中国社会科学院研究生院考博英语真题,考博英语试题

中国社会科学院研究生院
2001年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
英语

注意事项：
1. 试卷中的选择题由阅卷机批改，请考生统一使用2B铅笔涂写答题卡。
2. 每个人统一在准考证号码前加“0”，然后再填本人的准考证号。
例：准考证号：12345678 应填：012345678
3. 在试卷类型一栏中，一张卡涂A，另一张卡涂B。
4. 在科目代号一栏中，涂与英语对应的空白栏。
5. 选择题从第1题至第80题涂在A答题卡上，阅读选择题从第1至30题涂在B答题卡上。
6. 如需涂改，一定用橡皮擦干净后再涂写。
7. 在答案A，B，C，D中只能涂一个答案，涂两个以上答案作废。
March 31, 2001
8:30 – 11:30 am
General directions: you will receive instructions orally about filling in your answer card: follow those directions. Mark question 1 to 80 answers on your answer card A.
选择题1至80请答在答题卡A上
PART I: Vocabulary (15 points)
Section A
Directions: choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.
1. Totally perplexed by the first question on the exam, he passed on to the second.
a. relieved by
b. satisfied with
c. confused by
d. sated with
2. To the growing perturbation of the unions, the Ministry of Labour has been pressing for a stringent income policy.
a. satisfaction
b. disappointment
c. relief
d. anxiety
3. Adages are frequently mutually antagonistic: witness, "ignorance breeds prejudice" and "familiarity breeds contempt."
a. is at the heart of
b. multiplies
c. worsens
d. generates
4. His mother's scolding pierced him to the quick.
a. froze him completely
b. shamed him enormously
c. hurt him to the core
d. stuck in his craw
5. This year's sterling depreciation, only a few aver, has no impact on the economy at large.
a. increase in value
b. fall in value
c. lack of use
d. drastic change
6. How valiant that general who prosecutes a war with vigor!
a. brings to trial
b. wages
c. praises
d. condemns
7. Management was not acting in good faith when it alleged that worker's wages would have to be cut for the company to remain solvent.
a. prosperous
b. out of debt
c. productive
d. out of trouble
8. The new military junta suppressed dissent.
a. initiated
b. quashed
c. supported
d. reinstated
9. To create a circuit, a conducting wire is attached to an electric cell at one end, and to an electric outlet at the other.
a. battery
b. faucet
c. socket
d. appliance
10. The former Soviet state of Georgia today exhibits a diversified economy.
a. a multifaceted
b. a sagging
c. a dissolving
d. an improved
11. The Mayor asked the city council to recommend potential programs for the benefit of the indigent.
a. transient
b. unemployed
c. homeless
d. needy
12. He wears strange clothes, talks to himself, and appears unkempt. Is it any wonder his neighbors view him as an eccentric?
a. a crank
b. cuckoo
c. an anchorite
d. unconventional
13. So engrossed was the detective in considering the evidence that he completely forgot where he was.
a. wrapped up
b. impressed
c. disinvolved
d. impatient
14. Disastrous forest fires are quite often caused by simple carelessness: a dropped butt ignites dead leaves.
a. enflames
b. burns
c. lights
d. blackens
15. The reciprocal hatred between various members of different races underlies the difficulty of integration in the United States.
a. hidden
b. profound
c. mutual
d. racial
PART I: Section B
Directions: choose the answer that best completes the sentence.
16. Having discovered the shadiness in which her employers were involved, she immediately ______ her connection with them.
a. converted
b. severed
c. improved
d. realized
17. An important customer may resent being ______ by an assistant rather than by the boss.
a. condescended to
b. devoted to
c. attended to
d. conformed to
18. The antique silver ______ the beautifully set table.
a. complemented
b. implemented
c. augmented
d. complimented
19. He spends his time in ______ complaints rather than acting.
a. fragile
b. fertile
c. frangible
d. futile
20. She ______ because she found the journal interesting.
a. subscribed
b. prescribed
c. described
d. inscribed
21. It is in the chairman of the board's interest, before a meeting, to ______ with the directors about sensitive matters.
