山西师范大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

山西师范大学2011年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：英语
共11页
Paper One
注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效。
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.
1. We think our efforts have been successful but it is very difficult to ____ the results.
A. quantify
B. forecast
C. accommodate
D. maximize
2. Most responsibility for costs related to worker illness and injury was ____ from the government to employers.
A. exchanged
B. shifted
C. lifted
D. subjected
3. So far no lunar magnetic field has been detected, but rocket experiments should be able to ____ the matter ____.
A. get...through
B. clear...up
C. turn...in
D. lay...off
4. We were in a hurry so we decided to ____ Canterbury because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic there.
A. deviate
B. cross
C. bypass
D. transcend
5. I will protect and guard you, but, remember, if you dare ____ my commands, a most dreadful punishment awaits you.
A. differ
B. blame
C. disobey
D. comply
6. The more information and argument — whether true or false, wise or stupid — the more likely it is that truth and wisdom will float to the surface while ____ and stupidity will sink.
A. falsehood
B. incompetence
C. courage
D. disintegration
7. I sometimes see him flash past in his sports car as I ____ weary way to work.
A. stroke
B. swarm
C. tread
D. shade
8. Whether I pay or whether my wife pays ____ the same thing, because we share all our money.
A. believes in
B. holds on
C. wonders at
D. amounts to
9. Last year they bought a decaying 16th century manor house and restored it to its original ____.
A. fragrance
B. popularity
C. splendor
D. continent
10. Recently, programs have been developed for such special problem areas as abusive families, divorce and for specific groups such as minorities and physically and mentally ____ people.
A. oriented
B. retarded
C. patronized
D. induced
11. Many households in the neighborhood of the university add to their income by ____ students.
A. taking in
B. hunting down
C. seeing through
D. calling up
12. Patents on new products and copyrights on books and movies give one producer the ____ right to sell or license the distribution of a product for 17 or more years.
A. inclusive
B. exclusive
C. conclusive
D. substantial
13. In India a project was under way to develop good quality soybean milk and curd and to study their ____ value as compared with that of cow's milk.
A. nutritive
B. indispensible
C. enduring
D. virtuous
14. The crime received extensive media coverage, in part because of its ferocity and its racial ____, but also because of its apparently random nature.
A. claims
B. overtones
C. premises
D. commitments
15. It is wrong to ____ anyone of the candidates at the moment, for one of them might turn out to be a dark horse in the general election.
A. deny
B. outshine
C. belittle
D. grudge
16. Labor shortage, by contrast, affects all sectors and is a much more ____ explanation for the profits squeeze.
A. confidential
B. intangible
C. regressive
D. plausible
17. Oscar Wilde was a great Irish poet, dramatist, essayist and critic, and his name is ____ wit.
A. synonymous with
B. compatible with
C. autonomous of
D. subordinate to
18. This principle, in fact, ____ all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.
A. besets
B. preaches
C. eradicates
D. underlies
19. The minister's political career ended because he was found out to have ____ himself by accepting bribes from a few big manufacturing firms.
A. uplifted
B. cheated
C. improved
D. compromised
20. Money wages, interest rates and tax payments have all been adjusted to ____ the 10 per cent rise in the average level of prices.
A. mingle with
B. pick up
C. tuck in
D. allow for
21. Scientists are studying a deadly virus as a way to kill rabbits, and have embarked on long-term research into genetically engineered viruses that would make rabbits and foxes ____.
A. sterile
B. strenuous
C. stagnant
D. stupendous
22. Mother ____ Johnny's excuses not to go to bed on Christmas Eve, she knew he wanted to stay up late to see Santa Claus.
A. saw through
B. saw over
C. saw to
D. saw off
23. On this particular day she wished ____ that her late husband were with her and wondered what he would have to say about their daughter who married another rank.
