中国政法大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

中国政法大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

(Time Limit: 180 minutes)
Part I Listening Comprehension
Part II Vocabulary and Structure
Part III Reading Comprehension
Part IV Translation
Part V Writing
Part I Listening Comprehension (15 points)
（略）
Part II Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure (15 points)
Section A
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Example:
The initial step is often the most difficult.
[A] quickest [B] longest [C] last [D] first
The best answer is [D] because "first" has the same meaning as "initial" in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
21. Zwilich's music has always been accessible, often wildly extroverted, as in her popular orchestral piece "Celebration," or palpably introverted, as in her poignant clarinet quintet.
[A] railed
[B] plundered
[C] shied
[D] admonished
22. Outside, hospital interns are marching for yet another protest against government plans to scale back French health care.
[A] swoop
[B] grope
[C] decrease
[D] harrow
23. Their charm looks like little more than practiced narcissism. They calculatingly hang on to husbands for money, status and security.
[A] inventory
[B] egotism
[C] intimacy
[D] propulsion
24. Tailor's black moods were often accompanied by inexplicable bouts of insomnia, crying and lethargy. By last summer she'd sunk so low she didn't care if she lived or died.
[A] provision
[B] cylinder
[C] torpid
[D] contradiction
25. People have been ingesting Saint Johnswort, a yellow-flowered plant with the Latin name of Hypericum perforatum, for some 2 000 years.
[A] consuming
[B] wrinkling
[C] stamping
[D] tucking
26. Experts note that many of the products in the health-food stores contain overly diluted concentrations that render the herb impotent.
[A] stimulated
[B] stooped
[C] snatched
[D] weakened
27. In the study of 3 250 depressed patients, only 2.4 percent experienced side effects. Those include restlessness, gastrointestinal irritations and mild allergic reactions.
[A] humble
[B] wretched
[C] sensitive
[D] whimsical
28. His landlord was trying to evict him from his apartment, which was raided last month by lawyers administering his personal-bankruptcy case.
[A] avow
[B] expel
[C] rotate
[D] shear
29. Moreover, Northern Cyprus has no extradition treaty with Britain. Turkish Cypriot leader made it clear that Nadir would not be returned to London.
[A] courtesy
[B] expatriate
[C] efficacy
[D] hegemony
30. The auctioneer's hammers were not the only thing falling as the spring auction season got under way in New York. So were prices for works by some of the major names in contemporary arts.
[A] enormity
[B] bidding
[C] bigotry
[D] ardor
31. It is believed that the Congress resolves political issues by consulting voters, being lobbied by interest groups, looking at opinion polls, and openly debating the pros and cons.
[A] constitution
[B] constituents
[C] administrative
[D] executive
32. If one aids and abets a criminal, he is also considered guilty of the crime.
[A] suspicious
[B] daring
[C] culpable
[D] ruthless
33. Even though the evidence is overwhelming, if one juror is still skeptical, the case must be retried.
[A] not present
[B] not surprised
[C] not convinced
[D] not worried
34. The representatives of the company seemed very callous concerning the conditions of the workers.
[A] liberal
[B] ignorant
[C] responsible
[D] insensitive
35. Some of the gangs that terrorized Chicago in the 1920's did not have the propriety to keep their activities off the streets.
[A] decency
[B] ability
[C] resources
[D] courage
Section B
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times ______ 1979.
[A] from [B] after [C] for [D] since
The sentence should read, "I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979." Therefore you should choose [D].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
36. When two words are joined to make a new special meaning, its ______ and the result is called a compound.
[A] joining up of the meaning
[B] meaning joins up
[C] joined up by
[D] joined up meaning
37. The Greenhouse effect is a phenomenon that is caused when carbon dioxide ______ and is trapped in the atmosphere.
[A] is released
[B] releases
[C] has released
[D] had released
38. ______ an ownership of nearly 60 to 62 percent of corporate equities, this means 1-2 percent of American society possesses about 43 percent of the total wealth of the nation.
[A] The range of
[B] Ranging
[C] Ranging from
[D] The range
39. Until the late eighteenth century, craftsmen were ______ made toys, mastering their trade and hours to carefully shaping each product by hand.
[A] what the main people
[B] who the main people
[C] the main people were
[D] the main people who
40. Sunlight during dawn or dusk comes in at a lower angle, and since it cannot escape the dust and pollution of the atmosphere ______, the sky turns orange and then red.