a. confer
b. contend
c. conspire
d. consort
22. Complacency towards ecological balance ("It can't happen here!") has resulted in a number of ______.
a. damages
b. wastes
c. catastrophes
d. dangers
23. The village lies over the mountains, and is ______ only by boat.
a. acceeded to
b. available
c. accessible
d. obtainable
24. A nation-wide service was announced to ______ the sacrifice made by the heroes of the war.
a. memorize
b. commemorate
c. award
d. reward
25. The doctor pondered for a while, trying to recall which of several medications would be best to ______ the patient's suffering.
a. alleviate
b. restrict
c. decrease
d. diminish
26. The volume knob, if turned toward the left, will ______ the sound.
a. magnify
b. enlarge
c. amplify
d. reinforce
27. Having reached the top of the hill, we were appalled to find the path ______ precipitously.
a. departed
b. decreased
c. descended
d. derailed
28. Often considered in common thought as ______, language, culture, and personality are in fact inseparable.
a. indistinct paradigms
b. separate reasons
c. irreplaceable concepts
d. independent entities
29. Based on economic studies, it seems possible to forecast that a recession may ______ a depression.
a. imply
b. indicate
c. symbolize
d. precede
30. The speech consisted of ______ phrases, well-chosen imagery, and amusing rhetorical flourishes.
a. suitable
b. selected
c. apt
d. fit
PART II: Grammar (15 points)
Section A
Directions: choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
31. Before Columbus set sail on his first voyage of discovery, many pooh-poohed his chances, and were unwilling to ______ on his chances of success.
a. make bets
b. make the bet
c. make a bets
d. make bet
32. Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor, the library persisted in ______ the documents.
a. its denial for access
b. deny her access to
c. denying her access to
d. denying her access for
33. Their differences were irreconcilable: they had no alternative ______ the law to settle the dispute between them.
a. but going to
b. but to go
c. but go to
d. but invoking
34. ______, water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.
a. As is known
b. As be known
c. As known
d. Which is known
35. It is imperative that he ______ full charge of the joint project.
a. take
b. taking
c. took
d. takes
36. He ______ leave her than a child would abandon a favorite plaything.
a. would no more
b. would rather
c. will no longer
d. may no more
37. The radio was of ______ quality that I took it back and asked for a better one.
a. such the inferior
b. such a inferior
c. so an inferior
d. such inferior
38. He goes shopping so frequently not because he is rich, but because he enjoys ______ politely.
a. speaking
b. being spoken to
c. being spoken
d. speaking to
39. Eighteenth-century statesmen were totally convinced that war could be used as ______ settling disputes.
a. a mean to
b. a means for
c. some means for
d. meanses for
40. She does not believe that he is ______ the honor accorded him.
a. worth of
b. worth
c. worthy of
d. worthy
41. Few of the young realize what feats lie ______ them.
a. in the store for
b. in store for
c. waiting
d. awaiting for
42. Reading ______ the mind ______ food is to the body.
a. is for…is as
b. as…is as
c. is to…what
d. what is…is as
43. Obviously, he decided not to say anything about it because he hoped to ______.
a. keep it as a secret
b. keep it to be a secret
c. keep it a secret
d. keep it being a secret
44. She was slated to present an abstract of her thesis at the national convention, and so spent the holiday ______.
a. touching on it
b. touching it up
c. touching it
d. touching it down
45. Greeley's injunction "Go West, young man!" resulted in a massive migration of population, with people occupying land ______ no one held title of ownership and that had yet to be sold.
a. to which
b. that
c. which
d. of which
Section B
Directions: choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.
46. Now, as our urban areas (A) sink ever deeper into drug-produced crime, death (B) from the illicit use of unregulated and dangerous drugs (C) following death, (D) that becomes vital for the parents, teachers, and advisors of our youth to have as wide an understanding of these problems as possible.
47. It was amusingly noted that the major (A) reason why the English colonized so much of the world (B) was that, no matter (C) what weather conditions they met abroad, they had already experienced something like it at home. (D)
48. (A) Like sculptors, modern painters (B) were influenced by primitive and ancient art, (C) which demonstrated in the (D) works of the Gaugin and Rousseau.
