to explain natural phenomena.
C. The results of the study may be profitable to further analyze the evolutionary anxiety.
D. Wild animals may bear characteristics because of the conformity to a standard pattern.
Part Three Cloze Test (10%)
Directions: There 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D, beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.
Humor doesn't travel well. Jokes rarely translate. __51__ there are many similarities __52__ the universal dimensions of humor, and there are important cross-cultural differences as well. Humor is one of the most culturally rooted forms of communication, __53__ no matter how universal or __54__ of movement a joke may be thought to be, the advice commonly given is that it needs to be discussed in __55__ of its use with a trusted interpreter who will be frank about its appropriateness. One anthropologist who has studied humor has stressed it is culturally __56__ and has argued that its success __57__ shared cultural knowledge, shared rules for __58__ it, and agreement about its cultural appropriateness. Generally, there are tall orders for people __59__ with others whose cultural background is very different and __60__ which they have only limited knowledge.
The difficulty with jokes crossing cultures is __61__ where the joke has to be translated, as is often the case if it's __62__ in a speech, address or presentation. In this situation the joke teller is somewhat __63__ the translator. A misunderstanding can quickly __64__ a harmless joke into a(n) __65__ one because the language of humor is not universal and there may be social __66__ on some of its genres. In Japan, constant joking is regarded as a lower social class way of speaking and is judged poorly. __67__, jokes with sexual connotations, even in relatively open Japanese society, are judged poorly in everyday conversation.
Australians used to making jokes __68__ others, and even themselves, need to be particularly __69__ in light-hearted interactions with people with Asian cultural backgrounds. Because of the emphasis upon face that is almost universal in Asia, humor directed at individual is particularly __70__ because of its ready capacity to offend.
A. Since
B. Because
C. When
D. While
A. in terms of
B. in the course of
C. in line with
D. in relation to
A. such that
B. in that
C. so that
D. except that
A. capable
B. characteristic
C. tolerant
D. integral
A. favor
B. advance
C. case
D. reference
A. made
B. devised
C. shaped
D. figured
A. falls back on
B. resorts to
C. revolves around
D. depends upon
A. illustrating
B. interpreting
C. illuminating
D. elaborating
A. integrating
B. reckoning
C. interfering
D. interacting
A. into
B. for
C. with
D. about
A. compounded
B. magnified
C. exaggerated
D. exerted
A. incorporated
B. immersed
C. assimilated
D. embodied
A. for the sake of
B. at the mercy of
C. in the light of
D. in place of
A. degenerate
B. condense
C. transmit
D. transform
A. offensive
B. courteous
C. illiterate
D. intact
A. limitations
B. constraints
C. compulsion
D. enforcement
A. Indeed
B. Hence
C. Likewise
D. Incidentally
A. for the benefit of
B. on behalf of
C. in honor of
D. at the expense of
A. affirmative
B. considerate
C. cautious
D. negligent
A. risky
B. vicious
C. excitable
D. weary
Part Four Translation (15%)
Directions: There are two short passages in this part. Passage A is for you to translate to Chinese and passage B is from Chinese to English. Please write your answer on ANSWER SHEET for translation.
Passage A
Although we can say less with certainty about language learning than we like to pretend, a few generalizations are possible. First, in most situations, learning will be effective providing that there is extensive exposure to the target language and plenty of opportunities for the learner to use it. Second, in learning languages, as in learning other abilities, students tend to systematize; they create systems which may or may not be entirely appropriate, and experiment with them, and they learn by doing this. Third, they are more likely to learn if they are being encouraged by such factors as a warm and positive classroom environment, previous success in English, and confidence in the teacher.
Attempt to provide fluency activity may allow students to create their own systems and it may be promoted most successfully in a warm and friendly atmosphere, but will it not undermine confidence m the teacher who will apparently be failing to correct when he should correct, and will it not lead to students feeling that they are not succeeding as they flounder in inadequate English? These very serious questions can be answered, but answering them involves making some definite criticism of any strong test centred line at the secondary school level.
Passage B
研究表明，使用因特网可能会导致心理健康的下降。上网次数多的人与较少的人相比，这种可能性有明显差异。这不是说已经有不良感觉的人在网上花费了更多的时间，而是说使用因特网似乎确实诱发了人们的不良感觉。研究人员对这些结果感到困惑，因为这与他们的预料渐然相反。他们预测，和看电视相比，从社交角度来说，上网可能更健康一些，因为网络允许使用者选择自己需要的信息并且和别人进行交流。
Part Five Writing (20%)
Directions: Not every one of us can be strong enough to face all the challenges in the world around us. Naturally, we become stronger when we are together in a team. Now, you are asked to write at least 200 words for this topic "How to Work in a Team". Please write your composition on ANSWER SHEET for writing.
