2026 年北京交通大学考博真题 样题
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北京交通大学 2008 年博士研究生入学考试英语真题
Section I Use of English (10 points)
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.
- [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased
- [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
- [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
- [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
- [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
- [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
- [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
- [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
- [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
- [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total
- [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately [C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably
- [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers
- [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
- [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
- [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down
- [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
- [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument
- [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined
- [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed
- [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous
答案解析
- B【精析】句意：但格雷戈里・科克伦还是准备好要说出这个观点。“be prepared to do” 意为 “准备好做某事”，符合语境。A “selected”（被选中的）、C “obliged”（被迫的）、D “pleased”（高兴的）均不符合文意。
- D【精析】“rare bird” 是固定搭配，意为 “稀有的人、异类”，此处指科克伦是独立于任何机构的科学家，十分罕见。A “unique”（独特的）、B “particular”（特定的）、C “special”（特殊的）均无法与 “bird” 搭配表达该含义。
- A【精析】“independently of” 是固定搭配，意为 “独立于…… 之外”，此处指他独立于任何机构开展研究。B “with”、C “in”、D “against” 均不符合搭配习惯。
- C【精析】句意：他帮助推广了一种观点，即一些以前不被认为由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染性疾病。“previously” 意为 “以前、先前”，符合语境。A “subsequently”（随后）、B “presently”（目前）、D “lately”（最近）均不符合文意。
- C【精析】句意：然而，即便是他，想到自己即将要做的事，可能也会感到不安。“Even”（即使、即便）表让步，符合逻辑。A “Only”（只有）、B “So”（因此）、D “Hence”（因此）均不符合语境。
- A【精析】“at the thought of” 是固定搭配，意为 “一想到……”，此处指一想到即将要做的事。B “sight”（视力，at the sight of “一看到”）、C “cost”（成本，at the cost of“以…… 为代价”）、D “risk”（风险，at the risk of“冒着…… 的风险”）均不符合文意。
- B【精析】句意：他和另外两位科学家共同发表了一篇论文，不仅提出人类中有一个群体比其他群体更聪明，还解释了这一现象产生的过程。“suggests” 意为 “提出、表明”，符合 “论文提出观点” 的语境。A “advises”（建议）、C “protests”（抗议）、D “objects”（反对）均不符合文意。
- D【精析】“in question” 是固定搭配，意为 “讨论中的、涉及的”，此处指所讨论的群体。A “progress”（进展，in progress “在进行中”）、B “fact”（事实，in fact “事实上”）、C “need”（需要，in need “在困境中”）均不符合语境。
- B【精析】句意：这个群体在智商测试中通常表现出色，得分比 100 分的平均值高出 12-15 分。“scoring” 意为 “得分”，搭配 “IQ test” 恰当。A “attaining”（获得，侧重达成目标）、C “reaching”（达到，侧重数值）、D “calculating”（计算）均不符合文意。
- C【精析】“mean value” 意为 “平均值”，此处指智商测试的平均分为 100 分。A “normal”（正常的）、B “common”（普通的）、D “total”（总的）均不符合 “统计数值” 的语境。
- B【精析】句意：他们对西方的知识和文化生活做出了不成比例的巨大贡献。“disproportionately” 意为 “不成比例地、过分地”，体现该群体人数不多但贡献极大。A “unconsciously”（无意识地）、C “indefinitely”（无限期地）、D “unaccountably”（无法解释地）均不符合文意。
- D【精析】句意：正如他们精英阶层的职业生涯所证明的那样，包括几位世界著名的科学家。“careers” 意为 “职业生涯、事业成就”，符合 “精英的成就体现贡献” 的语境。A “missions”（使命）、B “fortunes”（财富）、C “interests”（兴趣）均不符合文意。
- A【精析】句意：正如他们精英阶层的职业生涯所证实的那样。“affirm” 意为 “证实、确认”，符合语境。B “witness”（见证，需人作主语）、C “observe”（观察）、D “approve”（批准）均不符合文意。
- C【精析】前文提到该群体智商高且贡献大，后文指出他们易患遗传疾病，前后为转折关系，“however”（然而）符合逻辑。A “moreover”（此外）、B “therefore”（因此）、D “meanwhile”（同时）均不符合语境。
- D【精析】“put down to” 是固定搭配，意为 “归因于”，此处指前者（高智商）被归因于社会影响。A “given up”（放弃）、B “got over”（克服）、C “carried on”（继续）均不符合搭配和文意。
- D【精析】句意：比如重视教育的浓厚传统。“valuing” 意为 “重视、珍视”，搭配 “education” 恰当。A “assessing”（评估）、B “supervising”（监督）、C “administering”（管理）均不符合文意。
- C【精析】句意：后者（遗传疾病）被视为遗传隔离的结果。“consequence” 意为 “结果、后果”，符合 “遗传隔离导致疾病” 的逻辑。A “development”（发展）、B “origin”（起源）、D “instrument”（工具）均不符合文意。
- A【精析】句意：科克伦博士认为，智商和疾病之间有着密切的联系。“linked” 意为 “关联的、有联系的”，符合语境。A “integrated”（整合的）、C “woven”（编织的）、D “combined”（结合的）均不符合 “两者存在关联” 的含义。
- B【精析】“subjected to” 是固定搭配，意为 “使遭受、使经历”，此处指这些人不同寻常的历史让他们经历了独特的进化压力。A “limited”（限制）、C “converted”（转换）、D “directed”（指导）均不符合搭配和文意。
- A【精析】句意：这导致了这种矛盾的状态（高智商与易患遗传病并存）。“paradoxical” 意为 “矛盾的、似是而非的”，符合语境。B “incompatible”（不相容的）、C “inevitable”（不可避免的）、D “continuous”（持续的）均不符合文意。
Section II Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner."