49. The moon may be considered a world that is complete in itself yet utterly dead, a sterile, mountainous waste on which (A) during the day the sun (B) blazes down with great heat, but on which during the night the cold is so intense that it (C) far surpasses anything ever (D) experiencing on the earth.
50. (A) It is often the result (B) with new ideas, (C) a great deal of frantic activity and optimistic forecasting (D) produce no discernible results.
51. By definition, a discount store offers standard (A) merchandises at prices (B) lower than those of more conventional merchants. It is able to do so by accepting a lower profit margin, by purchasing (C) at higher volume, and by (D) paying workers less.
52. In the digestive process, food (A) is initially processed in the stomach, with its nutrient value (B) passing into the bloodstream. Alcohol, however, (C) is highly unusual (D) so that some 20 percent enters the bloodstream directly from the stomach, having bypassed the digestive process.
53. (A) The clothes you wear do not serve only a (B) pure practical function. They speak volumes about the (C) way you view your personality, your state of mind, your social status, (D) and even your aspirations and dreams.
54. (A) The greatest utility of an education lies (B) not so much in teaching one information (C) rather than in teaching one how to deal with the information (D) acquired.
55. The obstacles Nancy Kerrigan faced as she strove (A) to win the Olympic ice skating medal at Likehamma in 1944 form (B) the kind of story (C) about whom a fascinating novel (D) might be written.
56. It is on occasion the (A) manner in which a person expresses the thought (B) rather than the actual words (C) which tells us (D) whether the speaker is serious or not.
57. The Quebecois, (A) partly because of language, and partly because of religion, (B) have long been considering (C) to separate themselves from (D) the rest of the Canadian provinces.
58. (A) Despite the President wrote a conciliatory letter (B) deploring the incident, the press was (C) adamant in continuing (D) its condemnation.
59. Acids constitute a family of (A) chemical compounds that, (B) in solution, have the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red, a corrosive action (C) on metals, and (D) taste sharp.
60. Well over (A) three-fourths of that book (B) on noted British writers (C) are about authors who wrote during (D) the nineteenth century.
PART III: Cloze test (10 points)
Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.
It was a foolish question to ask. It 61 more sense for me to have learned if she had 62 or a point of view, but it was 63 for that now and I supposed that the 64 Relations Office had 65 her before granting the interview. I didn't have time this week to read 66 pieces about corporate rainmakers and their golden parachutes or women at midtown law firms 67 six times my salary but whining about breaking the 68 ceiling.
"I won't waste your time," she 69 . "If the details on your 70 are accurate and the articles Laura 71 me have correct background, we won't have to 72 that." I 73 in approval. She was obviously a 74 , and an intelligent one 75 . It was always 76 to sit for a 77 when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had 78 , how long 79 , and whether I liked my job.
"Is it all right 80 you if we start with some information about the Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit?"
"I'd like that," I replied.
61.
a. made
b. would make
c. would have made
d. would be
62.
a. a fish to fry
b. a nut to crack
c. a song to sing
d. an axe to grind
63.
a. still late
b. too late
c. so late
d. past
64.
a. Common
b. Financial
c. Local
d. Public
65.
a. vetted
b. called
c. connected with
d. contacted with
66.
a. rushed
b. windy
c. puff
d. blowing
67.
a. taking
b. making
c. slaving for
d. losing
68.
a. plastered
b. glass
c. fragile
d. limited
69.
a. rambled
b. carried on
c. lectured
d. went on
70.
a. application
b. curriculum vitae
c. report
d. folder
71.
a. phoned
b. faxed
c. had phoned
d. had faxed
72.
a. re-paint
b. remix
c. re-write
d. rehash
73.
a. trembled
b. grimaced
c. smiled
d. winked
74.
a. girl
b. pro
c. tyro
d. mogul
75.
a. at that
b. at this
c. to reboot
d. added
76.
a. agreeable
b. instructive
c. impatient
d. aggravating
77.
a. photo
b. portrait
c. profile
d. sketch
78.
a. attended
b. matriculated
c. enrolled
d. preferred
79.
a. I had worked
b. did I work
c. was I working
d. would I work
80.
a. for
b. to
c. according to
d. with
选择题1至30请答在答题卡B上
PART IV: Reading comprehension: (30 points)
Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.
