2026 年北京科技大学考博真题 样题
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北京科技大学 2005 年博士研究生入学考试英语真题
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2005.04
Part I Vocabulary (15 points, 0.5 point each)
Section A
Directions: There are 15 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
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Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember.
A) do away with B) bring to an end C) sum up D) resolve
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William Penn planned Philadelphia as the "holy city", carefully laid out so that each house would have the appearance of a country cottage to avoid the density.
A) worked out B) put out C) designed D) constructed
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Jane courteously invited him to take a glass of wine with them.
A) decisively B) straightforwardly C) politely D) indirectly
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He always has a penetrating mind in analyzing difficult problems like these.
A) indifferent B) inalienable C) permeating D) careful
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Millions of farmers, drawn by the prospect of employment, came into the city which made the problems of transportation and housing even more serious.
A) prosperity B) expectation C) anticipation D) probability
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Some children display an unquenchable curiosity about every new thing they encounter.
A) insatiable B) inherent C) indiscriminate D) incredible
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She feels herself superior to her twin sister in appearance and education.
A) better than B) worse than C) as good as D) no better than
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I admire him so much because he seems always calm and witty at critical moments.
A) stretching B) important C) miraculous D) private
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It is only when you live in close proximity with him that you discover his personality.
A) distance B) circle C) community D) nearness
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Cross-country bicycle racing, came into being early in the 20th century in France, was current in the 1920s and became prominent in the 1950s.
A) generated B) originated C) sponsored D) proclaimed
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President Roosevelt's words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal.
A) discouraging B) disastrous C) disgraceful D) destructive
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Frequent exposure to perilous substances will lead to a gradual deterioration of health.
A) hazardous B) radioactive C) wasteful D) artificial
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The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting far-reaching research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs.
A) extensive B) refined C) prevalent D) serious
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The Lincoln Memorial is built out of respect for President Lincoln who made great contribution to the emancipation of the blacks.
A) in honor of B) passing for C) in the eyes of D) standing up for
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Our assumption that the Gulf War would soon come to an end was proved right.
A) consumption B) presumption C) imagination D) deduction
答案解析
- A【精析】“cut through” 此处意为 “摆脱、避开”，与 “do away with”（消除、摆脱）含义相近。B “bring to an end”（结束）、C “sum up”（总结）、D “resolve”（解决）均不符合语境。
- C【精析】“laid out” 此处意为 “规划、设计”，与 “designed”（设计）同义。A “worked out”（算出、制定）、B “put out”（扑灭）、D “constructed”（建造）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“courteously” 意为 “有礼貌地”，与 “politely” 同义。A “decisively”（果断地）、B “straightforwardly”（直率地）、D “indirectly”（间接地）均不符合语境。
- C【精析】“penetrating” 此处意为 “敏锐的、有洞察力的”，与 “permeating”（渗透的，引申为 “深入的”）含义相近。A “indifferent”（冷漠的）、B “inalienable”（不可剥夺的）、D “careful”（仔细的）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】“prospect” 意为 “前景、期望”，与 “expectation”（期望）同义。A “prosperity”（繁荣）、C “anticipation”（预料）、D “probability”（可能性）均不符合语境。
