中国林业科学研究院考博英语真题,考博英语试题

中国林业科学研究院
2017年博士生入学考试英语试题

所有答案必须写在答题纸上，答在试卷及草稿纸上无效。
Part I. Vocabulary (10 points)
Section A (5 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences. Each has something missed out. Below each sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
1. The table has a plastic coating which prevents liquids from ______ into the wood beneath.
A. pertaining   B. permeating   C. prevailing   D. preparing
2. Nothing makes the earth seem so spacious as to have a friend at distance; they make ______ and longitude.
A. altitude   B. latitude   C. attitude   D. multitude
3. The wind ______ their attempts to reach the shore by pushing the boat further and further out to sea.
A. mocked   B. ridiculed   C. laughed   D. despised
4. The engagement of the two movie stars created a terrific ______ in the popular press.
A. splash   B. burst   C. dash   D. eruption
5. Since the championship began in 1987, they have finished ______ in ninth, seventh and fifth position.
A. recessively   B. successively   C. subsequently   D. predominantly
6. It's natural for Judy to ______ towards the end of a hard day's work.
A. clear off   B. loosen off   C. slack off   D. back off
7. He was there and saw what happened, so his is the only ______ account.
A. authentic   B. accurate   C. authoritative   D. actual
8. All the members suffered the harsh weather during this scientific ______ to the North Pole.
A. travel   B. expedition   C. voyage   D. journey
9. The marsh is an area of great scientific interest ______ its wild flowers.
A. in addition to   B. by way of   C. in case of   D. on account of
10. Look at Johnny! I bet he'll ______ a muscle if he goes on dancing like that!
A. strike   B. disrupt   C. shatter   D. rupture
Section B (5 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest to the meaning of the underlined one. Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
11. The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour.
A. careful   B. industrious   C. clever   D. capable
12. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.
A. frightening   B. promising   C. freezing   D. revealing
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes.
A. recyclable   B. smelly   C. poisonous   D. harmful
14. I can't understand how he can feel that his colleagues are always ready to denounce him.
A. compliment   B. criticize   C. flatter   D. challenge
15. Even today, Canadians are not nearly from the tradition of Victorian gentility as we imagine.
A. by any means   B. far away   C. next to   D. almost not
16. Ploughs and other agricultural implements were on display at the recent exhibition.
A. equations   B. playthings   C. tools   D. machinery
17. The old lady was chronically ill in bed and seldom went out.
A. seriously   B. dangerously   C. gradually   D. continually
18. When the farmers visited the city the first time, they were bewildered by its complicated traffic system.
A. evoked   B. confused   C. diverted   D. shocked
19. They were absorbed in their scientific research, not knowing what happened just outside their lab.
A. submerged   B. immersed   C. drowned   D. dipped
20. My own inclination, if I were in his situation, would be to look for another position.
A. symptom   B. likeness   C. habit   D. tendency
Part II. Reading Comprehension (39 points)
Section A (30 points, 2 point each)
Directions: There are three reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by four questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
Few modem works of social science have aroused so wide an interest as David Riesman's study of the changing American character, The Lonely Crowd. Published in 1950 by a university press, it soon transcended the limited audience for which it was intended. When the book was brought out in a paperbound edition, it sold so widely that it became a miracle of the publishing world. The terminology of the work, especially the phrases "inner directed" and "other directed", has become part of American vocabulary.
The Lonely Crowd presents the hypothesis that there has been a significant change in the character and ideals of the American people over the past few decades. This change is described as a movement from "inner direction" to "other direction". It is not possible in this space to do justice to the meaning of the two concepts. In general, it may be said that the trend away from inner direction toward other direction implies that the ambitious, competitive character, who is highly individualistic and makes great demands on himself (and others), is becoming less typical of the American culture, and is yielding to a less assertive and more conciliatory character, accustomed to the requirements of the group either in co-operation or in conformity, and taking direction from the ideals and demands of others.