[A] as can the daytime sunlight
[B] can the daytime sunlight
[C] so can daytime sunlight
[D] as with daytime sunlight can
41. More than anything, what saved Jamestown was the highly successful cultivation of tobacco, ______ Indian assistance with farming undoubtedly played a major part as well.
[A] although
[B] in spite of
[C] nor
[D] neither
42. The 3000 calories you might eat ______ energy to about 6 pounds of TNT.
[A] is equal in
[B] equal
[C] have equality in
[D] have
43. Of the two great Greek philosophers, namely Plato and Aristotle, ______ who relied on observation.
[A] the one was the latter
[B] the latter was the one
[C] the one of the latter
[D] the latter of the one
44. It is now acknowledged that an expanding human population ______ behind desertification, since more people inevitably exert a greater pressure on that area's resources.
[A] is ultimately drives the force
[B] is driving the force ultimately
[C] ultimately the driving force is
[D] is the ultimate driving force
45. Daily brushing and flossing are the most important weapons ______ of plaque, the primary cause of cavities.
[A] against the formation
[B] for forming
[C] about the formation
[D] on the formation
46. In December 1997, more than 160 other countries met in Kyoto, Japan, and ______ GHG emissions, known as the Kyoto Protocol.
[A] agreement to reduce targeted
[B] agreeing to reduce target
[C] agrees to reduce the target
[D] agreed to targets to reduce
47. Folktales are a way to study the history of a nation ______, since they provide an insight as to the values people finds to be important.
[A] so the eyes of native people
[B] through the eyes of its natives
[C] in which the eyes of its natives
[D] of which the native eyes
48. ______ provide new insights into the problem of consciousness, it also does so in a way that ordinary people can understand.
[A] Not only Stephen Pinker's work
[B] Stephen Pinker's work, which does not only
[C] It is not only Stephen Pinker's work to
[D] Not only does Stephen Pinker's work
49. Barbara Kingsolver's novel Pigs in Heaven is generally considered by critics ______ best literary achievements.
[A] as on of her
[B] that is her
[C] to be one of her
[D] was one of her
50. Following in his father's footsteps, George W. Bush became ______ president of the United States in January 2001.
[A] he was the forty-third
[B] the forty-third
[C] who was the forty-third
[D] the number forty-three
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Then on your Answer Sheet, find the corresponding letter and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage
Passage 1
Blackmail may be defined as the sale of information to an individual who would be incriminated by its publication, and at first glance it appears to be an efficient method of private enforcement of the law (the moral as well as the positive law). The value of the information to the blackmailed individual is equal to the cost of the punishment that the individual will incur if the information is communicated to the authorities and he is punished as a result, and so he will be willing to pay up to that amount to the blackmailer for the information. The individual is thereby punished, and the punishment is the same as if he had been apprehended and convicted for the crime that the blackmailer has discovered, but the fine is paid to the blackmailer rather than to the state.
Why, then, is blackmail a crime? One scholar's answer is that it results in under-deterrence of crimes punished by non-pecuniary sanctions because the criminals lack the resources to pay an optimal fine. The blackmailer will sell his information to the criminal for a price lower than the cost of punishment if the criminal cannot pay a higher price. A more persuasive explanation of why blackmail follows directly from the decision to rely on a public monopoly of law enforcement in some areas of enforcement, notably criminal law. Were blackmail, a form of private enforcement, lawful, the public monopoly of enforcement would be undermined. Overenforcement of the law would result if the blackmailer were able to extract the full fine from the offender. Alternatively, the blackmailer might sell his incriminating information to the offender for a price lower than the statutory cost of punishment to the criminal, which would reduce the effective cost of punishment to the criminal below the level set by the legislature. This problem, however, could be solved by a system of public bounties equal to the cost of punishment (or lower, to induce the enforcement industry to contract to optimal size). Then the blackmailer could always claim a bounty from the state if the criminal was unable to pay a price equal to the optimal fine.
Consistent with this analysis, Axel's studies show that practices indistinguishable from blackmail, though not called by that name, are permitted in areas where the law is enforced privately rather than publicly because the over enforcement problem is not serious. No one seems to object to a person's collecting information about his or her spouse's adulterous activities and threatening to disclose that information in a divorce proceeding or other forum in order to extract maximum compensation for the offending spouse's breach of the marital obligations.