- A【精析】“unquenchable” 意为 “无法满足的、难以抑制的”，与 “insatiable”（贪得无厌的、无法满足的）同义。B “inherent”（内在的）、C “indiscriminate”（不加选择的）、D “incredible”（难以置信的）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】“superior to” 意为 “优于、比…… 好”，与 “better than” 同义。B “worse than”（比…… 差）、C “as good as”（和…… 一样好）、D “no better than”（和…… 差不多）均不符合语境。
- B【精析】“critical” 意为 “关键的、重要的”，与 “important” 同义。A “stretching”（延伸的）、C “miraculous”（奇迹般的）、D “private”（私人的）均不符合句意。
- D【精析】“proximity” 意为 “接近、邻近”，与 “nearness”（接近）同义。A “distance”（距离）、B “circle”（圈子）、C “community”（社区）均不符合语境。
- B【精析】“came into being” 意为 “产生、出现”，与 “originated”（起源、产生）同义。A “generated”（产生，侧重能量、电力）、C “sponsored”（赞助）、D “proclaimed”（宣布）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“humiliating” 意为 “丢脸的、耻辱的”，与 “disgraceful”（不光彩的、丢脸的）同义。A “discouraging”（令人沮丧的）、B “disastrous”（灾难性的）、D “destructive”（破坏性的）均不符合语境。
- A【精析】“perilous” 意为 “危险的、冒险的”，与 “hazardous”（危险的）同义。B “radioactive”（放射性的）、C “wasteful”（浪费的）、D “artificial”（人工的）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】“far-reaching” 意为 “深远的、广泛的”，与 “extensive”（广泛的）同义。B “refined”（精炼的）、C “prevalent”（普遍的）、D “serious”（严肃的）均不符合语境。
- A【精析】“out of respect for” 意为 “出于对…… 的尊重”，与 “in honor of”（为了纪念、出于对…… 的敬意）同义。B “passing for”（冒充）、C “in the eyes of”（在…… 看来）、D “standing up for”（支持）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】“assumption” 意为 “假设、假定”，与 “presumption”（假定、推测）同义。A “consumption”（消耗）、C “imagination”（想象）、D “deduction”（推论）均不符合语境。
Section B
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A), B), C) and D) under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
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Call your doctor for advice if the ______ persist for more than a few days.
A) responses B) signals C) symptoms D) fiction
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The Japanese scientists have found that scents ______ efficiency and reduce stress among office workers.
A) enhance B) amplify C) foster D) magnify
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The club will ______ new members the first week in September.
A) register B) subscribe C) enroll D) absorb
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I think she hurt my feelings ______ rather than by accident as she claimed.
A) virtually B) deliberately C) literally D) appropriately
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Within ten years they have tamed the ______ hill into green woods.
A) vacant B) barren C) weird D) wasteful
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Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______ him.
A) cut him short B) turned him out C) gave him up D) put him through
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Do you have any ______ about what living beings on other planets would be like?
A) ideal B) comprehension C) notion D) intelligence
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He might have been killed ______ the arrival of the police.
A) except for B) but for C) with D) for
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Many years had ______ before they returned to their original urban area.
A) floated B) elapsed C) skipped D) proceeded
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Improved consumer confidence is ______ to an economic recovery.
A) crucial B) subordinate C) cumulative D) satisfactory
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We should be able to do the job for you quickly, ______ you give us all the necessary information.
A) in case B) provided that C) or else D) as if
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The day before my history exam, I still hadn't ______ reading the first book on the list.
A) see about B) caught up with C) got round to D) sat for
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They used to quarrel a lot, but now they are completely ______ with each other.
A) reconciled B) negotiated C) associated D) accommodated
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In order to keep the line moving, customers with lengthy banking ______ are required to do their inside.
A) transit B) transactions C) turnover D) tempos
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Doctors are often caught in a ______ because they have to decide whether they should tell their patients the truth or not.