Mr. Riesman wishes not to be partisan with either form of "direction", although is aware that most of his readers will find that inner direction, as he describes it, is more attractive than other direction. He accepts neither as an ideal form of motivation, and offers as an escape from both the difficult ideal of autonomy. But as an objective observer of American life, he can note the advantages as well as the dangers of the new tendency. He sees the diminution of inner direction as implying a lessening of individualism, personal self-definition, energy, and sheer interestingness. But he is no less aware that the increase of other direction implies a lessening of raw competitiveness and an increase of co-operativeness and of friendliness, if not of friendship.
Questions
21. An advantage of trend to other direction is ______.
A. self-definition
B. energy
C. an increase of friendliness
D. an increase in competition
22. According to the article, the author of The Lonely Crowd believes that ______.
A. inner-directed people are happier
B. inner-directed people are less ambitious
C. inner direction is more acceptable for most people
D. inner direction is preferable
23. That the character and ideals of the American people have changed significantly in the past few decades is ______.
A. an established fact
B. a sociological law
C. a proposition discussed in The Lonely Crowd
D. a proposition Mr. Riesman set out to disprove
24. One of the proofs of the success of The Lonely Crowd lies in the fact that ______.
A. most sociologists accept its principles without question
B. it had a limited audience
C. some of its terminology has become part of American vocabulary
D. it appears in many foreign translations
25. Generally speaking, the other-directed man ______.
A. conforms or co-operates with the group
B. is highly competitive in character
C. is not attuned to the requirements of the group
D. makes great demands on himself
Passage 2
Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, nor anxiety, nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society's economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.
In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object's physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are good and others are bad, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.
Questions
26. People might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion because that ______.
A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objects
B. they would not know what was beneficial or harmful to them
C. they would not be happy in a life without love
D. they would do things that hurt each other's feelings
27. According to the passage, people's learning activities are possible because they ______.
A. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive
B. benefit from providing help and support to one another
C. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing
D. know what is vital to the progress of society
28. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on ______.
A. the ability to make money
B. the will to work for pleasure
C. the capacity to enjoy incentives
D. the categorizations of our emotional experiences
29. Emotions are significant for man's survival and adaptation because ______.
A. they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects
B. they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained
C. they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements
D. they generate more love than hate among people
30. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they ______.
A. help society exploit its members for profit
B. encourage us to perform important tasks
C. help to perfect the legal and penal system
D. help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us
Passage 3
While technologies hold a great deal of promise, and will have a real impact on our future, it's important for us to understand the ramifications artificial intelligence and robotics could have for all of us.
My first big concern about AI was recently highlighted in a New York Times piece by John Markoff, who wrote that while AI has great potential for good, it could also be abused by criminals who might use it for their nefarious goals: "The growing sophistication of computer criminals can be seen in the evolution of attack tools like the widely used malicious program known as Blackshades, according to the author of the program, a Swedish national, was convicted last year in the United States.
The system allowed users without technical skills to deploy computer ransomware or perform video or audio eavesdropping with a mouse click. The next generation of these tools will add machine learning capabilities that have been pioneered by artificial intelligence researchers to improve the quality of machine vision, speech understanding, speech synthesis and natural language understanding. Some computer security researchers believe that digital criminals have been experimenting with the use of A.I. technologies for more than half a decade.
AI and robotics also concern me in terms of their role in replacing people in the labor force, thus eliminating jobs. I'm hearing from more and more people who study the job market and believe this problem is very real. Telegraph Science Editor Sarah Knapton wrote the following last April: "Robots will have taken over most jobs within 30 years leaving humanity facing its 'biggest challenge' to find meaning in life when work is no longer necessary, according to experts." Professor Moshe Vardi claims that many middle-class professionals will be outsources to machines within the next few decades leaving workers with more leisure time than they have ever experienced. The rise of robots could lead to unemployment rates greater than 50 per cent and will be able to outperform humans at almost any task,"
While a life of leisure may be appealing to many, the fact is that work and jobs are important to our overall lifestyle and identity. Even more importantly, they provide our livelihood. Forecasters believe that by 2050 there will be close to 10 billion people on the earth. If robots could replace as many as 50% of the workers in the market, we're headed for disaster.
