四川农业大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

四川农业大学
2019年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题

科目名称：1001 英语（总分：100分）
考生注意：所有答案必需写在答题纸上，否则无效！本试题随同答题纸收回

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
For hundreds of millions of years, turtles have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings down to the water’s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them, you’d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.
But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.
Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and long line fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.
Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.
1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.
A. human activities have changed the way turtles survive
B. efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out
C. government bureaucracy has contributed to turtles’ extinction
D. marine biologists are looking for the secret of turtles’ reproduction
2. What does the author mean by “Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness” (Line 1, Para. 2)?
A. Nature is quite fair regarding the survival of turtles.
B. Turtles are by nature indifferent to human activities.
C. The course of nature will not be changed by human interference.
D. The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.
3. What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?
A. Their inadequate food supply.
B. Unregulated commercial fishing.
C. Their lower reproductively ability.
D. Contamination of sea water
4. How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?
A. It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.
B. The changing climate makes it difficult for their eggs to hatch.
C. The rising sea levels make it harder for their hatchlings to grow.
D. It takes them longer to adapt to the high beach temperature.
5. The last sentence of the passage is meant to ________.
A. persuade human beings to show more affection for turtles
B. stress that even the most ugly species should be protected
C. call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles’ survival
D. warn our descendants about the extinction of species
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.
A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “labor-market premium to skill”—or the amount college graduates earned that’s greater than what high-school graduate earned—decreased for much of the 20th century, but has come back with a vengeance since the 1980s. In 2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.
There’s no question that going to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesn’t come down merely to dollars and cents. Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)? Probably not. Does being an out-of-state student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380) there? Not likely.
No, in this consumerist age, most buyers aren’t evaluating college as an investment, but rather as a consumer product—like a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.
As with automobiles, consumers in today’s college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberal-arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. So which is it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car? In keeping with the automotive world’s hottest consumer trend, maybe it’s best to characterize it as a hybrid (混合动力汽车); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.
6. What’s the opinion of economists about going to college?
A. Huge amounts of money is being wasted on campus socializing.
B. It doesn’t pay to run into debt to receive a college education.
C. College education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.
D. Going to college doesn’t necessarily bring the expected returns.
7. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, ________.
A. enrollment kept decreasing in virtually all American colleges and universities
B. the labor market preferred high-school to college graduates
C. competition for university admissions was far more fierce than today
D. the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed
8. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.
A. save more on tuition
B. receive a better education
C. take more liberal-arts courses
D. avoid traveling long distances
9. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.
A. regard college education as a wise investment
B. place a premium on the prestige of the College
C. think it crucial to send their children to college
D. consider college education a consumer product
10. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?
A. Their employment prospects after graduation.
B. A satisfying experience within their budgets.
C. Its facilities and learning environment.
D. Its ranking among similar institutions.
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 14 are based on the following passage.
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
11. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.
A. he has given up his smoking habit
B. he has made great efforts in his work
C. he is keen on learning anything new
D. he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
12. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.
A. succeed in climbing up the social ladder
B. judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
C. face difficulties and take up challenges
D. aim high and reach his goal each time
13. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.
A. a new approach to experiencing the world
B. a new way of taking risks
C. a new method of perceiving ourselves
D. a new system of adaptation to change
14. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.
A. curiosity about more chances
B. promptness in self-adaptation
C. open-mindedness to new experiences
D. avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Passage Four
Questions 15 to 17 are based on the following passage.
In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
15. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.
A. they have to learn new things consciously
B. they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
C. they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
D. they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.
16. From the passage we can infer that__.
A. electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
B. it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
C. people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
D. events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
17. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.
A. it is necessary to obtain as much
B. people should make the best use of the information
C. we should realize the importance of accumulating information .
D. it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
Passage Five
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage.
Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
18. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.
A. impatient
B. considerate
C. aggressive
D. agreeable
19. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.
A. the pressure is too great on the students
B. some students are bound to fail
C. failure rates are too high
D. the results of exanimations are doubtful
20. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.
A. the personality of a child is well established at birth
B. family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics.
C. the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors
D. B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Part IV Cloze (20 points)
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __21__ those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __22__ a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to __23__ the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __24__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __25__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __26__ a good family.
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, __27__ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __28__ prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, __29__ cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and __30__ a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __31__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may __32__ with them up to a year, __33__ they can build a flew house nearby.
Divorce is legal and easy to __34__, but not common. Divorced persons are __35__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains __36__ property he or she __37__ into the marriage, and jointly acquired property is __38__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __39__ up. The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry __40__ the woman must wait the months.
21.
A. by way of
B. as well as
C. on behalf of
D. with regard to
22.
A. adapt to
B. provide for
C. compete with
D. decide on
23.
A. close
B. renew
C. arrange
D. postpone
24.
A. In theory
B. Above all
C. In time
D. For example
25.
A. Although
B. Lest
C. After
D. Unless
26.
A. into
B. within
C. from
D. through
27.
A. sine
B. or
C. but
D. so
28.
A. test
B. copy
C. recite
D. create
29.
A. folding
B. piling
C. wrapping
D. tying
30.
A. lighting
B. passing
C. hiding
D. serving
31.
A. meeting
B. association
C. collection
D. union
32.
A. grow
B. part
C. deal
D. live
33.
A. whereas
B. until
C. for
D. if
34.
A. obtain
B. follow
C. challenge
D. avoid
35.
A. isolated
B. persuaded
C. viewed
D. exposed
36.
A. wherever
B. however
C. whenever
D. whatever
37.
A. changed
B. brought
C. shaped
D. pushed
38.
A. divided
B. invested
C. donated
D. withdrawn
39.
A. clears
B. warms
C. shows
D. breaks
40.
A. while
B. so what
C. once
D. in that
Part III Translation (20 points)
Directions: There is a passage in the following and you are required to translate it into English.
越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。他们中的许多人，包括老年人，都使用手机应用程序(apps)保持联系并拓宽朋友圈。他们也用手机购物、查找信息，因为手机便于携带。此外，使用手机应用程序通信比传统电话便宜。然而，这种新趋势导致人们在社交时过度依赖手机。事实上，一些年轻人已经变得十分上瘾，以至于忽视了与家人和朋友面对面的交流。
Part III Writing (20 points)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between teachers and students. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.