Blackmail and bribery appear to be virtually identical practices from the standpoint of the analysis of private enforcement. The blackmailer and the bribed official both receive payment in exchange for not enforcing the law. We therefore predict that in areas where there is a public monopoly of enforcement, bribery, like blackmail, will be prohibited, while in areas where there is no public monopoly, it will be permitted. And so we observe. The settlement out of court of negligence claims is a form of perfectly lawful bribery, although the term is not used in these situations because of its pejorative connotation.
51. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?
[A] Blackmail and bribery are valuable forms of law enforcement.
[B] Private law enforcement is more efficient than public law enforcement.
[C] Punishment under private and public law enforcement is the same.
[D] When public law enforcement is not threatened, blackmail and bribery are permitted.
52. According to the passage, which of the following sets the cost of punishment?
[A] the blackmailer
[B] the offenders
[C] the legislature
[D] the criminal
53. Which of the following best describes the author's attitude toward bribery?
[A] It will be permitted in divorce proceedings.
[B] It will be encouraged when over-enforcement is not a serious problem.
[C] It will be used in order to extract maximum compensation.
[D] It will be permitted where there is no public law enforcement monopoly.
54. Which of the following most closely parallels the author's example of perfectly lawful bribery in the passage (the last sentence of the passage)?
[A] A plea bargain made by a public prosecutor with an indicted defendant
[B] A pardon given by a governor to a convicted felon
[C] A fine paid by a traffic violator to a magistrate
[D] A holiday turkey given by a vendor to a city purchasing agent
55. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author's position on the legality of blackmail?
[A] Blackmail is not a crime in all countries where law enforcement is a public monopoly.
[B] Bribery flourishes in countries where public law enforcement is weak or nonexistent.
[C] Blackmail of such private dispute-resolution professionals as labor arbitrators is very rare.
[D] Bribery of such public dispute-resolution professionals as judges is very rare.
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage
Passage 2
It is not easy to describe the present position of legal opinion on advertising and free speech. Only a poet can capture the essence of chaos. Nor is it easy to foresee how things will develop. Lacking any rationale for the First Amendment, with the courts depending on time-honored slogans to sustain conclusions, there is no obvious resting place; from the moment the slogans cease to work their magic. At the present time, the courts are tending to bring a greater proportion of advertising within the protection of the First Amendment. And cases now proceeding through the courts, such as the litigation concerning what egg producers can say about heart disease and cholesterol or what can be said about margarine in advertisements will undoubtedly continue the process. Where will it end?
Some legal writers have sought to treat First Amendment rights as being, in some sense, absolute and have objected to what is termed the "balancing" by the courts of these rights against others. But such "balancing" is inevitable if judges must direct their attention to the general welfare. Freedom to speak and write is bound to be restricted when exercise of these freedoms prevents the carrying out of other activities that people value. Thus is it reasonable that First Amendment freedoms should be curtailed when they impair the enjoyment of life (privacy), inflict great damage on others (slander and libel), are disturbing (loudness), destroy incentives to carry out useful work (copyright), create dangers for society (sedition, national security), or are offensive and corrupting (obscenity)? The determination of the boundaries to which a doctrine can be applied is not likely to come about in a very conscious or even consistent way. But it is through recognition of the fact that fights should be assigned to those to whom they are most valuable that such boundaries come to be set. It is only in recent years that there has been any serious consideration of the relation of advertising to freedom of speech and of writing. Now that the value of advertising in providing information has been accepted, it seems improbable that it will long be thought that this is true only for price advertising. And the action of the Federal Trade Commission in treating prohibitions by professional associations of advertising by their members as anticompetitive will bring greater awareness of the informational role of advertising. Similarly, the many studies of the failures of government regulatory agencies that have been made in recent years are bound to make the courts somewhat reluctant to expand and more willing to take advantage of opportunities to contract the regulation of advertising. Where will it end? It seems likely that the law will be interpreted to allow the Federal Trade Commission to continue to regulate false and deceptive advertising, but with greater freedom for what can be said in advertising than now exists, and with somewhat diminished powers for the various government agencies that regulate advertising.
56. Which of the following best describes the point of the passage?
[A] The First Amendment is primarily a collection of slogans.
[B] All advertising is protected by the right of free speech.