Questions
31. The writer of this article develops his argument mainly by ______.
A. evidence
B. investigation
C. citation
D. supporting points
32. Between the two concerns that the writer discusses, ______ is more serious.
A. malicious and nefarious digital performance
B. sophistication of computer technology
C. biggest challenge to find meaning in life
D. disastrous employment for human livelihood
33. The function of "Blackshades" is to ______.
A. obtain illegally other people's information
B. help players perform computer easily
C. realize researchers' pioneering AI technology
D. convict its creator of eavesdropping and ransoming
34. Which of the following points would the writer most unlikely state?
A. Computer will take over the jobs of well educated workers.
B. Job means social position and way of life.
C. Job is not a necessity when AI does it instead.
D. People will be willing to enjoy more leisure time.
35. The bold word in Paragraph 4 "outsources" means ______ in the context.
A. AI will become reliable sources with a company
B. AI will fulfill the company's task as an outsider
C. Technicians will play a role as better sources than computers
D. Technicians will be personnel source outside the company
Section B (9 points, 1 point each)
Directions: There are two reading passages in this section. In the first passage, five phrases or sentences are missed out while in the second passage four are missed out. Below the two passages the right phrases and sentences are listed with two extra ones respectively. Choose the correct ones and then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
Passage 4
As designers, we pride ourselves on being great communicators. We go to extreme lengths to ___36___ with users in a language they understand, enabling them to engage with our messages and feel like they're part of a story we built just for them. Yet, we do a poor job of communicating with those whom our work requires us to talk to every day—and we need to, and can, ___37___.
We know we need other people to ___38___. But we often say this—to ourselves and to everyone else—without taking the time to truly listen to, be inspired by, and understand the reasons behind others' words or actions. We desperately want everyone to understand our motivations, to see that we're upset and tell us something positive, to listen to us and marvel at our wisdom—yet we rarely bother to reciprocate (give in return).
Psychiatrist Edward Hallowell calls the interactions that makes us happier "human moments"—being in the physical presence of someone and having her emotional and intellectual attention—and argues that not having enough of them can ___39___, self doubt, rudeness, and worry.
We already have the right tools to ___40___. We just need to put the same effort into communicating with colleagues as we put into communicating with users. When we truly understand our colleagues and respect their needs, we will build stronger, more trusting relationships within our teams and organizations—and better design because of it.
A. do our jobs well
B. communicate
C. communicate with one another effectively
D. get better at it
E. leads to misunderstanding
F. causes problems
G. lead to oversensitivity
Passage 5
Published Nov. 12 in the journal Frontiers in Cognitive Science, the study found that, after 20 minutes of practicing their cover story, liars could respond just as quickly and easily to lies as to the truth. Moreover, ___41___ slip-up on falsehoods than on the truth. "After a short time of training, people can be very efficient at lying," said Xiaoqing Hu, a study co-author and psychology doctoral candidate at Northwestern University. "___42___ has been eliminated after the training."
Though people lie for myriad reasons, it's no easy task. Lying takes a lot of brainpower because it requires holding contradictory information in mind, while inhibiting the urge to tell the truth. ___43___ and only improve as they mature. And several studies have found that people take longer to tell a lie than to tell the truth.
"Lying is difficult, because honesty is the default communication mode, " Hu told Live Science. But ___44___ offer a deception with no practice. In real life, criminals usually practice and perfect their alibis before facing a police interrogation.
A. past studies mostly tested people's ability to
B. children are terrible liars
C. the difference between lying and being honest
D. they were no more likely to
E. there is no difference that
F. research has supported the previous achievements to
Part III. Cloze (15 points, 1 point each)
Directions: There are fifteen questions in this part of test. Read the passage through. Then go back to choose one word or phrase from the four marked A, B, C, and D that best fits the blank. Write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
Man, even in the lower stages of development, possesses a faculty of Number Sense. This faculty permits him to recognize that something has changed in a small collection when, without his direct knowledge, an object has been removed from or ___45___ to the collection.