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating."
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck."
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
-
Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
-
Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D] are exposed to more stress.
-
According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary.
[B] irregular and violent.
[C] durable and frequent.
[D] trivial and random.
-
The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck." (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
-
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
答案解析
- A【精析】由前两段可知，性激素影响压力反应，女性在压力下会产生更多触发化学物质，切除卵巢后反应与男性持平，说明女性在生理上更易受压力影响，A 选项正确。B “女性仍承受男性造成的压力”、C “女性应对压力更有经验”、D “男女面对压力倾向不同” 均未提及。
- D【精析】由第三段 “Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased 'opportunities' for stress.” 可知，耶胡达博士的研究表明女性面临更多压力，D 选项正确。A “需要额外化学物质应对压力”、B “承受压力能力有限”、C “更擅长避免压力” 均与文意不符。
- C【精析】由第四段 “the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature” 可知，女性面临的压力具有长期性和重复性，C 选项 “持久且频繁” 正确。A “家庭的且暂时的”、B “不规律且暴力的”、D “琐碎且随机的” 均不符合文意。
- B【精析】“lived from paycheck to paycheck” 意为 “月光族、靠薪水勉强糊口”，说明阿尔瓦雷斯的工资仅能勉强覆盖家庭开支，B 选项正确。A “只关心赚钱”、C “有多份工作”、D “凡事用支票支付” 均不符合句意。
- D【精析】文章核心是女性面临的压力远超男性，包括生理易感性、压力来源多且持久等，D 选项 “性别不平等：处于压力下的女性” 准确概括主旨。A“压力困境：无路可逃？”、B“压力反应：性别差异”、C“压力分析：化学物质的作用” 均未突出 “女性承受更多压力” 的核心。
Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
-
In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
-
Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
-
According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
-
With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
-
Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
答案解析
- D【精析】第一段详细描述了传统期刊出版的流程：研究者提交论文、编辑隐名送审、根据评论决定是否发表、版权归出版商、读者需订阅，D 选项正确。A “期刊编辑的背景信息”、B “实验室报告的出版流程”、C “作者与出版商的关系” 均未提及。
- C【精析】由第二段 “The report... makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.” 可知，OECD 报告让盈利的出版商感到不安，C 选项正确。A “批评政府资助的研究”、B “介绍有效的出版方式”、D “极大造福科学研究” 均不符合文意。
- A【精析】由第二段 “the Internet... is making access to scientific results a reality” 可知，在线出版的重要意义在于让科学成果更容易获取，A 选项正确。B “给研究者带来巨额利润”、C “强调科学知识的关键作用”、D “促进公共对科研的投资” 均未提及。
- A【精析】由第四段 “open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published” 可知，开放获取出版模式要求作者承担出版费用，A 选项正确。B “订阅出版期刊”、C “允许其他期刊自由使用”、D “提交前完成同行评审” 均不符合文意。
- B【精析】文章核心是传统期刊出版模式正在改变，互联网催生了在线出版等新的出版模式，B 选项正确。A “互联网对出版商构成威胁”、C “作者欢迎新出版渠道”、D “在线服务让出版更简单” 均未概括核心主旨。
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go," says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height - 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women - hasn't really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism," says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."
-
Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..
[C] compare different generations of NBA players.
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
-
Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
[A] Genetic modification.
[B] Natural environment.
[C] Living standards.
[D] Daily exercise.
-
On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
-
We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
-
The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
答案解析
- A【精析】第一段以威尔特・张伯伦为例，说明 20 世纪 60 年代 NBA 仅有 3 名 7 英尺以上球员，而去年有 42 名，旨在体现 NBA 球员身高的变化，A 选项正确。B “展示 NBA 球员的受欢迎程度”、C “比较不同代 NBA 球员”、D “评估著名 NBA 球员的成就” 均不符合文意。
- C【精析】由第三段 “Growth... demands calories and nutrients... as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have... increased in height” 可知，饮食和健康（即生活水平）对身高增长起关键作用，C 选项正确。A “基因改造”、B “自然环境”、D “日常锻炼” 均未提及。
- B【精析】由第四段 “even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs” 可知，人类直立姿势限制了身高增长，即身高受直立姿势制约，B 选项正确。A “非美国人提高了美国的平均身高”、C “美国人平均身高世界最高”、D “体型大的婴儿成年后更易长高” 均不符合文意。
- D【精析】由最后一段 “if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment... you could use today's data and feel fairly confident” 可知，现有身高数据在不久的将来仍适用，D 选项正确。A “服装行业将重新考虑制服尺寸”、B “军装设计将保持不变”、C “基因检测将用于选拔运动员” 均不符合文意。
- C【精析】文章核心是美国人的身高已达到基因增长极限，20 世纪 60 年代后平均身高未再变化，C 选项正确。A “人类身高变化呈周期性”、B “人类身高更易预测”、D “美国人的基因模式已改变” 均未概括核心主旨。
Text 4
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.