A. agreeably
B. devoutly
C. absolutely
D. extremely
24. Sabrina is very fashion-conscious; she has discarded her habitual boiler suit and is ____ in black mini and tights.
A. worn
B. decorated
C. dressed
D. masked
25. The increased use of electricity led to the ____ outdoor poster; photoengraving and other modern printing inventions helped both the editorial and advertising departments of printed journals.
A. illuminated
B. painted
C. illustrated
D. adorned
26. The Secretary General threatens to impose increasingly severe sanctions against that country if it continues to ____ the U.N. resolution.
A. denote
B. deliberate
C. defy
D. detract
27. ____ by size and feeding behavior, similar to that of many large whales, the 13-ton, school-bus-sized whale shark earned its name.
A. Sheerly
B. Mechanically
C. Necessarily
D. Definitely
28. To ____ that education is part of a caring social service is not to diminish the part which education plays, but to enrich and deepen it.
A. proclaim
B. witness
C. infer
D. imply
29. He had hoped Sir John's appetite had been curbed but he seemed both ____ and unable to learn from previous experience.
A. unconscious
B. insatiable
C. implausible
D. unbelievable
30. The most ____ argument against selling artificial milk feed in the Third World is that it may be mixed with contaminated water.
A. uplifting
B. soothing
C. irrational
D. compelling
Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
We used to call them "electronic brains." That was back in the 1950's, when names like ENIAC and Univac were room-sized clunkers with hot tubes, punch cards, and mechanical clacking noises. Computers are much, much smaller and many times smarter now. But we know better than to call them "electronic brains." Computers don't really think. They calculate. They manipulate binary digits, one's and zero's, like the beads of an abacus, only much faster.
Computers can compete at chess because the board's options are limited. Program all of the possibilities and you've got Deep Blue, a competitor—but not a thinker. When chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov faced off IBM's Deep Blue, the machine won. That upset a lot of people. Not me. I'm happy to concede the few things a machine can do, if it helps us to appreciate the many things humans can do better—like, for example, making a mess. I'm real good at that. Look at my desk. Some people say a cluttered desk is a sign of a creative mind. People look at my desk and say I must be very creative. But where others see chaos, I see order. Believe it or not, I know where everything is—usually. Order is in the mind of the beholder; so is disorder.
Today's scientists think about chaos the way Einstein thought about relativity. Chaos was an important theme in the movie "Jurassic Park." A concept called "chaos theory" predicted the breakdown of order and dinosaurs running amok. In simplest terms, chaos theory tries to appreciate just how much the universe is a vast, disorderly place, where here and there sheer probability has caused disorder to give way to a quite lovely and wondrous order. On at least one lovely planet, our own, it has created the human brain. It is a complex piece of meat chock full of disorderly thoughts that here and there give way to wondrous order.
To information theorists, our brains must look like a jumble of entropy, "noise" and random errors in the transmission of signals and messages out of which an often-lovely order emerges, just as a painting, when viewed close up, looks like so many chaotic brush strokes and squiggles; but when viewed from farther back, it becomes the Mona Lisa, orderly and beautiful, yet still mysterious, a reflection of its creator's sense of himself. The smartest computer's talents pale next to Leonardo De Vinci's genius. This computer is no more aware of what it or what it is doing than a lawn mower is aware of the lawn it's cutting.
31. We call them computers instead of electronic brains because ____.
A. they can't think
B. they operate like an abacus
C. they can only calculate
D. they are smarter than brains
32. What is Deep Blue?
A. A robot.
B. A chess master.
C. A programmed computer.
D. A computer designer.
33. According to "chaos theory" ____.
A. order is often created on the basis of disorder
B. there is hardly any order in the vast universe
C. creative people always have messy desks
D. there will be a breakdown of order on our planet
34. The passage mainly talks about ____.
A. the contrast between order and disorder
B. the difference between humans and computers
C. how wonderful computers are
D. how the human brain works
35. Why do the smartest computer's talents pale if compared with Leonardo De Vinci's genius?
A. The Mona Lisa is the best painting in the world.
B. The computer can't do creative work.
C. The computer doesn't know drawing.
D. The computer sometimes makes mistakes.
Passage 2
If you want to make a flu vaccine, you need to break a few eggs. Actually, over a million. The current "hen oviduct bioreactor technology" (also known as, using eggs) takes up to nine months in its entirety. That means if health authorities make mistakes in choosing the viral strains they think will be prevalent in the winter, or we have a flu-shot shortage like this year, it's too late to start a new batch. People get sick; people die.