How to Work in a Team
参考答案与解析
Part I Vocabulary
1.D 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：full“坠毁、撞坏满的，装满的，完全的，充分的，完整的”，equipped“准备好的，常用结构equipped with：装有……的；装备有；配备”，devoid“缺乏，没有，缺乏的，空的，无的(of)”，free“自由的；不受约束的，免费的，无偿的，空闲的；不忙的，摆脱……的；不受……影响的”。以上四个选项均可以与of搭配构成相应词组，其中C项与D项均可表示“没有的”意思，而devoid of一般表示贬义与本题语境不相称，故选D。
2.B 【分析】词组辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：as good as“和……几乎一样”，in addition to“除……之外”，as substitutes for“作为……替代品”，instead of“(用……)代替……，(是……)而不是……，(用……)而不用……”。根据句子大意，选择B。
3.A 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：A radical“一个激进的”，An advanced“一个先进的”，A fundamental“一个基本的”，An eliminating“一个消除的”。根据大意，选择A。
4.A 【分析】词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：Nevertheless“尽管如此，然而”，Then“然后，还有”，Besides“(表示排斥)除……之外(还有)”，As a result“结果，因此”。根据大意，选择A。
5.B 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：evident“明显的，明白的”，dependent“依靠的，依赖的，取决于……的，常用结构be dependent on：依靠，随……而定”，independent“独立的，自主的，自立的，不相关连的，无关的”，subsequent“随后的，继……之后的”。根据大意，选择B。
6.C 【分析】形似词辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：succession“连续，连续不断的人[事物]”，impression“印象，感想，想法，看法，感觉，印记，压痕”，assumption“假定；设想，常用结构on the assumption that：假设，假定，在……前提下”，ascending“上升的；向上的”。根据大意，选择C。
7.B 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：photoelectric“光电的”，luminous“发光的，发亮的；光明的，明白易懂的”，brilliant“闪光的，明亮的，光辉的，辉煌的”，transparent“透明的，明显的，清晰的”。根据大意，选择B。
8.D 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：buying“购买”，purchasing“购买，价值，购买品”，bargain“讨价还价；商谈；协议，交易”，shopping“买东西，购物”。根据大意，选择D。
9.D 【分析】名词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：beginning“开始；开端部分，初期；开头部分，源于；起源，未发达之物；萌芽阶段之物”，starting-point“起点，出发点”，foundation“建立，创办，地基，地脚；底座；基础；根据；基本原则”，origin“起源，起因，出身，开端”。根据大意，选择D。
10.C 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：distill“蒸馏，提取，滴下”，clear“扫除，清除，(从电脑中)消除(数据)，证明……无罪；宣告……无罪”，purify“使纯净，使洁净”，refine“精炼；精制；使纯净，使文雅高尚；使变得完善”。根据大意，选择C。
11.B 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：reveal“显示，透露，揭露，泄露”，conceal“隐藏，隐瞒，遮住，对……保密”，decorate“装饰，授予(某人)勋章；装饰；布置”，counsel“忠告，劝告”。根据大意，选择B。
12.A 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：deliberate“故意的，蓄意的，慎重的”，reasonable“通情达理的，合理的，适度的”，considerable“值得考虑的，不可忽视的，重要的，相当(大，多)的，可观的”，confirmed“坚定的，确定[证实]了的，不会改变的，习以为常的，难治的，慢性的”。根据大意，选择A。
13.D 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：diverge“分开；偏离；分歧；分道扬镳”，interfere“干预，调停，妨碍，打扰；抵触；冲突”，comply“遵从，依从，服从”，coincide“同时发生，相符，一致，常用结构coincide with：符合，与……一致”。根据大意，选择D。
14.D 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：reliable“可靠的，可信赖的”，rebuked“斥责的，指责的”，recalled“回想的，回收的”，rebelled“造反的；反叛的；嫌恶的，反感的”。根据大意，选择D。
15.D 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：special“特别的，特殊的，专门的，专用的”，especial“特别的，特殊的”，peculiar“奇怪的，异常的，特有的，独具的”，particular“特定的，特有的，详细的，挑剔的”。根据大意，选择D。
16.A 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：ashamed“惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的，常用结构Be ashamed of：以为……是耻辱”，humiliated“羞辱的”，shaming“可耻的，令人羞愧的”，shameful“可耻的；丢脸的，猥亵的；下流的”。根据大意，选择A。