[C] Courts must balance the right of free speech with others.
[D] More advertising will be protected by the First Amendment.
57. According to the passage, which of the following may NOT be limited by restrictions on the freedom of speech?
[A] advertising claims
[B] obscene films
[C] amplified music in a public park
[D] political rhetoric
58. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
[A] The Federal Trade Commission is losing its power to regulate false advertising.
[B] Price advertising is protected by the First Amendment.
[C] The First Amendment right of freedom to speak and write is absolute.
[D] Boundaries for First Amendment freedoms are consciously determined by the courts.
59. The author refers to "chaos" in Line 2 to indicate which of the following?
[A] that the passage is written by a poet.
[B] that the state of the law of free speech is disorganized.
[C] that advertising and free speech are intermingled.
[D] that it is difficult to describe the confusion in the law related to advertising and free speech.
60. According to the passage, limitations on free speech are permitted in order to protect ______.
[A] boundaries
[B] individual damages
[C] the national government
[D] the general welfare
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage
Passage 3
The black experience in the United States, including slavery, the fight for full citizenship from the time of the Emancipation, and the enforced alienation that constantly cuts into our natural identification with our country, has obviously been different from that of whites. And although, as passionate believers in democracy, black Americans identify themselves with broad American ideals, their sense of reality springs, in part, from experiences with which some white people are reluctant to identify themselves even in their imaginations. Thus, when some whites in the United States declare most twentieth-century American fiction to be the "American reality," black people respond by pointing out that this and this have been left out. And most of all, blacks point out that what whites would have the world accept as the image of black Americans isn't realistic.
Each of the failings that has been identified by black people is found in both second-rate works and in novels by some of America's most respected white authors. For example, I recall not more than five American blacks in the works of Hemingway and Steinbeck. They tend to ignore blacks, or, like the early Faulkner, who distorted black humanity to fit his personal versions of the Southern myth, they oversimplify black characters, seldom portraying them with the sensitively balanced opposites -- good and evil, instinctual and intellectual, passionate and spiritual -- that great literary art has projected as the image of human beings. Since the essence of literature is its ambivalence, and since fiction is never so effective as when both potentials are operating simultaneously, it is unfortunate that these novels have been so one-sided.
Understandably, the attitude of black people toward such fiction is one of great skepticism. This is borne out by a well-known black novelist's remark that some white Americans seem to disagree with black Americans over the nature of reality. Historically, this disagreement is part of a larger conflict between, on the one hand, groups of Americans whose ancestors voluntarily immigrated to the United States many years ago and, on the other hand, minority groups and more recently arrived immigrant groups, over the first's attempt to impose their image of "the American" upon the rest. This conflict, however, should not be misunderstood. For "the American" has not yet (fortunately for the United States, its minorities, and perhaps for the world) been finally defined. Far from being socially undesirable, the tension surrounding what "the American" is to be is part of that democratic process through which the nation works to achieve itself. Out of this tension the ideal American character ---- a type great enough to deserve the greatness of the land, a delicately poised unity of divergences ---- is slowly being born.
61. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in characterizing the works by Hemingway, Steinbeck, and Faulkner in the passage?
[A] disapproving
[B] apologetic
[C] indifferent
[D] ironic
62. Which of the following is the most essential property of literature according to the author?
[A] obscurity
[B] ambivalence
[C] sensitivity
[D] imagination
63. Which of the following does the author of the passage explicitly criticize Hemingway for doing in his novels?
[A] distorting the humanity of black characters
[B] portraying black characters as unidimensional
[C] including few black characters
[D] describing the black experience in an insensitive manner
64. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most probably NOT agree with which of the following statements about the larger conflict described in the last paragraph?
[A] It is good that this conflict has not yet been resolved.
[B] It is through this conflict that the final image of "the American" is being developed.
[C] This conflict is having a destructive impact on American society.
[D] This type of conflict is to be expected in a democratic nation.
65. Which of the following statements about great novels, if true, would most strengthen the author's assertions about literature and fiction in the second paragraph?
[A] Great novels usually depict the social environment accurately.
[B] Great novels usually contain characters who embody divergent qualities.
[C] Great novels usually portray characters in a sensitive manner.
[D] Great novels usually deal with themes of enduring importance.