A) puzzle B) bewilderment C) dilemma D) perplexity
答案解析
- C【精析】句意：如果症状持续超过几天，请咨询医生。“symptoms”（症状）符合语境。A “responses”（反应）、B “signals”（信号）、D “fiction”（虚构）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】句意：日本科学家发现气味能提高上班族的效率并减轻压力。“enhance”（提高、增强）侧重提升品质、效率，符合语境。B “amplify”（放大，侧重声音、信号）、C “foster”（培养，侧重情感、关系）、D “magnify”（放大，侧重尺寸、影响）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】句意：俱乐部将在九月第一周招收新成员。“enroll”（招收、注册）侧重吸收成员，符合语境。A “register”（注册，侧重登记信息）、B “subscribe”（订阅）、D “absorb”（吸收，侧重融入）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】句意：我认为她是故意伤害我的感情，而不是像她声称的那样偶然。“deliberately”（故意地）符合语境。A “virtually”（实际上）、C “literally”（字面地）、D “appropriately”（适当地）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】句意：十年内他们把荒芜的山变成了绿色森林。“barren”（荒芜的、贫瘠的）形容土地，符合语境。A “vacant”（空的，侧重空间）、C “weird”（奇怪的）、D “wasteful”（浪费的）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】句意：杰克正要宣布我们的计划，但我打断了他。“cut him short”（打断某人）符合语境。B “turned him out”（驱逐）、C “gave him up”（放弃）、D “put him through”（接通电话）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】句意：你对其他星球上的生物会是什么样子有任何想法吗？“notion”（想法、概念）侧重模糊的想法，符合语境。A “ideal”（理想）、B “comprehension”（理解）、D “intelligence”（智力）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】句意：要不是警察来了，他可能已经被杀了。“but for”（要不是）后接虚拟语气，符合语境。A “except for”（除了）、C “with”（随着）、D “for”（因为）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】句意：许多年过去后，他们才回到原来的城区。“elapsed”（流逝，侧重时间）符合语境。A “floated”（漂浮）、C “skipped”（跳过）、D “proceeded”（继续）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】句意：消费者信心的提升对经济复苏至关重要。“crucial”（至关重要的）符合语境。B “subordinate”（次要的）、C “cumulative”（累积的）、D “satisfactory”（令人满意的）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】句意：只要你给我们所有必要的信息，我们就能快速为你完成这项工作。“provided that”（只要）引导条件状语从句，符合语境。A “in case”（以防）、C “or else”（否则）、D “as if”（好像）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】句意：历史考试前一天，我还没来得及读清单上的第一本书。“got round to”（抽出时间做）符合语境。A “see about”（考虑）、B “caught up with”（赶上）、D “sat for”（参加考试）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】句意：他们过去经常吵架，但现在已经完全和解了。“reconciled”（和解的）符合语境。B “negotiated”（协商的）、C “associated”（关联的）、D “accommodated”（适应的）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】句意：为了保持队伍移动，有冗长银行业务的客户需在内部办理。“transactions”（交易、业务）符合语境。A “transit”（运输）、C “turnover”（营业额）、D “tempos”（节奏）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】句意：医生经常陷入两难境地，因为他们必须决定是否告诉病人真相。“dilemma”（两难境地）符合语境。A “puzzle”（困惑）、B “bewilderment”（迷茫）、D “perplexity”（困惑）均无 “两难选择” 之意。
Part II Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)
Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.
There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service 31 (VSO) for young people before they take up full-time employment 32 there are opportunities for overseas service for 33 technicians in developing countries. Some people, 34 those who retire early, 35 their technical and business skills in countries 36 there is a special need.
So in considering voluntary or 37 community service there are more opportunities than there 38 were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time 39, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations, and values may be different. 40 some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not 41 them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different 42 both personal and 43. One should not join them 44 to arm them with professional expertise; they must be joined with commitment to the 45, not business efficiency. Because salaries are 46 or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expenses. But many retired people take part in community service for 47, simply because they enjoy the work.
Many community activities possible 48 retirement were also possible during one's working life but they are to be undertaken 49 seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider 50 community service.