17.B 【分析】词组辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：jealous of“嫉妒”，proud of“以……为满意(以……而骄傲，自豪)”，intent on“抱定决心要实行，打算”，popular with“受……欢迎，受喜爱”。根据大意，选择B。
18.B 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：dull“迟钝的，无趣的，呆滞的”，plain“清晰的；明白的，平常的，坦白的，完全的”，humble“谦逊的，低下的，卑微的，简陋的”，raw“生的，未煮过的，天然的；未加工过的，未经过训练的；没有经验的，刺痛的”。根据大意，选择B。
19.D 【分析】名词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：monitor“监视器，监听器；检测器，(学校)班长；纠察员”，customer“顾客，主顾”，parameter“参变数，参变量，参数”，candidate“候选人；候补者；候补人，学位应考人，投考生”。根据大意，选择D。
20.D 【分析】名词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：ration“定量；配给量”，rank“军衔，职衔，地位；社会阶层，排；横列；行列”，rage“愤怒；激怒，激烈，猛烈，(风等的)狂暴，热望，渴望；热心，热狂”，range“一系列，变化幅度，范围，射程，距离，(山)脉”。根据大意，选择D。
21.B 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：supervise“监督，管理”，earn“赚得，挣钱，获得，博得”，get“获得，取得，收[接，得到]，定购；买，拿到；弄来”，situate“使位于，使处于……地位(位置)”。根据大意，选择B。
22.B 【分析】形似词辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：monogamy“一夫一妻制；一生一婚制，单配性，单配偶”，monorail“单轨铁路”，monopoly“垄断，独占事业，专卖权”，monomania“偏执狂”。根据大意，选择B。
23.C 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：advance“(使)前进，(使)发展；促进，提高，提升”，retrieve“取回，挽回，弥补，恢复，补偿，回忆，检索”，gain“获得，赢得，增加，增进”，honor“荣誉，荣幸，尊敬，信用，正直，贞洁”。根据大意，选择C。
24.D 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：lay“放置，压倒，使躺下，放倒，使平息，使消失，打赌，下赌注”，withdraw“取回，(使)撤退[出]”，put“放置，使处于(某种状态)，表达，叙述，说明”，deposit“放下，寄存，存放，储蓄，贮存，沉淀，淤积，交付保证金；抵押”。根据大意，选择D。
25.D 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：capture“俘获，夺取，占领”，clasp“扣住，扣紧，紧握；拥抱”，seize“抓住，逮捕，俘获，没收，扣押，掌握”，catch“接住，逮住，捉住，抓住，偶然撞见，突然发觉”。根据大意，选择D。
26.A 【分析】形似词辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：lean“(使)倾斜，屈身，倚，靠；依赖”，learn“学习；学；学会，得知；获悉；听说”，leap“跳，跳跃，猛然行动，冲叭，跳过，跃过”，lead“带路，领路，指引，领导指挥，领先，诱使”。根据大意，选择A。
27.A 【分析】形似词辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：disturb“打扰；扰乱，妨碍；妨害；侵犯(权利)，弄乱打乱(计划等)”，discern“看见，辨明，辨别，觉察，了解，看出，认出”，depress“压下，降低，使消沉，使沮丧，愁苦，使贬值，使跌价”，determine“决心，决意；确定；限定，规定”。根据大意，选择A。
28.A 【分析】动词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：match“相较量，相对抗；敌得过，相配；匹配；结婚，相对；匹敌”，balance“权衡，对比”，equal“等于，比得上，常用结构Be equal to：等于；有……的能力[勇气，力量等]，胜任”，meet“遇见，碰见，相见，认识，结识，迎接，满足”。根据大意，选择A。
29.D 【分析】形容词词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：conspicuous“显著的，显眼的，卓著的，出类拔萃的，(服饰等)过于花哨的”，conscious“知道的，意识到的，有知觉的，有意识的”，contemptuous“蔑视的；鄙视的；表示轻蔑的”，conscientious“认真(负责)的，真心实意的，细心的，有[凭]良心的，耿直的，严正的；谨慎的”。根据大意，选择D。
30.B 【分析】动词词组辨析题。四个选项的意思分别为：carry on“继续进行”，throw off“扔掉；匆匆脱掉，甩开，摆脱，抛弃”，keep on“反复地做，继续进行”，involve in“卷入，陷入，参与”。根据大意，选择B。
Part II Reading Comprehension
Passage One
31.C 【解析】推理判断题。由文中"Dermatologists at the University of Manchester...after photographs after six months."可知，皮肤科专家是搞研究，临床试验和寻求治愈皮肤病的人。而A、B、D项概括比较片面。
32.A 【解析】细节理解题。由"Chris Griffiths, a professor of dermatology at Manchester...after photographs after six months."可知，美容霜的作用是因人而异的，但是对照六个月前后的照片，效果很明显，而B、C、D不符，故选A。