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage
Passage 4
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to advocates, are not only conceptual breakthroughs in both law and literature but also more sensitive and humane lawyers. Whatever the truth of this last claim, there can be no doubt that the movement is a success: law-and-literature is an accepted subject in law journals and in leading law schools. Indeed, one indication of the movement's strength is the fact that its most distinguished critic, Richard A. Posner, paradoxically ends up expressing qualified support for the movement in a recent study in which he systematically refutes the writings of its leading legal scholars and cooperating literary critics.
Critiquing the movement's assumption that lawyers can offer special insights into literature that deals with legal matters. Posner points out those writers of literature use the law loosely to convey a particular idea, or as a metaphor for the workings of the society envisioned in their fiction. Legal questions per se, about which a lawyer might instruct readers, are seldom at issue in literature. This is why practitioners of law-and-literature end up discussing the law itself far less than one might suppose. Movement leader James White, for example, in his discussion of arguments in the Iliad, barely touches on law, and then so generally as to render himself vulnerable to Posner's devastating remark that "any argument can be analogized to a legal dispute."
Similarly, the notion that literary criticism can be helpful in interpreting law is problematic. Posner argues that literary criticism in general aims at exploring richness and variety of meaning in texts, whereas legal interpretation aims at discovering a single meaning. A literary approach can thus only confuse the task of interpreting the law, especially if one adopts current fashions like deconstruction, which holds that all texts are inherently uninterpretable.
Nevertheless, Posner writes that law-and-literature is a field with "promise." Why? Perhaps, recognizing the success of a movement that, in the past, has singled him out for abuse, he is attempting to appease his detractors, paying obeisance to the movement's institutional success by declaring that it "deserves a place in legal research" while leaving it to others to draw the conclusion from his cogent analysis that it is an entirely factitious undertaking, deserving of no intellectual respect whatsoever. As a result, his work stands both as a rebuttal of law-and-literature and as a tribute to the power it has come to exercise in academic circles.
66. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.
[A] assess the law-and-literature movement by examining the position of one of its most prominent critics
[B] assess that a mutually beneficial relationship exists between the study of law and the study of literature
[C] provide examples of the law-and-literature movement in practice by discussing the work of its proponents
[D] dismiss a prominent critic's recent study of the law-and-literature movement
67. Posner's stated position with regard to the law-and-literature movement is most analogous to which one of the following?
[A] a musician who is trained in the classics but frequently plays modern music while performing on stage.
[B] a salesperson who describes the faults in a fashionable product while conceding that it may have some value.
[C] a partisan who transfers allegiance to a new political party that demonstrates more promise but has fewer documented accomplishments.
[D] a sports fan who wholeheartedly supports the team most likely to win rather than his or her personal favorite.
68. The passage suggests that Posner might find legal training useful in the interpretation of a literary text in which ______.
[A] a legal controversy is used to represent a moral conflict
[B] an oppressive law is used to symbolize an oppressive culture
[C] one of the key issues involves the answer to legal question
[D] the working of the legal system suggests something about the political character of a society
69. According to the passage, Posner argues that legal analysis is not generally useful in interpreting literature because ______.
[A] use of the law in literature is generally of a quite different nature than use of the law in legal practice
[B] law is rarely used to convey important ideas in literature
[C] lawyers do not have enough literary training to analyze literature competently
[D] legal interpretations of literature tend to focus on legal issues to the exclusion of other important elements
70. The author uses the word "success" in line 6 of paragraph 1 to refer to the law-and-literature movement's ______.
[A] positive effect on the sensitivity of lawyers
[B] ability to offer fresh insights into literary texts
[C] ability to encourage innovative approaches in two disciplines
[D] widespread acceptance by law schools and law journals
Part IV Translation (20 points)
Section A
Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly. (10 points)
Crime Online
Hackers are everywhere. In a recent FBI survey, nine out of 10 businesses, schools and government agencies had detected computer-security breaches within the previous 12 months, with hundreds of millions of dollars in losses.
The online crime wave stems in part from the tech-boom rush to get software to market without regard to security. As the Internet evolves into the grid, cyber-crime is likely to get a whole lot worse. "The vast majority of crimes in the future will have some cyber component," says Michael Vatis, a former director of the FBI's National Infrastructure Protection Center. "There will be machine-to-machine mobile attacks, thieves using computers to break down physical barriers [like alarm systems] and evidence gathered by tracking trails of digital data left by perpetrators."