- A) oversea B) over sea C) over seas D) overseas
- A) as B) so C) then D) that
- A) quantity B) qualifying C) quality D) qualified
- A) partially B) partly C) particularly D) passionately
- A) order B) operate C) offer D) occupy
- A) which B) where C) as D) that
- A) paying B) paid C) to be paid D) pay
- A) before B) lately C) never D) ever
- A) team B) number C) staff D) crowd
- A) in B) By C) With D) Through
- A) look at B) comment C) enjoy D) judge
- A) subjective B) subject C) objectives D) objects
- A) organization B) organizational C) organized D) organizing
- A) expecting B) to expect C) being expected D) expected
- A) course B) cause C) case D) caution
- A) little B) small C) large D) big
- A) free B) freedom C) money D) something
- A) before B) on C) in D) at
- A) much B) very much C) no more D) no less
- A) to be taken B) to take C) taking D) being taken
答案解析
- D【精析】“overseas”（海外的）为形容词，修饰 “voluntary service”，符合语境。A、B、C 表达错误，正确形式为 “overseas”。
- A【精析】“just as...as...” 为固定搭配，意为 “正如…… 也……”，此处指年轻人有海外志愿服务机会，技术人员也有海外服务机会。
- D【精析】“qualified technicians”（合格的技术人员），“qualified”（合格的）修饰 “technicians”，符合语境。A “quantity”（数量）、B “qualifying”（使具备资格的）、C “quality”（质量）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“particularly”（尤其、特别）强调 “提前退休的人”，符合语境。A “partially”（部分地）、B “partly”（部分地）、D “passionately”（热情地）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“offer their technical and business skills”（提供技术和商业技能），“offer”（提供）符合语境。A “order”（命令）、B “operate”（操作）、D “occupy”（占据）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】此处为定语从句，先行词 “countries” 在从句中作地点状语，用 “where” 引导。
- B【精析】“paid community service”（有偿社区服务），与前文 “voluntary（无偿的）” 形成对比，“paid”（有偿的）符合语境。
- D【精析】“than there ever were” 意为 “比以往任何时候都多”，“ever”（曾经）符合语境。A “before”（之前）、B “lately”（最近）、C “never”（从不）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“full-time staff”（全职员工），“staff”（员工）侧重机构的工作人员，符合语境。A “team”（团队）、B “number”（数量）、D “crowd”（人群）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】“in some ways” 为固定搭配，意为 “在某些方面”。
- D【精析】“judge them by commercial criteria”（用商业标准评判它们），“judge”（评判）符合语境。A “look at”（看）、B “comment”（评论，后接 “on”）、C “enjoy”（享受）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“different objectives”（不同的目标），“objectives”（目标）侧重具体目标，符合语境。A “subjective”（主观的）、B “subject”（主题）、D “objects”（物体）均不符合句意。
- B【精析】“organizational”（组织的）与 “personal”（个人的）并列，修饰 “objectives”，符合语境。A “organization”（组织，名词）、C “organized”（有组织的）、D “organizing”（组织，动名词）均不符合语法。
- A【精析】“join them expecting to...”（加入它们，期望……），“expecting” 为现在分词作伴随状语，符合语境。
- B【精析】“commitment to the cause”（对事业的投入），“cause”（事业、目标）符合语境。A “course”（课程）、C “case”（情况）、D “caution”（谨慎）均不符合句意。
- A【精析】“salaries are little”（薪水很少），“little” 修饰不可数名词 “salaries”，侧重 “数量少”。B “small” 修饰可数名词，C、D 与文意相反。
- A【精析】“for free”（无偿地），此处指退休人员无偿参与社区服务，只因享受工作。B “freedom”（自由）、C “money”（钱）、D “something”（某事）均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“in retirement”（退休后），为固定搭配。
- D【精析】“no less seriously”（同样认真地），此处指退休后的社区活动与工作时的活动应同样认真对待。A “much”、B “very much”、C “no more” 均不符合句意。
- C【精析】“consider doing sth.”（考虑做某事），“taking” 为动名词形式，符合语法。
Part III Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Section A (20 points, 1 point each)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
Passage One
The custom of sending the gullible on fool's errands and of playing other practical jokes on April 1 has been around since at least the Middle Ages and has elicited more than its share of joking explanations. The two most popular ones in the nineteenth century, according to E. Cobham Brewer, were that April was a month of fickle (that is, "fooling") weather, and that the Jews started the custom during Jesus's passion, by sending him on fool's errands to various magistrates (Annas, Caiaphas, Herod, finally Pilate) before his crucifixion. An eighteenth-century journalist related the custom to Noah's error of "sending the dove out of the ark before the water had abated" on a date that corresponded to our April 1.
William Walsh rightly ridiculed these speculations and offered a more plausible one. Until 1564, he pointed out, March 25 marked the European New Year, and the festivities associated with its arrival typically lasted eight days, until April 1. With the calendar change of that year, the New Year became January 1, but not everyone immediately got the message. Those who continued to make the New Year's visits and to offer the traditional presents on April 1 would have been accounted April Fools, and eventually these bona fide courtesies were replaced by "pretended gifts and mock ceremonial visits."