1.] Early that June Pius XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on the extermination of the Jews. "Every word We address to the competent authority on this subject, and all Our public utterances," he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open condemnation, "have to be carefully weighed and measured by Us in the interest of the victims themselves, lest, contrary to Our intentions, We make their situation worse and harder to bear." He did not add that another reason for proceeding cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as a far greater danger than Nazism.
The position of the Holy See was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission. The Church, under the Pope's guidance, had already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions, and rescue organizations combined, and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries, convents, and Vatican City itself. The record of the Allies was far more shameful. The British and Americans, despite lofty pronouncements, had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecuted Jews. The Moscow Declaration of that year—signed by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin—methodically listed Hitler's victims as Polish, Italian, French, Dutch, Belgian, Norwegian, Soviet, and Cretan. The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U.S. Office of War Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World Jewish Congress. By the simple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles, and so on, the Final Solution was lost in the Big Three's general classification of Nazi terrorism.
Contrasting with their reluctance to face the issue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and courage of the Danes, who defied German occupation by transporting to Sweden almost every one of their 6,500 Jews; of the Finns, allies of Hitler, who saved all but four of their 4,000 Jews; and of the Japanese, another ally, who provided refuge in Manchuria for some 5,000 wandering European Jews in recognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Company during the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
1. "We, Our," and "Us" in the first paragraph refer to
a. Pius XII himself.
b. Pius XII and the College of Cardinals.
c. an unknown group.
d. something that cannot be determined by the text.
2. "The Allies" refers to
a. Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U. S. A.
b. the Polish, Italians, etc.
c. the Jews.
d. something that cannot be determined by the text.
3. The actions of the British and the Americans, as contrasted to the actions of the Church, may be illustrated by which of the following?
a. There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip.
b. A stitch in time saves nine.
c. All say and no do.
d. What goes around comes around.
4. The U. S. Office of War Information
a. eschewed the policy mentioned.
b. emasculated the policy mentioned.
c. aped the policy mentioned.
d. did none of the above.
5. "The Final Solution" refers to
a. the extermination of the Jews.
b. the answer to the problem of war in general.
c. a mathematical problem.
d. none of the above.
6. "Their" in paragraph 3, line 1, refers to the
a. Jews.
b. "Poles, and so on."
c. Big Three.
d. Danes.
2.] Between the invention of agriculture and the commercial revolution that marked the end of the middle ages, wealth and technology developed slowly indeed. Medieval historians tell of the centuries it took for key inventions like the watermill or the heavy plow to diffuse across the landscape. During this period, increases in technology led to increases in the population, with little if any appearing as an improvement in the median standard of living.
Even the first century of the industrial revolution produced more "improvements" than "revolutions" in standards of living. With the railroad and the spinning and weaving of textiles as important exceptions, most innovations of that period were innovations in how goods were produced and transported, and in new kinds of capital, but not in consumer goods. Standards of living improved, but styles of life remained much the same.
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw a faster and different kind of change. For the first time, technological capability outran population growth and natural resource scarcity. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the typical inhabitant of the leading economies—a Briton, a Belgian, an American, or an Australian—had perhaps three times the standard of living of someone in a pre-industrial economy.
Still, so slow was the pace of change that people, or at least aristocratic intellectuals, could think of their predecessors of some two thousand years before as effectively their contemporaries. Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman aristocrat and politician, might have felt more or less at home in the company of Thomas Jefferson. The plows were better in Jefferson's time. Sailing ships were much improved. However, these might have been insufficient to create a sense of a qualitative change in the order of life for the elite. Moreover, being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero.
So slow was the pace of change that intellectuals in the early nineteenth century debated whether the industrial revolution was worthwhile, whether it was an improvement or a degeneration in the standard of living. Opinions were genuinely divided, with as optimistic a liberal as John Stuart Mill coming down on the "pessimist" side as late as the end of the 1840s.