The real concern for 2012 will be the ability of hackers to take control of mechanical devices. On the grid, not only could a hacker potentially break into an auto company's database via the wireless unit in one of its cars, it's conceivable he could take control of the car. Likewise, an arsonist might be able to start an electrical fire by commandeering the cyber-controls of a home appliance. Experts worry that law enforcement is not yet ready for this.
Britain recently set up a National High Tech Crime Unit, but with a staff of only 40. The FBI has hundreds of agents working on cyber-crime, but there may be millions of cyber criminals out there. How to keep up? Mark Doll, a tech-security expert foresees "a kind of national reserve force of cyber-cops," made up of Feds, Ph.D.s from companies like Intel, even reformed hackers. Chief security officer will become a board-level job in big companies. Insurance firms will offer "Cyber-risk" policies. Ironically, experts say, the most effective defenses may be very low tech, like penalizing employees who don't turn on anti-hacker software.
Section B
Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly. (10 points)
众所周知，太大的工作压力很容易引起心脏病。但最近芬兰科学家的研究结果告诉我们，即使对于健康人来说，工作压力仍有可能夺去他们宝贵的生命。
工作压力包含很多方面，如工作量过大、对工作感到不满意、或在工作中不得志等。有时经常会出现这样一种情况：许多人工作量也相当大，但是工作很有成效，这种情况下工作压力就会相对减轻。工作量过大的人如果遇上差劲的管理、糟糕的上司和黯淡的工作前景，工作压力就会骤增，对健康的破坏力也同时加强。
因此，人们平时在工作当中要量力而行，并尽量将工作压力降到最小程度；同时雇主们也要尽量改善管理并及时论功行赏。
Part V Writing (10 points)
Directions: In this section, you will need to analyze the issue presented below and explain your views on it. The question has no "correct" answer. Instead, you should consider various perspectives as you develop your own position on the issue.
Work greatly influences people's personal lives ---- their special interests, their leisure activities, even their appearance away from the workplace.
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
中国政法大学2003年博士研究生入学考试参考答案与解析
Part II Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure
Section A
21.C [精析]词语辨析题。A 抱怨的 B 掠夺的 C 厌恶的，消极的 D 劝告的。根据整个句子的意思，应该选择和 introverted 词义相近的词。
22.C [精析]A 突然下降 B 摸索 C 减少 D 与题义不符。在 A 与 C 选项中，都有表示减少的意思，但只有 C 和原文相符，表示逐步递减。
23.B [精析]词语辨析题。A 详细目录 B 自负，自我中心 C 亲密 D 推进力。
24.C [精析]词语辨析。A 供应品 B 汽缸 C 麻痹，迟钝的 D 否定。
25.D [精析]词语辨析：A 消耗 B 起皱 C 铭记；标出 D 大口吃。
26.D [精析]词语辨析。A 受激的 B 弯腰的 C 突然抓紧的 D 削弱的。diluted 和 weakened 意义相近，都有降低效果、减弱作用的意思。
27.C [精析]词语辨析。A 谦卑的 B 可怜的，卑鄙的 C 敏感的，过激的 D 古怪的。
28.B [精析]词语辨析：A 承认 B 驱逐 C 旋转 D 修剪，剥夺。
29.B [精析]词语辨析：A 恩惠，好意 B 被流放到国外的 C 功效 D 霸权，领导权。
30.B [精析]词语辨析：A 穷凶极恶的 B（拍卖的）出价 C 盲从，偏执，顽固 D 激情，狂热。
31.B [精析]词语辨析：A 宪法，构造 B 选民 C 行政的，管理的 D 经理，执行者。
32.C [精析]词语辨析：A 怀疑的 B 大胆的 C 有罪的 D 无礼的。
33.C [精析]词语辨析：A 不在场 B 不惊讶 C 不确信 D 不担心。
34.D [精析]词语辨析：A 自由的 B 无知的 C 负责的 D 不敏感的，无动于衷的。
35.A [精析]A 不合礼宜 B 能力 C 资源 D 勇气。题中 did not 和 keep off 同时出现表示肯定，所以根据题意，选择 A 答案。