That explains why fooling should have become associated with the beginning of April, but, as Walsh himself makes clear, the concept of a day devoted to foolishness is older than the sixteenth century. Both the Roman Saturnalia (萨图恩节) and the medieval Feast of Fools provided opportunities for the overturning of conventional reason, and indeed the overturning of the social order itself. Slaves were freed at the Saturnalia, and Boy Bishops, Mock Kings, and Lords of Misrule were elected during the Middle Ages. Harvey Cox, in his provocative study of the Feast of Fools, emphasizes its "implicitly radical dimension," and places it within a social context whose flexibility was its capacity for self-mockery. "The divine right of kings, papal infallibility (天主教皇永无谬误论), and the modern totalitarian state," he writes, "all flowered after the Feast of Fools disappeared."
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Which of the following can best tell the main idea of this passage?
A) The custom of April Fools B) The history of April Fools C) The account of April Fools D) The practice of April Fools.
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Which of the following statements was NOT mentioned among the interpretations of April 1 festival?
A) It originated from the Jews' custom.
B) It was related to Noah's error.
C) It came from the calendar change of the European New Year.
D) It was the day of sending presents to possible fools.
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Which of the following words can best describe William Walsh's explanation on April 1st?
A) reasonable B) factual C) practical D) sensible
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According to Walsh, April Fools can most probably be dated back to
A) the Middle Ages B) earlier than the sixteenth century C) the eighteenth century D) the nineteenth century
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What is associated with the Feast of Fools?
A) the overturning of the Roman Saturnalia B) the disappearing of infallibility of the Pope C) the production of totalitarianism D) the freedom of slaves
答案解析
- B【精析】文章主要探讨愚人节的起源和历史发展，包括不同时期的解释和相关节日渊源，B 选项 “愚人节的历史” 准确概括主旨。A “愚人节习俗”、C “愚人节的描述”、D “愚人节的做法” 均未涵盖核心内容。
- D【精析】A、B、C 选项均在文中提及（犹太人习俗、诺亚的错误、欧洲新年日历变更）；D 选项 “给可能的傻瓜送礼物” 未提及，文中仅提到 “假装的礼物和虚假的礼节性拜访”。
- A【精析】由第二段 “William Walsh rightly ridiculed these speculations and offered a more plausible one.” 可知，沃尔什的解释更合理，“plausible” 与 “reasonable” 同义，A 选项正确。B “事实的”、C “实用的”、D “明智的” 均不符合文意。
- B【精析】由第三段 “the concept of a day devoted to foolishness is older than the sixteenth century” 可知，愚人节的概念早于 16 世纪，B 选项正确。
- C【精析】由第三段 “the modern totalitarian state... all flowered after the Feast of Fools disappeared” 可知，极权主义在愚人节相关节日消失后兴起，即与愚人节相关节日存在关联，C 选项正确。A “推翻罗马萨图恩节”、B “教皇永无谬误论的消失”、D “奴隶的自由” 均不符合文意。
Passage Two
It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.
But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America's literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering (闪烁) at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude (独处的状态) goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy. This new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.
Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic (心理上的), and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time, its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every fact of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've known it.
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The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is
A) fairly bright B) rather bleak C) quite encouraging D) very impressive
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The author's biggest concern is
A) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.
B) the musical setting American readers require for reading
C) the reading ability and reading habits of the middle class
D) elementary school children's disinterest in reading classics
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A major problem with most adolescents who can read is
A) their fondness of music and TV programs
B) their inability to focus on conflicting input
C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding
D) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature
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The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is
A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it
B) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value
C) to think it over conscientiously
D) to analyze its essential features
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About the future of the arts of reading the author feels
A) upset B) alarmed C) pessimistic D) uncertain
答案解析
- B【精析】由第一段 “depressing state of literacy” 及具体数据（2700 万美国人完全无法阅读，3500 万美国人阅读水平不足以生存）可知，美国民众的阅读能力状况严峻，B 选项 “相当黯淡” 正确。A “相当光明”、C “令人鼓舞”、D “令人印象深刻” 均与文意相反。
- C【精析】由第二段 “my own worry today is less that... than it is of... the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence...” 可知，作者最担心的是中产阶级的阅读能力和阅读习惯下降，C 选项正确。
- C【精析】由第二段 “this new form of part-reading... renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration” 可知，能阅读的青少年存在的主要问题是缺乏专注力和基本理解能力，C 选项正确。A “喜欢音乐和电视” 是表面现象，B “无法专注于冲突的输入”、D “对各种艺术和文学形式无知” 均未提及。
- A【精析】由第二段 “that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart” 可知，读者表达对诗歌或散文喜爱的最佳方式是欣赏并背诵它，A 选项正确。
- D【精析】由最后一段 “No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've known it.” 可知，作者对阅读艺术的未来感到不确定，D 选项正确。A “沮丧的”、B “警觉的”、C “悲观的” 均不符合文意。
Passage Three
In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk (废话)". The topics on his show are as shocking as can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes (灾难), yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments (困境) of other people's lives.
Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors.
Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.
Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation.
While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.
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Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows are
A) more family-oriented B) unusually popular C) more profound D) relatively formal
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Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience
A) remain indifferent to them B) are ready to face up to them C) remain fascinated by them D) are willing to get involved in them
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Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?
A) A new type of robot B) Racist hatred C) Family budget planning D) Street violence
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Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both
A) ironical B) sensitive C) instructive D) cynical
-
We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows
A) have monopolized the talk show circuit B) exploit the weakness in human nature C) appear at different times of the day D) are targeted at different audiences
答案解析
- B【精析】由第一段 “standing out above the rest” 及最后一段 “both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now... both have a strong following from large groups of fans” 可知，两个节目都异常受欢迎，B 选项正确。A “更家庭化”、C “更深刻”、D “相对正式” 均不符合文意。
- C【精析】由第二段 “yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other people's lives” 可知，尽管杰瑞・斯普林格的节目话题令人不适，观众仍被其吸引，C 选项正确。A “漠不关心”、B “准备面对”、D “愿意参与” 均不符合文意。
- C【精析】由第三段 “The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week...” 可知，奥普拉的节目话题侧重个人生活质量提升，“家庭预算规划” 符合这一范畴，C 选项正确。A “新型机器人”、B “种族仇恨”、D “街头暴力” 均不符合其节目定位。
- C【精析】由第四段 “Jerry ends every show with a 'final word'... learn something very valuable” 及奥普拉节目侧重提升生活质量可知，两个节目都具有教育意义，C 选项正确。A “讽刺的”、B “敏感的”、D “愤世嫉俗的” 均不符合文意。
- D【精析】由第五段 “The show's main target audience are middle-class Americans... Jerry Springer... has more of an association with the young adults of society” 可知，两个节目针对不同观众群体，D 选项正确。A “垄断脱口秀圈”、B “利用人性弱点”、C “在不同时段播出” 均未提及。
Passage Four
If you are a fan of science fiction, you've no doubt encountered the term nanotechnology. Yet over the past year or so, a series of breakthroughs have transformed nanotech from sci-fi fantasy into a real-world, applied science, and in the process, inspired huge investments by business, academia, and government. In industries as diverse as health care, computers, chemicals, and aerospace, nanotech is overhauling production techniques, resulting in new and improved products, some of which may already be in your home or workplace.
The inspiration for nanotech goes back to a 1959 speech by the late physicist Richard Feynman, then a professor at the California Institute of Technology, titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom." Four decades later, Chad Mirkin, a chemistry professor at Northwestern University's $34 million nanotech center, used a nanoscale device to etch most of Feynman's speech onto a surface the size of about 10 tobacco smoke particles.
What accounts for the sudden acceleration of nanotechnology? A key breakthrough came in 1990, when researchers at IBM Almaden Research Center succeeded in rearranging individual atoms at will. Using a device known as a scanning probe microscope, the team slowly moved 35 atoms to spell the three-letter IBM logo, measuring less than three nanometers.
Soon, scientists were not only manipulating individual atoms but "spray painting" with them as well. Using a tool known as a molecular beam epitaxy, scientists have learned to create ultrafine films of specialized crystals, built up one molecular layer at a time. This is the technology used today to build read-head components for computer hard drives.