In the twentieth century, however, standards of living exploded. In the twentieth century, the magnitude of the growth in material wealth has been so great as to make it nearly impossible to measure. Consider a sample of consumer goods available through Montgomery Ward in 1895—when a one-speed bicycle cost $65. Since then, the price of a bicycle measured in "nominal" dollars has more than doubled (as a result of inflation). Today, the bicycle is much less expensive in terms of the measure that truly counts, its "real" price: the work and sweat needed to earn its cost. In 1895, it took perhaps 260 hours' worth of the average American worker's production to amass enough money to buy a one-speed bicycle. Today an average American worker can buy one—and of higher quality—for less than 8 hours worth of production.
On the bicycle standard (measuring wealth by counting up how many bicycles the labor can buy) the average American worker today is 36 times richer than his or her counterpart was in 1895. Other commodities would tell a different story. An office chair has become 12.5 times cheaper in terms of the time it takes the average worker to produce enough to pay for it. A Steinway piano or an accordion is only twice as cheap. A silver teaspoon is 25 percent more expensive.
Thus the answer to the question "How much wealthier are we today than our counterparts of a century ago?" depends on which commodities you view as important. For many personal services—having a butler to answer the door and polish your silver spoons—you would find little difference in average wealth between 1895 and 1990: an hour of a butler's time costs about the same then as now. For mass-produced manufactured goods—like bicycles—we are wealthier by as much as 36 times.
7. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries upper-class intellectuals
a. believed that they were very much the same as their equals some two thousand years before.
b. probably thought that great changes had occurred since Cicero.
c. felt that qualitative changes had occurred in the last two thousand years.
d. believed in the efficacy of slavery.
8. In the nineteenth century
a. worthwhile, visible change occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
b. scholars such as John Stuart Mills felt the Industrial Revolution was a negative force.
c. led to widespread degenerative behavior in urban conglomerates.
d. none of the above.
9. A bicycle today, generally speaking,
a. requires more work and sweat because fewer people work to produce it.
b. is comparatively less in real price than a bicycle in the nineteenth century.
c. needs to be considered in terms of "nominal" costs.
d. is cheaper in America than any other western country.
10. Commodities in the twentieth century
a. are impossible to compare across centuries.
b. are more expensive than the nineteenth century.
c. are cheaper than they were in the nineteenth century.
d. need to be measured by comparing upper-class essentials such as having a butler.
11. The sentence "Moreover, being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero"
a. shows that the author believes that slaves were commodities.
b. reveals that lower class people in the nineteenth century were really slaves.
c. reinforces the idea that the quality of life really had not changed much over the centuries.
d. comments on the long-lasting effects of slavery from Roman times.
12. A suitable title for this passage might be
a. The Tempo and Temper of Change.
b. The Steadily Increasing Rate of Change.
c. An Explosion of Material Wealth.
d. Improving the Standards of Living for All.
3.] Scholars often seem to operate on the assumption that any analysis with a rosy outlook simply does not adequately understand the matter at hand. Ecotourism researchers have not been derelict in this regard, as the literature review earlier showed. All the researchers who have looked at Capirona's project, however, have been impressed by its grassroots nature and are optimistic about its potential as eco-development (Colvin 1994; Wesche 1993; Silver 1992).
All of these researchers, however, visited the community in its early years of operation. As mentioned previously, recent, non-scholarly reports are less positive. Thus there remains some doubt as to the long-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona. This study originally proposed to study Capirona's project, but that community was weary of such research visits and refused a request to carry out the study there. Río Blanco, though completing only its first year of ecotourism development, was chosen as an alternate site. Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospects for ecotourism in Río Blanco appear, as they did in Capirona, quite bright.
Ecotourism development efforts differ from mainstream development efforts in that, aside from start-up loans, much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development agencies. As a result, the two main players in any ecotourism endeavor—the hosts and the guests—are driven by differing motivations. The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking advantage of the curiosity, disposable income, and in some cases, perhaps, good intentions of ecotourists. The tourists want to "explore the natural wonders of the world," whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serengeti or the march of leaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and Grasse 1991:166).
In contrast to mass tourism, ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillment in the form of travel, and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater good—specifically, to fund environmental preservation, rural development, and even cultural survival. However, in order to satisfy everyone—tourists, environmentalists, tour operators and the local hosts—ecotourism must bring into alignment a variety of contradictory purposes. Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists that they are part of the solution when, in fact, the very act of flying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the environment (cf. Somerville 1994). The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation; the flaw is that it is forever limited by it.