Section B
36.D [解析]join up 固定搭配，用它来修饰 meaning，所以要用它们的形容词形式。
37.A [精析]题中，carbon dioxide 作为动作的承受者作主语时，应该用被动语态，选项中只有 A 答案是被动语态，选 A。
38.C [精析]Ranging from 指的是从什么来看，属于固定搭配。选 C。
39.D [精析]文中考察定语从句的用语。首先 craftsmen were the main people 是一个表语从句，它后面又跟了一个句语进一步解释说明 main people。只有 D 答案正确。
40.C [精析]表示后者的情况也属于前者，要用句型 so+... 的形式，so 放在句子开头，后面的部分要倒装，所以要选 C。
41.A [精析]根据句意，应该选择 A，B 选项不能体会出这种主次感觉。
42.C [精析]Have equality 和什么相等同，in energy 表示在能量上。A、B 形式不符，D 答案与题无关。
43.B [精析]考察定语从句。
44.D [精析]A、B 和 C 选项有语法错误，且不符合句意。由题可知从句缺少谓语和宾语，D 项语法正确且符合句意。
45.A [精析]由句意可知，plaque“齿菌斑”是 cavities“蛀牙”的原因，故应抵抗，选项中只有 against 有抵抗的意思。故选 A。
46.D [精析]由题中的 and 可知缺少一个并列谓语，故排除 A 和 B 项，而由时态可知应用一般过去时态，C 项不符，agree to sth. 指同意某事，to reduce 此处表目的。故选 D。
47.B [精析]Through the eyes of its natives，指通过什么样的视角，与上下文衔接。应该选 B。
48.D [精析]考察 Not only...but also 的句型结构。当 Not only 处于句首时，句子要倒装，只有 D 选项句子正确。
49.A [精析]Be considered as 被认为是什么，属于固定搭配和习惯用法。Consider to be 有表示将来的感觉，应该选 A。
50.B [精析]考察序数词的用法。整个句子不缺任何成份，所填内容只是修饰限制 president，只有 B 选项用法及语法正确，应选 B。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Passage One
51.D [精析]题中所问的是那个选项最能总结文章的主要大意，A、B、C 属于错误表达，和原文不符，只有 D 答案正确。从文章最后一段中可以看出。
52.C [精析]根据文章的意思，应是通过法律确定惩罚的轻重。A 为勒索者，B 和 D 为违法者，法律。选 C。
53.D [精析]作者对行贿的态度应是 D。A、B、C 都指的是勒索，而不是行贿。D 答案和文章最后一段中心意思相符。
54.C [精析]题目所问下面选项哪一个最能解释文章中最后一句的法律行贿。只有 C 答案违反交通规则的人给地方法官所出的罚金属于。
55.B [精析]题目所问下面哪个选项进一步强调了作者的观点。B 答案认为当一个城市公众执法减弱或不存在的时候，受贿就会蓬勃发展。A 说法过于绝对，C、D 答案认为勒索这种行为是很少见的，表达错误。
Passage Two
56.D 对于文章的大意只有答案 D 最清楚，第一修正案是保护广告的。其他答案都很片面。
57.A 文章就是围绕广告自由这一问题展开的，所以归根结底最不应受影响的即是广告自由。
58.A 只有 A 正确，B 选项的内容在文中未提及，C 选项太绝对，D 选项太主观。
59.D A 选项是错的，B 和 C 都不完整。
60.D 文中提到“若法官要将注意力放在公共福利上这种平衡是必不可少的”，由此可见，是为了保护公共福利。
Passage Three
61.A 作者对海明威、福克纳和斯坦贝克刻画人物形象的方法所持的基调是不赞成的。B 是抱歉的，C 是漠不关心的，D 讽刺的。这个从文章中第二段最后几句可以看出。
62.B 作者认为文学最重要的财产应该是正反感情并存的。从 Since the essence of literature is its ambivalence, and since fiction is never so effective as when both potentials are operating simultaneously... 选择 B。
63.B 作者明确批评海明威作品是由于他塑造的人物呈现一维性，即单方面的好与坏。A 答案应属于福克纳的特点。C、D 选项表述错误。
64.C 文章最后一段可以看出这种竞争是具有有利的一方面的，A、B、D 三个选项都表达出了作者的意思，而 B 答案显然表述有误，且与原文相冲突。
65.B 在第二段中，作者所要表达的意思是一部好的作品所塑造的人物形象的性格应该是多样化的，而不是单一的，这选项 B 表达的意思一致。
Passage Four
66.A 整篇文章的大意是讲法律文学这项运动的好与坏，文中并没有直接说明作者的观点，而是通过一个主要批评家的观点展开论述，因此，应该选 A。
67.B 文中 Posner 对法律文学这项运动的态度是什么呢？我们可以从第二段和第三段看出，他既肯定此项运动，又认为有着很多不足。所以下面四个选项中，与 Posner 态度一致的只有 B，一个售货员认为一个时尚的产品有许多的瑕疵，但同时有具有价值。
68.C 从文章中第二段可得出答案。
69.A Posner 认为文学批评的目标是发掘文章所含意思的多样性，而法律解析的目的是追求一种唯一性，所以法律分析在解析文学并不总是那么有效。A 选项认为文学中所运用的法律和实际操作的法律是截然不同的，和文章表达意思一致。B、C、D 表达错误。
70.D 从 law-and-literature is an accepted subject in law journals and in leading law schools 这一句话中可以看出，答案应选 D。
Part IV Translation (20 points)
Section A
网络犯罪
黑客无处不在。最近，在 FBI 的报告中指出，在过去的一年里，十之八九的商业、学校和政府机构已经诊断出电脑有着安全漏洞，造成了数亿元金钱的损失。