The next stage in the development of nanotechnology borrows a page from nature. Building a super-computer no bigger than a speck of dust might seem an impossible task, until one realizes that evolution solved such problems more than a billion years ago. Living cells contain all sorts of nanoscale motors for tasks ranging from muscle contraction to photosynthesis. In some instances, such motors may be re-engineered, imitated, to produce products and processes useful to humans.
How are these biologically inspired machines constructed? Often, they construct themselves, manifesting a phenomenon of nature known as self-assembly. The macromolecules of such biological machines have exactly the right shape and chemical binding preferences to ensure that when they combine they will snap together in predesigned ways. For example, the two strands that make up DNA's double helix match each other exactly, which means that if they are separated in a complex chemical mixture, they are still able to find each other easily.
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The term "nanotechnology" was once associated with
A) dead B) decent C) prominent D) popular
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Who proved that Feynman's concept, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" was right?
A) Chad Mirkin at Northwestern University.
B) Researchers at Almaden Research Center.
C) Scientists manipulating atoms and "spray painting".
D) A professor at the California Institute of Technology.
-
Scientists created ultrafine films of specialized crystals by means of
A) a scanning probe microscope B) a nanoscale device
C) a molecular beam epitaxy D) a super computer
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Which of the following is the function that nanoscale motors perform?
A) rearranging individual atoms B) manipulating individual atoms
C) producing products and processes D) building read-head components
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According to the passage, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT
A) The two strands making up DNA's double helix can find each other easily in a complex chemical mixture.
B) Evolution has solved the problem of building a computer smaller than a speck of dust a long time before.
C) DNA not only programs cells to replicate themselves but also instructs them how to assemble individual molecules into new materials.
D) The read-head components for computer hard drives are constructed by means of the technology known as a molecular beam epitaxy.
答案解析
- A【精析】由第一段 “a series of breakthroughs have transformed nanotech from sci-fi fantasy into a real-world, applied science” 可知，纳米技术曾是科幻幻想，即 “不切实际的、虚构的”，与 “dead”（此处引申为 “无实际意义的”）含义相近，A 选项正确。B “得体的”、C “突出的”、D “流行的” 均不符合文意。
- A【精析】由第二段 “Four decades later, Chad Mirkin... used a nanoscale device to etch most of Feynman's speech onto a surface the size of about 10 tobacco smoke particles” 可知，查德・米尔金用纳米设备验证了费曼的观点，A 选项正确。
- C【精析】由第四段 “Using a tool known as a molecular beam epitaxy, scientists have learned to create ultrafine films of specialized crystals” 可知，科学家通过分子束外延技术制造超细晶体薄膜，C 选项正确。
- C【精析】由第五段 “such motors may be re-engineered, imitated, to produce products and processes useful to humans” 可知，纳米马达的功能是生产有用的产品和工艺，C 选项正确。A “重新排列原子”、B “操控原子”、D “制造硬盘读取头组件” 均不是纳米马达的功能。
- C【精析】A、B、D 选项均在文中提及（DNA 双链易结合、进化早解决微型计算机问题、分子束外延技术制造硬盘读取头组件）；C 选项 “DNA 指导细胞组装分子成新材料” 未提及，文中仅提到 DNA 双链的结合特性。
Section B (10 points)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer these questions in English.
Priscilla Ouchida's "energy efficient" house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000, three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-paned windows and several other energy-saving features. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. Priscilla's eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness.
Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting.
The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation's drive to save energy. The problem itself isn't new. "The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along," Says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. "Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases."
The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn't worry much about unsealed cracks. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels.
- From what point of view is the Ouchidas' house ideal?
- What made the Ouchidas' new house a horrible dream?
- What does "the problem" refer to in the second sentence of the 3rd paragraph?
- Why were cracks in old houses not a big concern?
- What lesson can be learned from Priscilla Ouchida's experience?
答案解析
-
From the point of view of energy efficiency.
【精析】由第一段 “Priscilla Ouchida's 'energy efficient' house” 及 “Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks... several other energy-saving features” 可知，这所房子从节能角度看是理想的。
-
The high level of formaldehyde gas in the kitchen, which caused Priscilla's illness (such as burning eyes, dry throat, headaches and insomnia).