But two biotechnology methods will change that. One is reverse genetics, which precisely replicates only the viral genes that must be grown into vaccine. The other is the multiply of that vaccine in mammalian cells. Both scramble the egg technique and reduce manufacturing time, allowing a quick and life-saving turnaround in production of new doses.
With the present 50-year-old method, each February virologists from the World Health Organization (WHO) and elsewhere sample various populations to guess which three flu strains will be prevalent next winter. These are then grown in one set of eggs to make "seed vaccine," which is then injected into those hundreds of millions of other eggs and then processed into the final product.
It's not just that this slow process makes the February guess a final one; it also makes it likelier to be wrong. Merely providing the WHO a few extra weeks to collect samples could make the difference in predicting the proper strains.
Normally an improperly chosen strain (as was the case last year) can still produce a semi-effective vaccine, because there are still genetic similarities between the two. But if there's a radical "shift" in the strain, the vaccine would be worthless. We would then suffer another pandemic such as that which killed 70,000 Americans in 1957-58 (the equivalent of 100,000 with our current population). There were two other such shifts in the 20th Century, and some scientists think we're overdue for another.
Reverse genetics will speed up things at the early stage of vaccine making. "That means instead of employing actual virus you're just cloning the genes," explains Richard Webby, a virologist at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis. "The process of getting the proper strain in a chicken egg is fairly random and you may have to start over," he told me. In fact it may be necessary to repeatedly start over, losing precious time with each effort.
Reverse genetics means accurate replication first time, every time. And it's done in less than a week. Already Webby's lab and others have engineered the so-called "bird flu" from Southeast Asia that the media regularly—and rather hysterically—tout as a possible cause of the next pandemic.
In extreme cases, says Webby, "Reverse genetics could enable re-engineering a virus that otherwise would be so dangerous that few manufacturers can safely work with it." So the process could mean not just getting a vaccine faster but getting one at all.
The second speed-up will replace those hundreds of millions of eggs. Lab technicians will just go into the freezer, push aside the ice cream and popsicles, pull out the cells, and grow them quickly in vats in whatever-sized batches they need. No chickens need apply.
SoloHill, in conjunction with the Massachusetts branch of ID Biomedical Corp., is in the second of three phases of human clinical trials. According to the National Institutes of Health, their cellular method is superior to the egg technique because it requires much less manufacturing space, because some flu strains are so toxic they can't even be grown in eggs, and because cells can multiply far faster than hens can lay. In fact, SoloHill has multiplied cell batches eight-fold in just six days.
SoloHill CEO David Solomon says he thinks final approval of the technology is still "three or four years" off. Reverse engineering may not be implemented for even longer. But either system can be implemented independently. Nevertheless, we think we can cut the entire vaccination production process "to 90 days or less," Solomon told me.
Thus a new strain might not be discovered until the flu season actually begins, yet we could still have a vaccine ready before it peaks. This could save thousands of lives in a U.S. epidemic. With a pandemic, it would save tens of thousands here and perhaps even millions worldwide. That seems worth the price of putting lots of chickens in the unemployment line.
36. What is the biggest drawback of the flu vaccine making method we use now?
A. It is time-consuming.
B. A wrong prediction is more likely to be made about the next prevalent viral strain.
C. It cannot produce enough flu-shots to meet the demand.
D. Too many chickens are needed.
37. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. WHO's prediction about virus is highly reliable.