33.D 【解析】主旨大意题。"The No 7 Protect & Perfect beauty cream was……on the BBC Two Horizon program in 2007." "Boots predicts boom sales"在研究团队强调了7号完美修复美容霜的作用后，经常会售罄，而且布茨预测销售量会激增。这说明是研究结果带来了销售量的突增。因此答案为D。
34.C 【解析】推理判断题。本文最后一句是"Nina Goad, of the British Association of Dermatologists, said: "approximately one in five people using the cream will get something extra for their money over plain moisturizers.""指出使用面霜的大概五分之一的人得到了比普通滋润更多的东西。这与A、B、D选项不吻合。因此答案为C。
Passage Two
35.B 【解析】细节判断题。文中"If taxes on workers increase to…because it would be harder to pay for them."指出，如果工人增加税收以支付更高的退休金，家庭要孩子的意愿可能会减少，因为这将很难支付它们。这与B选项吻合。A选项文中没有提及。此句"They should be tempering the vicious circle of higher retirement…gradually raising retirement age."指出要缓和工人较高的退休开支，较重的税收和较少的孩子这种恶性循环。这就意味着要逐布提高退休年龄，因此C选项不是人口减少的原因，而是缓和人口减少的办法，与题意不符。"Only the United State...escapes population decline."指出，只有美国有较高的出生率和移民，逃脱了人口下降。因此D选项与题意不符，因此答案为B选项。
36.A 【解析】细节判断题。文中"If taxes on workers increase to…because it would be harder to pay for them."指出，过高的退休开支，会减少家庭要孩子的意愿，由此会导致出生串的降低，人口的较少，这与A项吻合。由"This is a collective change that will profoundly influence the world economy..."可知B选项是人口降低带来的后果。C选项也是发达国家面临的人口问题之一。D选项会引起人口的减少，但文中没有提及，与题意不符。因此答案为A。
37.A 【解析】细节判断题。文中此句“Regardless, all rich nations will feel the pressures of aging-or declining populations...because it would be harder to pay for them.”可知，更多的老年人会减少年轻人的数量。如果工人增加税收以支付更高的退休金，家庭要孩子的意愿可能会减少，因为这将很难支付它们。这说明过高的税收使工人们很难支撑孩子较多的家庭，因此人们要孩子的意愿会较低，这与A项吻合。因此答案为A。
38.C 【解析】细节判断题。由文中此段"Richer countries could also prepare for their aging...buy imports from poorer countries."指出，较富裕的国家准备为他们的老龄化向贫穷的国家投资获得红利和利润，这与C选项吻合。而A、B、D项不符，因此答案为C。
Passage Three
39.A 【解析】推理判断题。由文中"Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we response to stress."可知进攻或逃避的行为是长久以来我们面对压力的典型方式。这与A项吻合。由"…women have more in their stress-response arsenal than just aggression or escape."可知，女人面对压力的态度更为积极。这与C项不符。B、D项文中没有提及，因此答案为A。
40.C 【解析】细节判断题。由此句"One study found that fathers often wanted to be left alone...they were more likely to incite conflict in the family."可知，一项研究发现，男人们在工作后回到家里，经常喜欢独处，如果他们白天一直在压力下度过，他们在家里更容易激起冲突，这与B项吻合。由"Women who held jobs outside the home, however, were more likely to cope with a tough day at work by concentrating on their children."可知，女人离家应付一天艰难的工作后，更愿意将精力集中在孩子身上，这与A项和D项吻合，因此答案为C选项。
41.D 【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段"Taylor and her colleagues think the tend-and-befriend response…are now conducting studies on oxytocin and stress."可知，女人面对压力的反应一直被忽略，直到现在一直关注男人的压力，而现在加州大学洛杉矶分校的科学家正在开展有关催产素和压力的研究。因此最后一段与A、B、C三项都吻合，答案为D选项。
42.A 【解析】主旨大意题。由文中""Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we response to stress."，可知奋斗或逃避的行为是长久以来我们面对压力的典型方式。可知B项不对。由"The authors believe that hormones are one reason for the difference, especially sex hormones and the pituitary hormone oxytocin."可知，男女面对压力不同反应的原因之一是性激素。不是本文的主题。C项不符题意。文中第一段和第二段指出，相对于男性，女性应对压力的态度更积极一些，而在第二段的最后一句"…they suggest an evolutionary explanation for the difference."后面的段落都来解释男女面对压力不同反应的特征和原因，本文围绕着男女面对压力的不同反应，并通过研究结果来解释不用的原因。因此答案为A。