Even a brief foray into development literature, however, shows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule, not the exception. As development, ecotourism may be no more inchoate than any other approach, and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory. For example, ecotourism's twin development goals—conserving the environment and benefiting local peoples—are increasingly seen, both within and outside of tourism circles, as interdependent. Without economic development, many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990:1; West and Brechin 1992:14, Brandon and Wells 1992). Such conservation can be achieved only by "providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants and animals within" the protected zone (Brandon and Wells 1992:557). Most research on this issue, however, assumes that the protective regulations have been established by the government or another external agency. In Río Blanco, however, the people themselves are already acting to protect their land.
13. According to the author, scholars
a. see life through rose-colored glasses.
b. should never give favorable reports.
c. are expected to give only favorable reports following their research and analysis.
d. seem to believe a favorable result to research must have missed the point.
14. Ecotourism relies on
a. government aid exclusively.
b. local people and their donations of time and money.
c. initial loans at the beginning, followed by support from tourists.
d. government assistance through agencies and local disposable income.
15. The main contradiction raised in this text is that
a. local people do not need outside tourists.
b. tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the places they visit.
c. tourists are egotistical but do not want to be.
d. tourists do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to.
16. A study of the studies available on this topic shows that
a. ecotourism is not like other projects that earn money.
b. the twin goals actually coincide with each other.
c. the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the thinking is well put.
d. later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies.
17. The key to conserving the environment is
a. economic self-reliance.
b. income for the local people that is independent of ecotourism.
c. ameliorating accessibility.
d. all of the above.
18. The expression "explore the natural wonders of the world" is in quotation marks because
a. there are no specific natural wonders of the world.
b. it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word "wonder."
c. it is meant to be amusing in its comparison of a wildebeest to an ant.
d. it is probably a quotation from Ryan and Grasse.
4.] It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world, which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do. How to make cities more harmonious, reduce crime rates, improve welfare, overcome racism, increase our wealth—this is the stuff of social sciences. The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical, too ambitious or too unpalatable. The methods of research are also often attacked for their lack of rigor, and critics are quick to point out that the people who make the important decisions pay little attention to what social scientists have to say anyway. This would change if the social sciences made themselves more relevant and ready for the society of the 21st century.
Social sciences began to take shape in the 19th century, but came into their own at the beginning of the 20th century, when a number of well-established disciplines, including economics, sociology, political science, history and anthropology really made their mark. Geography and psychology could be added to that list. However, only sociology, political science and economics have succeeded in consolidating their position in the social sciences mainstream. The others were virtually all marginalised. Moreover, powerful institutional barriers now separate the various disciplines.
Hardly the right atmosphere in which to grow and deal with the harsh criticism which the social sciences have come in for from many quarters, including governments and international commissions. Radical measures are now being suggested to turn things round, from how to award university chairs, to setting syllabi and raising funds.
The need for decompartmentalising and striking a new order in the relationship between the disciplines concerns all of the social sciences, though perhaps economics most of all. Only it has acquired a dominant position in management and public affairs. Some would say it has fallen under the sway of "unitary thinking", with little room for debate, for example, on the question of debt reduction or monetary tightness. Moreover, many people do not believe that economic science forms part of social sciences at all. This is a somewhat problematic position to uphold, particularly as economic developments are largely determined by political, social and cultural factors. Yet, economists often have difficulty understanding or taking such factors into account. This has left economics exposed to attack, for example, over its prescriptions for development and its analysis of events, such as the causes of the Asian crisis. To many, economics relies too heavily on hypothetical and sometimes unrealistic assumptions.
Can social sciences bounce back and assert themselves in the 21st century? We will probably not be able to tell for a few decades, since the ways in which societies analyse themselves develop very slowly. After all, the social sciences are rarely given to sudden discoveries and headline breakthroughs like some other sciences. What is more, social sciences may continue to face the stout resistance of established institutions defending their own territory and opposing innovation and change. Could it be that society, which by definition seeks stability, has an in-built resistance towards indulging in any form of self-analysis? Few people have an appetite for hard truths. But perhaps in the information age and in the dematerialised economy of the knowledge world, all that could change. Perhaps society will discover a pressing need to know itself much better, if only to survive. Social sciences will then have a different status.