网络犯罪起源于信息科技繁荣时期，人们私自将软件出售到市场而忽略其带来的信息安全问题。而随着互联网演变成网格，网络犯罪变得更糟。一位前 FBI 国家基础设施保护中心的操作员说：“在未来，绝大部分的犯罪活动将以网络组件为辅助设备，将会有电话操作的机器对机器的袭击，小偷们利用电脑去清理一切实体障碍，如警报系统，然而人们只能找到的犯罪证据却只是一组数据。”
而人们对 2012 年真正的担心是害怕黑客具有控制一切机械的能力。在网路上，黑客们不仅可以从其汽车是得来的无线电信号悄然进入一个公司的数据库，当然也能够操纵这辆汽车。基于一个纵火犯可以通过操作对方家里的网路机器设备而引起一场火灾。专家们担心法律不足以健全到制裁他们。
针对以上情况，英国最近成立了一支专门的国家高科技犯罪单位，但是只有仅仅 40 名员工。FBI 里面有成百上千人致力于打击网络犯罪，可是却有上万的网络犯罪存在。怎么才能保持两者的平衡呢？Mark Doll，一个高科技安全专家预测到，“将电子警察作为一种国家保留力量。”这一制造者是 Feds，Ph.D.s 来自于像英特尔一样的公司。那时，主要的安全官员的工作就像是大公司理事会的工作一样，保险公司将会提供网络风险的政策。讽刺的是，专家们说，最有效的防御或许是技术含量最低的工作，比如惩罚那些没有打开反黑客的软件员工。
Section B
Job stress has been known to trigger heart problems in people who already have cardiovascular disease. Now Finnish scientists have now shown that even in healthy people the pressures of work can take their toll.
Work stress involves too much work as well as a lack of satisfaction and feeling undervalued and unappreciated. Many people work long hours but if the effort is rewarding the stress is minimized. Job pressure is damaging when being overworked is combined with little or no control, unfair supervision and few career opportunities.
Therefore, it is advisable for people to try to minimize levels of stress at work and for employers to allow people to have more control at work and to be rewarded for their successes.
Part V Writing (10 points)
"Work greatly influences people's personal lives—their special interests, their leisure activities, even their appearance away from the work place." The speaker claims that our jobs greatly influence our personal interests, recreational activities and even appearance. While I agree that the personal lives of some people are largely determined by their work, in my view it would be a mistake to draw this conclusion generally. In my observation, the extent to which occupation influences personal life depends on the nature of the work, and how central the work is to one's sense of self.
"We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us." I believe this statement should be interpreted broadly—to mean that we are influenced by the exterior shape of buildings, as well as by the arrangement of multiple buildings and by a building's various architectural and aesthetic elements. While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits, I agree that they can greatly influence our attitudes, moods, and even life styles.
Really, work is very important for us to survive in this cruel society, but we still have more things to do. If one contributes himself or herself to work, work will change him or her totally, that means he will work for work. However, as everybody has their own characteristics, not everyone wants to develop interests just because the works need them. Therefore, all we can say is that work could influence one's live, but one's attitude influences the work more.