Passage Four
43.D 【解析】主旨大意题。原文中最后一段作者提出了自己关于含盐食物的论述，“Now that the question has arisen…decide which of the two is worth its salt.”既然这个问题已经提出来了我们就应该认真对待，以科学为依据，调查研究，然后再决定是否吃含盐食物。因此答案D。
44.A 【解析】细节理解题。原文中"It is claimed that overuse of salt causes hypertension or high blood pressure. The cause of half the deaths in the United States every year"可知是高血压导致的死亡。因此答案A。
45.B 【解析】细节理解题。原文中"Cigarettes have a warning printed on them. Shouldn't the same type of warning appear on canned foods that are notoriously oversalted?"可知与香烟一样食用过多的盐也会对身体有害。因此答案为B。
46.B 【解析】细节理解题。原文中"On the other hand, the simple, salt-free cooking of several tribes in the Solomon Islands has…unlike people on primitive island, are exposed."可知所罗门岛的人们所过的生活原始，没有现代人面对污染，通货膨胀等一系列的问题，因此活的也就更久。因此答案为B。
Passage Five
47.B 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文主要研究的是野生动物身上是否也存在个性特点。A选项为展示野生动物的求偶行为，此选项不是目的。C选项为证明雄性动物更具有攻击性，不对。D选项为显示某一物种的系统行，不对。
48.D 【解析】推理判断题。原文中作者所描述的实验就是D选项，使用陌生物体研究野生动物的反应以此来研究个性。
49.D 【解析】文章结构题。原文中二三段主要描述的是实验的内容，步骤及所得到的结论。
50.A 【解析】细节理解题。原文中"Lastly the team placed traps within the nesting boxes and monitored……as likely as non-risk-takers to be trapped."那些富有攻击性、喜欢冒险的雄性白颈燕被夹住的可能性大了一倍。在原文中直接有描述并不是推测出来的。
Part III Cloze Test
51.D 【解析】语法结构题。承接上句，与下文构成转折关系选择D项while。
52.C 【解析】语义辨析题。同大量的幽默有很多相似性是指jokes与humors的一致性而不是说与幽默有关。故选C而非选项D。A选项意为“依照，按照”；B选项意为“在……过程中，在……期间”；C选项意为“符合，与……一致”；D选项意为“关于，涉及”。
53.B 【解析】语法结构题。根据上下文得知此处缺少表示原因的连词，而“in that”有因为的意思故选B。A选项为“如此……以致”；B选项为“因为”；C选项为“所以”；D选项为“除了……外”。
54.B 【解析】语义辨析题。根据上下文无论多普遍还是多特别故选B与universal相对应。A选项为“能干的，胜任的”；B选项为“典型的，特有的”；C选项为“宽容的，容忍的”；D选项为“积分的，完整的”。
55.B 【解析】语义辨析题。本句是说笑话在运用之前是要经过探讨它是否合适的。A选项为“赞成，支持”，B选项为“在……之前”；C选项为“万一，如果发生”；D选项为“引用，参考，涉及”。
56.C 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说幽默依靠共享的文化知识去发扬光大。A选项make为“做，使，安排”，B选项devise为“设计，发明”；C选项shape为“发展，成形”；D选项figure为“以图画图表描绘”。
57.D 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说幽默依靠共享的文化知识去发扬光大。A选项为“退到，求助于，回头再说”，B选项为“依靠，求助于，诉诸”；C选项为“围绕……转动，以……为中心”；D选项为“依赖，取决于”。
58.C 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说幽默依靠共享的文化知识去发扬光大。A选项为“图解”，B选项为“口译”；C选项为“阐释，也有启蒙发明的意思”；D选项为“详尽说明”。
59.A 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说与其他人进行文化整合需要很高的要求。A选项为“集成化，综合化”，B选项为“计算，清算，算账”；C选项为“妨碍”；D选项为“相互影响，相互制约”。
60.C 【解析】语法结构题。With which与前面的interact with相互照应。故选C。
61.A 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是讲笑话传递的困难是很复杂的。A选项为“复合的”，B选项为“放大的”；C选项为“夸张的”；D选项为“外露的”。
62.C 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说笑话文化的同化问题。A选项为“合并的”，B选项为“浸入的，专注的”；C选项为“吸收的”；D选项为“呈现的”。
63.C 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说按照翻译者的观点。A选项为“为了……的利益”，B选项为“受……的支配”；C选项为“按照，根据”；D选项为“取代”。