B. An improperly chosen viral strain may produce effective vaccine.
C. American population has nearly increased 43% from the late 1950s.
D. We are very likely to suffer another shift in the viral strain.
38. It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that ____.
A. reverse genetics can be dangerous.
B. re-engineering a virus can be dangerous.
C. sometimes reverse genetics will fail to produce a vaccine.
D. sometimes we may not need a vaccine at all with reverse genetics.
39. According to this article, which of the following is true about the word "pandemic"?
A. It is a disease that occurs in certain areas of Southeast Asia.
B. It lasts longer than an epidemic.
C. It covers a wider area than an epidemic.
D. It has been caused by "bird flu".
40. The purpose of this article is to ____.
A. criticize the way WHO make guesses about the next prevalent virus.
B. illustrate how the viral strains are chosen
C. introduce new ways of making the vaccine.
D. compare the different ways of making the vaccine.
Passage 3
What fascinates your child? Whether it's the tail of a comet or Kristi Yamaguchi twirling on the ice, chances are there's a book about it that she'll enjoy reading. During the school year, children's reading agendas are often set by the demands of school. But summer is the ideal time for your child to explore his or her own interests through books.
Quite simply, reading "is one of the most delightful things to do in summer," says E. D. Hirsch, Jr., director of the Core Knowledge Foundation at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, where he is professor of education and humanities.
"The first requisite for summer reading is that the child be intensely interested in the book and the subject," Hirsch says. He advises that parents stand back, if possible, and let their children pick the books they want to read, even if that means checking out six books on sharks. A little GOOSEBUMPS is fine too, says Hirsch. Then you can gently offer other selections to leaven the mix. Hirsch recommends steering your child toward nonfiction books, which can be neglected by English teachers who often prefer fiction.
Whatever topic your child chooses to explore through books, it will do her a world of goods, says the experts, particularly if she's a new reader. "There have been quite a few studies that show kids who read about six books during the summer go back to school, and they haven't lost their reading level," says Liz Huntoon, the director of Children and Young Adult Service for the Chicago Public Library. "If they don't read, they often go back to school and have to play catch-up."
"It's almost like the use of muscles," says Barbara Kiefer, associate professor of reading and children's literature at Teachers College at Columbia University in New York City. "If you don't exercise for a while, you lose the advantage you've built up. Reading over the summer is good practice."
Even better, says Kiefer, if you gently encourage your child to read over the summer, she will not only maintain her reading level but also might improve her skills.
"The research shows that for approximately every 10 minutes a day that kids read outside of school, their test scores go up. Reading comprehension goes up, and that's for only 10 minutes a day," says Kiefer. "So you can see what a huge impact lots and lots of reading over the summer would have."
If parents want to share the fun with their children, Kiefer recommends that they read the same books their kids are reading and then discuss them together. "You can say, 'Oh, I loved this part,' or 'This was so funny,' or this was really scary,'" says Kiefer, "There are many wonderful books that I think parents would enjoy reading too."
41. According to some experts mentioned in the passage, which statement is true?
A. It is suggested that parents should select books for their children to read in summer.
B. Whether reading will do a child good depends on what topic he chooses to read.
C. Students who don't read books in summer will definitely lose their reading ability.
D. It is recommended that parents guide their child towards books other than fiction.
42. By saying "It is almost like the use of muscles," Barbara Kiefer means "____".
A. Reading in summer is also a kind of sports
B. When reading, a person has to use some of his muscles
C. One should relax his muscles if he feels tired while reading.
D. One should keep practicing their reading skills.
43. All of the following are benefits that children may get from reading in summer EXCEPT ____.
A. getting better test scores
B. fulfilling the school requirements
C. maintaining their reading level
D. improving their reading skills
44. The most important thing for summer reading is that ____.
A. good books should be chosen for the children to read
B. parents should help their children set their reading agendas
C. children should be interested in what they read
D. teachers should check the summer reading demands
45. The passage is addressed to ____.
A. students
B. parents
C. children
D. experts
Passage 4
Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being over-harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days, the magnitude of the problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didn't understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse, had we, and others, not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it.
During our campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium available—personal appearances, the printed word, and television. Now there is a new medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them, exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates.
