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天津财经大学
2012年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
（公共英语）
English Examination for Doctoral Study Admission to
Tianjin University of Finance and Economics

Part I  Reading Comprehension  (30%)
Instructions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter.
Passage 1
Social customs and ways of behaving change. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable. Just a few years ago, it was considered impolite behaviour for a man to smoke on street. No man who thought highly of himself would smoke when a lady was in a room.
Customs also differ from country to country. Does a man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your country? Or doesn't it matter? Should you use both hands when you are eating?
The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs. For example, in both America and England people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time. Also, most Englishmen will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman, and so will most Americans. Promptness is important both in England and in America. That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 o'clock, the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delay.
The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable - especially if they are your guests. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a knife. The other guests were amused or shocked, but the host calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortable.
1. If one has accepted a dinner invitation, what should he do if he is to be late for the dinner?
A. He should find an excuse
B. He should ask for excuse.
C. He should say sorry
D. He should telephone to explain his being late.
2. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Social Customs and Manners
B. Social Life
C. American and British Customs
D. Promptness Is Important
3. According to the text, the best host __________.
A. tries his best to make his guests feel comfortable
B. makes his guests feel excited
C. tries to avoid being naughty to his guests
D. tries to avoid being foolish
4. The author of this article may agree with which of the following?
A. The guest who ate his peas with a knife
B. The other guests who were amused or shocked
C. The host who picked up his knife and began eating in the same way
D. None of the above
Passage 2
Our sense of smell, which we normally take for granted, is nowadays being increasingly used for purposes which might surprise us if we were aware of them. One area in which smells are created to achieve particular results is marketing. For some time manufacturers have taken advantage of our sense of smell with regard to household goods. Millions of dollars are spent on product research in the hunt for the right smell as it is believed perfume influences the way consumers perceive a brand. In a survey in the United States, when people were asked what was the most important factor in their choice of detergent, smell was rated highly, above ingredients and price.
Now stores are becoming even more direct in their use of smell. The smell of fresh bread in a supermarket tends to encourage people to buy, and people selling their houses are recommended to have coffee being heated when potential buyers arrive. Suddenly smell is becoming big business. One company specializing in the use of smells to attract customers now has many large stores on its own list of customers. They find that when pleasant smells are filtered through a store's air conditioning system, people tend to spend longer in the store and buy more.
Research shows that smells can increase people's view of the value of a product. In a test, people looked at the same types of shoes in two rooms—one filled with purified air, the other with a smell of mixed flowers. 84% of the people preferred the shoes in the room with the smell of flowers. In fact, many said they would be prepared to pay up to US$10 more for a pair.
Smells also have other potential uses. Some companies are experimenting with different smells to produce different effects in their workers according to the time of day. For example, early in the morning they might put the smell of lemon in the air conditioning system to wake people up. In the middle of the morning, when the atmosphere tends to become more tense, the smell of wood could be used to calm people down. Before lunchtime the smell of melting butter would encourage people to go to lunch on time. After lunch, when people often begin to lose concentration, the smell of mint would increase their alertness.
5. Which is the most appropriate title for the passage?
A. How to avoid being affected by smells
B. Using smells to influence people
C. The power of our sense of smell
D. New smells in supermarkets
6. In the survey, when selecting detergent, people considered smell ________.
A. not important
B. as important as price
C. less important than ingredients
D. more important than price
7. To attract more customers, some large stores ________.
A. employ a company specializing in the use of smells
B. provide free coffee for them
C. filter purified air through air conditioning
D. decorate themselves with fresh flowers
8. The majority of people in the test (Para. 3) preferred ________.
A. the smell of shoes to that of flowers
B. the smell of flowers to that of shoes
C. the shoes in the room with purified air
D. the shoes in the room with appealing smells
Passage 3
In the nineteenth century, oceanography benefited from the new desire to study phenomena on a global scale. Many scientists collected information on the chemical composition, temperature, and pressure of the ocean at various depths and in different regions. The difficulty of gathering information about the ocean depths was immense. At first it was believed that the temperatures in the depths never fell below 4 degrees Celsius, until it was shown that the figures were distorted by the effect of pressures on the thermometers. There was intensive study of tides and ocean currents; and a number of physicists examined the forces responsible for the movements of the water. For example, James Renell provided the first accurate map of the currents in the Atlantic Ocean, and the United States Coast Survey made extensive studies of the Gulf Stream. The zoologist Edward Forbes argued that no life existed below a depth of 300 fathoms (about 600 meters), a view widely accepted until disproved by the voyage of the British research vessel HMS Challenger (1872-1876). The HMS Challenger expedition provided valuable information about the seabed, including the discovery of manganese nodules that are now being seen as a potentially valuable source of minerals.
The first detailed map of the seabed was provided for the Atlantic by the American geographer Matthew F. Maury - he devised new techniques for measuring ocean depths, and his work proved of great value in laying the first transatlantic telegraph cables. He also studied global wind patterns and was able to provide sailors with guides that significantly reduced the time taken on many routes. Some oceanographers believed that the winds were responsible for producing ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream, but Maury disagreed. He argued that they were produced by changes in the density of seawater due to temperature.
9. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. Exploration of the Atlantic Ocean seabed
B. Differences between the Gulf Stream and other ocean currents
C. Oceanography in the nineteenth century
D. The reaction of water to temperature changes
10. According to the passage, what led to advances in the study of oceans?
A. An interest in conducting ocean research on a worldwide level
B. A disagreement between the Americans and the British
C. The development of new global weather patterns
D. The use of thermometers that could withstand deep ocean pressures
11. According to the passage, Edward Forbes held which of the following opinions?
A. The Gulf Stream did not extend below 300 fathoms.
B. Nothing lived in the ocean below 300 fathoms.
C. The discoveries of the HMS Challenger were false.
D. Manganese nodules were a potentially valuable source of minerals.
12. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the discoveries of the HMS Challenger?
A. They led zoologists to argue that there were no 300 fathoms.
B. They confirmed theories about seabed.
C. They provided no new information about the seabed.
D. They revealed an important new mineral source.
Passage 4
It is football time again. Currently, the qualifying rounds are being played to decide which countries will send teams to the World Cup. Soccer is becoming more and more popular on a worldwide scale and these qualifying legs are causing much excitement.
The game is popular at club level as well. Many fans go every week to support their team, whether the event is a home or away one, hoping to get a result. They all hope an attacking game, with a lot of goals being scored. Obviously, they do not want to see a boring, defensive match where the players are aimlessly passing the ball to each other.
Sadly, not all the action always takes place on the ground. All too frequently, there is action in the stands, too. Football supporters, most of whom declare their loyalty by wearing their team's colours, in the form of shirts, are not known for their quiet behaviour. They are often very noisy, shouting noisy encouragement to their team and singing deafening songs.
There is much rivalry between supporters. Mostly, this is good-natured, but trouble can easily arise. Fans get angry if they feel that a referee has made a wrong decision, perhaps giving one of their team a red or yellow card unfairly, or perhaps failing to notice a foul committed by a member of the other team.
When trouble breaks out in a football crowd, it can be difficult to control. Stadium officials often seat the opposing fans in separate parts of the ground as a precaution against fighting. However, preventing trouble is more difficult outside the ground. In the worst cases, riot police have to be called in.
Unfortunately, there are some fans who enjoy this violent aspect of football. These football hooligans really enjoy a running battle with the police, and call up other people to throw stones and bottles at them. They regard football not as a sport, but as an excuse for troublemaking. Inevitably, their behaviour spoils the reputation of the game.
13. What do the football fans hope to see?
A. A home game.
B. A defensive game.
C. An evenly matched game.
D. An exciting game.
14. Fans get angry when they think ________.
A. the referee is unfair
B. their team is losing
C. their team is not playing well
D. there is an intentional foul
15. Riot police are called in ________.
A. to separate the opposing fans inside the ground
B. as a precaution against trouble inside the ground
C. to stop fighting occurring outside the ground
D. as a precaution against fighting outside the ground
16. It is implied in the last paragraph that ________.
A. football fans enjoy spoiling games
B. football hooligans are crazy about the games
C. football can be an excuse for troublemaking
D. football has a poor reputation
Passage 5
Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.
First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.
One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness.
You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.
17. Pruning should be done to ________.
A. make the tree grow taller
B. improve the shape of the tree
C. get rid of the small branches
D. make the small branches thicker
18. Trees become unhealthy if the gardener ________.
A. allows too many branches to grow in the middle
B. does not protect them from wind
C. forces them to grow too quickly
D. damages some of the small side branches
19. A good gardener prunes a tree ________.
A. at intervals throughout the year
B. as quickly as possible
C. occasionally when necessary
D. regular every winter
20. What was the author's purpose when writing this passage?
A. To give practical instruction for pruning a tree.
B. To give a general description of pruning
C. To explain how trees develop diseases
D. To discuss different methods of pruning.
Part II.  Translation  (40 points)
Part A. (20 points)
Directions: Translate the following passages into English.
中国坚持生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会。因此，要在产业结构调整、自主创新、节能减排等方面取得新进展，城乡居民收入实际增长和经济增长保持同步，继续实施积极的财政政策，更加注重向民生领域倾斜，继续实施稳健的货币政策。大力发展公益性文化事业，以农村和中西部地区为重点，加强基层文化设施建设。
Part B. (20 points)
Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese.
In the present era, culture has become a more and more important source of national cohesion and creativity and a factor of growing significance in the competition in overall national strength, and the Chinese people have an increasingly ardent desire for a richer cultural life. We must keep to the orientation of advanced socialist culture, bring about a new upsurge in socialist cultural development, stimulate the cultural creativity of the whole nation, and enhance culture as part of the soft power of our country to better guarantee the people's basic cultural rights and interests, enrich the cultural life in Chinese society and inspire the enthusiasm of the people for progress.
Foster a culture of harmony and cultivate civilized practices. A culture of harmony provides important intellectual support for the unity and progress of all our people. We must step up the development of the press, publishing, radio, film, television, literature and art, give correct guidance to the public and foster healthy social trends. We must balance cultural development between urban and rural areas and among different regions, focusing on enriching the cultural life in rural and remote areas and of rural migrant workers in cities. We will strengthen efforts to develop and manage Internet culture and foster a good cyber environment.
Part III.  Writing  (30 points)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic "certificate craze on campus". You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1. 近年来大学校园出现“考证热”
2. 产生这一现象的原因
3. 你的看法