64.D 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说误解能把无害的笑话变成攻击性的。A选项为“退化，恶化”，B选项为“浓缩”；C选项为“传输，传播”；D选项为“转变，转化”。
65.A 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说误解能把无害的笑话变成攻击性的。A选项为“攻击的，冒犯的，无礼的”，B选项为“有礼的”；C选项为“文盲的，不识字的”；D选项为“完整的”。
66.A 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说幽默语言不是普遍的，会有局限性。A选项为“局限性”，B选项为“约束，限制”；C选项为“强迫，强制”；D选项为“执行，实施”。
67.B 【解析】语义辨析题。此句是说从此时起。A选项为“的确”，B选项为“从此以后”；C选项为“同样地”；D选项为“顺便的，偶然的”。
68.A 【解析】语义辨析题。根据下文可知过去会顾虑面子而开恭敬他人的玩笑，而与利益无关。A选项为“为了……的利益”，B选项为“代表，为了”；C选项为“向……致敬”；D选项为“以……为代价，由……支付费用”。
69.C 【解析】语义辨析题。和亚洲人要十分谨慎的开玩笑。A选项为“肯定的，积极的”，B选项为“体谅的，考虑周到的”；C选项为“谨慎的，小心的”；D选项为“疏忽的，粗心大意的”。
70.A 【解析】语义辨析题。由于面子问题，直指个人的玩笑是很危险的。A选项为“危险的”，B选项为“恶毒的”；C选项为“兴奋的”；D选项为“疲惫的”。
Part IV Translation
Section A 【参考译文】
虽然，我们说对语言学习的认识不是那么的随心所欲，但还是总结了一点概括型的东西的。首先，大多数情况下如果接触大量的目标语，以及应用的话，学习起来会非常有效的。其次，学习语言就如学习其他技能一样，学生要学会分析。他们需要建立一个系统，也许这个系统不是完全实用。然后对此系统进行试验，试验的过程中也就学到知识了。再者，如果他们受到热烈、积极的教学环境、以往学习英语取得的成功以及对老师的信任等因素的鼓励，他们就更可能学习。
提供流畅性训练这种尝试可能让学生创建自己的体系，在一个友好的环境中，它可能会被最成功地促进，但它难道不会削弱学生对教师(他在应该改正学生的错误时明显地没有改正错误)的信任吗？这难道不会导致学生在用不恰当的英语笨拙地讲话时感到他们没有取得成功吗？虽然这些严肃的问题可以被回答，但是回答这些问题又涉及了一些对于中等学校测试线的批评问题。
Passage B 【参考译文】
It appears that Internet-using may cause a decline in psychological health, according to research. People who spent a fey hours a week on the internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less frequently. And it doesn't mean people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the internet, but using the net actually appeared to cause the bad feelings.
Researchers are puzzled over the results, which were completely contrary to their expectations. They expected that the net would prove socially healthier than TV, since the net allows users to choose information they need and to communication with other.
Part V Writing 【参考范文】
How to Work in a Team
Man is a social being thus he needs to interact with people. Almost every individual has experienced, in one way or another, how it is to work in a group-from his childhood games to wherever he is now earning his living. Unfortunately, not every group succeeds in its objectives or goals. Failure is a possible consequence whenever we get into a challenge. However, we can always avoid this much dreaded "failure" if every member of a group would not fail to use or exercise teamwork. Yes, every group of people must not only work as a group where every individual works for his own advantage, but instead, every one should work as part of a team-where he is working towards a common goal. Once these "small contributions" build up, success is hardly unforeseeable.
How can a person work as part of a team? It's actually so easy: just remember the word TEAWORK as a guideline. Also remember that all these should work together-should be there hand in hand from the conception of the team to the achievement of the final goal. None of these can be enough or can work in isolation to be able to come up with a successful team.