【精析】由第二段可知，厨房甲醛含量超标（是联邦标准的两倍），导致普丽西拉患病，使其房子成为噩梦。
-
It refers to indoor air pollution.
【精析】第三段承接前文奥奇达一家的遭遇，提出 “室内空气污染” 这一问题，故 “the problem” 指代室内空气污染。
-
Because energy was cheap in the past, and the cracks allowed fresh outdoor air to replace the indoor air about once an hour, so pollutants seldom built up to dangerous levels.
【精析】由最后一段可知，过去能源便宜，裂缝使室内空气每小时更换一次，污染物难以达到危险水平，因此裂缝未被重视。
-
Energy conservation should not be at the expense of indoor air quality and people's health. / When building energy-efficient houses, we should pay attention to indoor air pollution to ensure people's health.
【精析】奥奇达的经历表明，节能不能以牺牲室内空气质量和健康为代价，建造节能房屋时需关注室内空气污染。
Part IV Translation (20 points)
Section A (10 points)
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese:
Green or sustainable chemistry can contribute to achieving sustainability in three key areas. First, renewable energy technologies will be the central pillar of a sustainable high-technology civilization. Chemists can contribute to the development of the economically feasible conversion of solar into chemical energy and the improvement of solar to electrical energy conversion. Second, the reagents used by the chemical industry, today mostly derived from oil, must increasingly be obtained from renewable sources to reduce our dependence on fossilized carbon. This important area is beginning to flourish, but is not the subject of this essay. Third, polluting technologies must be replaced by benign alternatives. This field is receiving considerable attention, but the dedicated research community is small and is merely scratching the surface of an immense problem that I will now sketch.
参考译文
绿色化学或可持续化学可在三个关键领域为实现可持续发展做出贡献。首先，可再生能源技术将成为可持续高科技文明的核心支柱。化学家可助力研发经济可行的太阳能向化学能转化技术，并改进太阳能向电能的转化效率。其次，化学工业目前使用的试剂大多源于石油，未来必须逐步从可再生资源中获取，以减少对化石碳的依赖。这一重要领域已开始蓬勃发展，但并非本文探讨的主题。第三，污染性技术必须被无害的替代技术取代。该领域正受到广泛关注，但专注于这一领域的研究群体规模较小，仅触及了一个巨大问题的表面，接下来我将简要阐述这一问题。
Section B (10 points)
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English
因特网在计算机和通讯领域掀起了一场前所未有的革命。电报、电话、收音机、计算机的发明为因特网的诞生创造了条件，使各自的功能史无前例地融为一体。因特网一经出现，立刻使全球广播得以实现，成为信息传播的手段，成为人们和计算机之间超越地域限制，实现合作与交互的媒介。
参考译文
The Internet has sparked an unprecedented revolution in the fields of computers and communications. The inventions of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer have laid the foundation for the birth of the Internet, integrating their respective functions unprecedentedly into one. Once emerging, the Internet immediately realized global broadcasting, becoming a means of information dissemination and a medium for people and computers to achieve cooperation and interaction beyond geographical limitations.
Part V Writing (15 points)
Directions: Some people argue that English has been overemphasized in China nowadays in that almost everything from entry into a higher school to employment, promotion, is closely linked up with one's mastery of English. This has misled students at school into spending too much of their time on English rather than on their specialties. Do you agree or disagree with this view? Write an essay of approximately 150 words to support yourself.
参考范文
Is English Overemphasized in China?
There is a widespread view that English is overemphasized in China, as it is closely linked to students' admission to higher education, employment and promotion. This, some argue, misleads students to neglect their specialties for English. I partly agree with this view.
Undeniably, English plays an important role in global communication, academic exchange and career development. However, the current situation of overemphasizing English is indeed problematic. Many students spend a large amount of time on English exams, leaving little time for their major studies, which affects their professional competence. For example, some science students are proficient in English but lack practical experimental skills.
In my opinion, English should be treated as a tool rather than an end. Educational institutions should adjust the evaluation system, reducing the excessive weight of English, and guide students to balance English learning with specialty studies. Only in this way can students develop in an all-round way and better meet the needs of social development.
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