I am tremendously impressed with the personalization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed. For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels. I'm swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find I'm not alone. We are all learning together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world: Cities under the Sea--Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process, thanks to the flexibility of the medium.
It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded there when they got the correct answers. I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action. I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future—it is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians.
46. Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because ____.
A. the ocean was immune to pollution then
B. they didn't know what would come of if the ocean was deadly disrupted
C. there was no computer then
D. there wasn't any problem with the ocean at that time
47. The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes that ____.
A. the computer is as smart as human beings
B. the computer is friendly with human beings
C. human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their will
D. human beings have not used the computer to its fullest advantage
48. The writer went to Fiji to ____.
A. participate in a celebration
B. teach children how to use the computer
C. make an adventure in the sea
D. spend the holiday on the seashore
49. The writer's attitude towards the prospect of the ocean is ____.
A. desperate
B. unconcerned
C. optimistic
D. pragmatic
50. To have a better future for the environment, we shall fall back on ____.
A. our predecessors
B. politicians
C. computers
D. young people
Paper Two
（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在 Answer Sheet II 上）
Part III Cloze (10%)
Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet II.
Staying married has its benefits, especially financial, as a new U.S.-wide study shows the wealth of a married person is almost double __51__ of somebody who is single. Divorce among U.S. baby boomers reduced personal wealth by about 77 percent compared to that of a single person, __52__ the financial standing among those who remained married almost doubled, according to a nationwide study released this week.
Married people will see an increase in wealth that is more than just adding the assets of two single people, according to the study that __53__ published in the journal of Sociology.
Those who remained together saw a 93 percent gain in wealth compared __54__ that of a single person, while individuals facing divorce saw their financial situation deteriorate long before the decree became final, according to Zagorsky, author of the study and a research scientist at Ohio State University's Center for Human Resource Research.
Those respondents who remained single had a steady, __55__ slow growth in wealth, from less than ¥2,000 at the start of the study up to an average of about ¥11,000 after 15 years.
__56__, those who married and stayed that way showed a sharp increase __57__ wealth accumulation after marriage, growing to an average ¥43,000 by the 10th year of marriage or by about 16 percent a year.
For people __58__ married and then divorced, there was a slow build-up of wealth during the early years of marriage and then a steady decline about four years prior to divorce.
"Many of these people may have separated before the divorce became official, __59__ would help explain why wealth starts falling so early," Zagorsky said. "Divorce is often a long and messy process, and you can see this in the four-year decline in wealth."
The study also cast doubt __60__ a common assumption that divorce is much harder financially on women than on men. In fact, it showed that women suffered financially only slightly more than men.
Part IV Translation (20%)
Section A (10%)
Directions: Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.
The wisdom that happiness makes possible lies in clear perception, not fogged by anxiety nor dimmed by despair and boredom, and without the blind spots caused by fear.
Active happiness—not more satisfaction or contentment—often comes suddenly, like an April shower or the unfolding of a bud. Then you discover what kind of wisdom has accompanied it. The grass is greener; bird songs are sweeter; the shortcomings of your friends are more understandable and more forgivable. Happiness is like a pair of eyeglasses correcting your spiritual vision. The long vista is there for the seeing. The ground at your feet, the world about you—people, thoughts, emotions, pressures—are now fitted into the larger scene. Everything assumes a fairer proportion. And here is the beginning of wisdom.
Section B (10%)
Directions: Translate the following passage from Chinese into English. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.
最令人怵目惊心的一件事，是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下的移动，每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历，每天撕下一张就是表示我们的寿命又缩短了一天。因为时间即生命。没有人不爱惜他的生命，但很少有人珍视他的时间。如果想在有生之年做一点什么事，学一点什么学问，充实自己，帮助别人，使生命成为有意义，不虚此生，那么就不可浪费光阴。
Part V Writing (15%)
Directions: Write a composition of about 250 words on the following topic. Remember to write your composition on Answer Sheet II.
What Does Internet Mean to Me