Number sense should not be confused with counting, which is probably of a much later vintage, and involves, as we shall see, a rather intricate mental process. ___46___, so far as we know, is an attribute exclusively human, ___47___ some brute species seem to possess a rudimentary number sense akin ___48___ our own. At least, such is the opinion of competent observers of animal behavior, and the theory is supported by a weighty mass of ___49___.
Many birds, ___50___, possess such a number sense. If a nest contains four eggs, one can safely be taken; but when two are removed, the bird generally deserts. In some unaccountably way the bird can distinguish two from three. But this faculty is by ___51___ means confined to birds. In fact, the most ___52___ instance we know is that of the insect ___53___ the "solitary wasp". The mother wasp ___54___ her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched. Now, the number of victims is remarkably constant for a ___55___ species of wasp. Some ___56___ provide 5, others, 12, others again as high as 24 caterpillars per cell. But most remarkable is the case of the Genus Eumenus, a variety in which the ___57___ is much smaller than the female. In some mysterious way the mother knows whether the egg will ___58___ a male or a female and supports the quantity of food accordingly; she does not change the species or size of the prey, but if the egg is male, she supplies it with five victims; if female, ___59___ ten.
45. A. deduced   B. put   C. added   D. found
46. A. showing   B. sensing   C. numbering   D. counting
47. A. and   B. whereas   C. similarly   D. otherwise
48. A. of   B. to   C. by   D. in
49. A. competence   B. eminence   C. evidence   D. residence
50. A. in record   B. in memory   C. of course   D. for instance
51. A. no   B. any   C. a   D. the
52. A. amusing   B. striking   C. shining   D. knocking
53. A. called   B. dubbed   C. famed   D. noted
54. A. lies   B. laid   C. lays   D. lied
55. A. given   B. set   C. fixed   D. settled
56. A. section   B. segment   C. sect   D. species
57. A. male   B. maternal   C. sex   D. gender
58. A. survive   B. remain   C. catch   D. produce
59. A. within   B. with   C. for   D. at
Part IV. Translation (21 points, 3 points each)
Directions: In this section, translate the first two sentences into English，and then the next five into Chinese. Write your translated sentences on your answering sheet against the corresponding question numbers on Paper One.
60. 本文探讨了研究生科技创新项目对研究生学术创新能力培养的作用以及项目实施过程中存在的问题。
61. “不出我之所料，仅仅三年，你的革命意志已经彻底消退。你自私，落后，发家致富，想过上糜烂生活。”（来源不必译：选自莫言《生死疲劳》）
62. Industry experts believe innovation in smartphones is giving way to phone functions popping up as software or services in all manner of new devices from cars to fridges to watches and jewelry rather than remaining with handheld devices.
63. Recently, Shellenberger co-wrote a letter to President Obama about why he and other scientists and conservationists believe that closing nuclear plants undermines the president's environmental work.
64. "We see a lot of hand-wringing - and clearly Trump's victory and Brexit gives that new impetus this year - but there is a lack of concrete alternatives to business as usual," said Max Lawson, Oxfam's head of policy.
65. You've got nothing to lose but everything to gain. If you fail, you'll become smarter; If you succeed, you'll gain even more self-confidence and the emotional and financial rewards. See life as a progressive journey. And you'll most certainly achieve anything you set your mind to.
66. "Enjoyed" is too mild a word. I walked on air. I really lived. I was a free man and I was doing what I loved to do and what I was meant to do. (Do not translate the reference: Alexander Bloch: Life in a Violin Case)
Part V. Writing (15 points)
Directions: Write an essay with at least 300 English words on the given topic below. You should have your own point of view and it should be developed with sufficient supporting points. Write it on your Answer Sheet.
67. New effects will be produced after a student has accommodated to the new study environment which is different from the old one in childhood. Write an essay with the following title to discuss the effects from the aspects, such as psychological development, independency, family affection, study competence, etc., to show what a student can learn from higher education conditions.
Effects from New Study Environment