19. The social sciences are criticised for
a. their research methods and their results.
b. their research methods, their results and their irrelevancy.
c. their emphasis on social issues.
d. being easily dismissed.
20. The expression came into their own means
a. took ascendancy over other disciplines.
b. became important in their own right.
c. developed their own particular set of problems.
d. developed from other disciplines but branched out.
21. The advice of the author is that the social sciences need to
a. reduce segmentation.
b. create a new strength.
c. reduce the debate about the social sciences.
d. do all of the above.
22. Among the social sciences, economics, the author maintains,
a. should not be regarded as part of the social sciences.
b. countenances debate.
c. is crucial for rational and comprehensive solutions.
d. is especially limited.
23. The author of this article
a. believes that the social sciences have become unimportant and unnecessary.
b. believes that the social sciences are faced with too many problems.
c. speculates that the future of the social sciences may be better.
d. considers the social sciences hostile to progress.
24. The social sciences, in the author's opinion,
a. address the hopes and fears of humans.
b. often have findings opposed to government organizations.
c. offer unpalatable advice.
d. may be described by all of the above.
5.] Jim Ayers had investigated all manner of felonies in his fourteen-year career with the Oregon State Police. Like most officers who had hired on as troopers, he was tall and well-muscled. He had thick, wavy hair, and a rumbling deep voice. He had worked the road for eight years, investigating accidents. He had seen much tragedy, but he had also learned what was "normal" tragedy—if there could be such a thing—and what was "abnormal" tragedy.
Ayers had become an expert in both arson investigation and psychosexual crimes, and he had investigated innumerable homicides. Jerry Finch had a few years on him, both in age and experience. Together the two men drove to the scene at 79th and the Sunset, not knowing what to expect. The best detectives are not tough: if they were, they would not have the special intuitive sense that enables them to see what laymen cannot. But Jim Ayers, like his peers, usually managed to hide his own pain over what one human being can do to another behind a veneer of black humor and professional distance.
After arriving at the scene, Finch and Ayers gazed down at the slender woman who lay on the freeway shoulder, her face and head disfigured by some tremendous force. They walked around the Toyota van and saw the scratch-like dents in its right front end and where a turn signal lens was broken out. Randy Blighton was still on the scene and he told Finch and Ayes how he had found the van butting against the median barrier of the freeway. That would have broken the signal light. They found the signal lens itself lying on the freeway in the fast lane. They also saw the beige purse that had been forcing the accelerator down before Blighton kicked it away. It would have been enough to keep her engine running while the car was in gear.
With flashlights Finch and Ayers looked into the van, playing light over the child's carseat, the blood splatter on the interior roof, the splash of blood on the interior hump over the transmission, and the pools of blood on the floor behind the front seats. A white plastic produce bag fluttered on the passenger-side floor. It too bore bloodstains.
Jim Ayers had come to a bleak conclusion. The purpose of sending the van onto the highway was to cause it to be hit by other vehicles.
Had that happened, had vehicles approaching at fifty-five to sixty-five miles an hour rounded the curve, they would have ineluctably smashed into the driver's side of the van, and even though a fire might not have resulted, the evidence of the woman's body and from the vehicle itself would have been obliterated.
Further, in all likelihood, a chain reaction of accidents would have ensued, vehicle after vehicle piling up on this foggy night. Clearly, all whoever had perpetrated this crime cared about was that the crime be covered by a grinding collision of jagged steel, flying glass shards, and a proliferation of bodies.
25. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Ayers is younger and less experienced than Finch.
b. Finch is older and more experienced than Ayers.
c. Finch and Ayers both have experience in investigating fires and murders.
d. All of the above are true.
26. "The scene at 79th and the Sunset" refers to
a. the beauty of the natural setting.
b. what was going on at that location.
c. something that cannot be determined by the text.
d. none of the above.
27. With which of the following statements would the author agree?
a. Intuition and sensitivity exist in a symbiotic relationship.
b. All detectives have special intuitive senses.
c. Detectives have better vision than other people.
d. The opposite of a tough detective is a tender detective.
28. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Jim Ayers usually enjoys painting.
b. People hurt each other in ways that recall the behavior of black people.
c. Jim Ayers behaves in ways similar to those of other detectives.
d. Jim Ayes distances himself professionally from his fellow detectives.
29. The slender woman who lay on the freeway shoulder
a. is dead.
b. was the driver of the van.
c. was killed in an accident.
d. was a poor driver.
30. The purpose of the last three paragraphs of the above passage is to
a. describe the possibilities of further accidents.
b. explain the perpetrator's reasoning behind committing the crime in this way.
c. show in a veiled way who committed the crime.
d. show how good the detectives are.
PART V: Translation (30 points)
DIRECTIONS: Write your translations in your answer sheet.
Section A: Translate into good Chinese the underlined sentences only. (15%)
Nearly every society in human history has considered its own language finer, its own food tastier, its own manners more refined (or more honest), its own morals better (or more sensible), and its own religion the one true religion. In smaller groups ethnocentrism takes the form of "team spirit", "local pride", and "company morale".(1) Taken to extremes, ethnocentrism easily leads to chauvinism (the glorification of one's own group along with fear and hatred of others), racial and religious oppression, warfare, and even genocide. In moderate forms, however, ethnocentrism makes for high morale and effective cooperation within a group. Whether in a football team before a big game or in a nation at war, ethnocentric feelings have the beneficial effect of mobilizing and uniting a threatened group against its enemy.(2) Finally, ethnocentrism can provide satisfaction and comfort. People often make themselves feel better by believing in other's inferiority. "At least I'm not a grind." An important step in the uphill struggle of American blacks and women to win social equality was the increased self-esteem generated by such ethnocentric slogans as "Black is beautiful" and "Sisterhood is powerful."
As soon as it became clear that ethnocentrism was a common phenomenon, social scientists realized that they themselves might be unfairly judging the behavior of different peoples according to their own cultural values. To avoid any taint of ethnocentric prejudice, anthropologists began to adopt an attitude of cultural relativism, the view that human thoughts and deeds should be judged not by any outside standards but only by those of the society or group in which they take place.(3) Cultural relativism thus stood for scientific objectivity, fair-mindedness, and liberalism. It rapidly became the dominant view in anthropology and sociology.
At first, some anthropologists interpreted cultural relativism so rigidly that they refused to make any judgments whatever about human behavior. In the 1930s the anthropologist Ruth Benedict maintained, for instance, that the cultures of the world were all equally valid patterns of life and nothing any people did was invalid if it was in harmony with the rest of their culture.(4) Paradoxically, the extreme cultural relativists, who wanted to give all other peoples due respect and resist all tendencies toward ethnocentrism in themselves, were drawn to the logical conclusion that anything goes—infanticide, headhunting, slavery, torture, ritual mutilation—provided only that it is in accord with the culture in which it occurs.
History soon exposed the fallacy of this doctrine of total objectivity. Under Hitler, the Nazis enslaved millions and put millions more to death. After the 1930s it was no longer possible for scholars to maintain the stance of total cultural relativism.(5) While contemporary anthropologists and sociologists continue to believe that the practices of another people cannot be judged on the same terms as their own culture, they also believe that those practices can be judged in the light of universal values and basic human requirements. Thus, any cultural practice that conflicts with such universal human needs as emotional security, physical health, and self-preservation should not be deemed as valid as practices that serve those needs.
Section B: Translate into good English the following sentences. (15%)
（1）在世界各地，今天比任何时候都更加感觉到中国的存在，它在世界政治形势中占有历史性的重要地位。
（2）我们的社会主义实践，与其说是出于社会主义理论的理解和运用，还不如说是为了适应现实的需要。
（3）我们现在面临的所有重大世界性问题中最重要的问题就是人口对土地和土地资源的压力正在迅速增长。
（4）在科学技术迅猛发展的今天，振兴经济的希望在教育，教师队伍的数量和质量对教育发展只有决定性的影响。
（5）必须引导人们正确处理竞争和协作、自主和监督、效率和公平、先富和共富、经济效率和社会效益等关系。