-
George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
-
We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.
-
What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
-
Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
-
Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his
[A] moral considerations.
[B] military experience.
[C] financial conditions.
[D] political stand.
答案解析
- D【精析】第一段提及华盛顿的牙齿移植手术（移植奴隶的牙齿），是为了展示他不为人知的一面，与历史书中的形象形成对比，引出下文对开国元勋与奴隶制关系的探讨，D 选项正确。A “展示过去原始的医疗实践”、B “证明当时奴隶制的残酷”、C “强调奴隶在美国历史中的作用” 均非核心目的。
- B【精析】由第二段 “the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy” 可知，美国早期面临微妙的局势，开国元勋们在奴隶制问题上做出了道德妥协，B 选项正确。A “DNA 技术广泛应用于历史研究”、C “历史学家故意编造杰斐逊的故事”、D “美国历史中随处可见政治妥协” 均不符合文意。
- C【精析】杰斐逊私下厌恶奴隶制，却因政治和经济原因未废除它，还扩大了奴隶制范围，但释放了奴隶海明斯的孩子，说明他对奴隶制的态度复杂，C 选项正确。A “政治观点改变了他对奴隶制的态度”、B “父亲身份让他释放童工”、D “与奴隶的关系玷污了他的声誉” 均不符合文意。
- A【精析】由第五段 “The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800” 可知，一些开国元勋从奴隶制中获得了政治利益，A 选项正确。B “过去的奴隶没有投票权”、C “奴隶主通常有大额存款”、D “奴隶制被视为特殊制度” 均未准确体现文意（D 选项中 “peculiar institution” 是特定称谓，并非普遍认知）。
- B【精析】由最后一段 “Washington... after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom” 可知，华盛顿释放奴隶的决定源于他的军事经历，B 选项正确。A “道德考虑”、C “经济状况”、D “政治立场” 均不符合文意。
Part B (10 points)
Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)
Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.
(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.
If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.
Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote "The A & P as a State of Mind" wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)
Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.
[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.
[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.
[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.
[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P "policy" he enforces.
[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in "A & P," the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.
[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.
答案解析
- D【精析】前文强调停止拖延、开始写作，D 选项 “怎么写不重要，关键是开始写” 承接前文，且 “flesh out whatever outline you have made” 引出下文关于大纲的灵活性，衔接自然。
- G【精析】前文提到大纲应灵活，有好想法可加入草稿，G 选项 “将初稿作为思考工具，不必追求完美” 承接该观点，且 “Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait” 与后文 “语法等可待修改时处理” 呼应。
- A【精析】后文提到 “便于跟踪页面，剪贴段落不丢失内容”，A 选项 “留宽边距和行距，只写单面” 正是实现该目的的方法，衔接紧密。
- C【精析】前文提及文字处理软件的功能，C 选项 “打印初稿可避免数据丢失，且便于修改” 承接软件使用，且 “These printouts” 与后文 “这些打印稿更易阅读” 呼应。
- E【精析】前文提到学生删除了与主题无关的段落，E 选项 “解释删除原因（与论点无关），并说明新增段落的作用” 承接前文，且提及的 “A & P”“Sammy”“Lengel” 与前文一致，衔接自然。
Part C (10 points)
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the "Origin of Species" is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that "I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree." (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."
Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: "Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music." (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.
参考译文
- 他认为，正是这种困难带来了一种补偿性的优势，迫使他对每一句话都进行长时间的认真思考，从而使他能够发现推理和自身观察中的错误。
- 他还断言，自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力非常有限，因此他确信自己永远不可能在数学领域取得成功。
- 另一方面，对于一些批评者提出的 “他虽然善于观察，却缺乏推理能力” 这一指责，他并不认为是有充分依据的。
- 他谦逊地补充说，或许他 “在注意到那些容易被忽略的事物并仔细观察它们方面，比普通人更胜一筹”。
- 达尔文坚信，失去这些爱好不仅意味着失去快乐，还可能对智力造成损害，更有可能对道德品质产生不良影响。
Section III Writing (20 points)
- Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
参考范文
The Impact of Technology on Interpersonal Communication
As is vividly depicted in the drawing, a group of people sit around a dinner table, but each is engrossed in their own mobile phones, with no communication between them. The scene reflects a common phenomenon in modern society: technology is gradually alienating people from face-to-face interactions.
The drawing conveys a profound meaning: while technological advancements like mobile phones and the Internet have made communication more convenient, they have also created barriers between people. In the name of staying connected online, many people ignore the people around them, leading to the loss of genuine interpersonal bonds. For example, family gatherings, which used to be a time for sharing and bonding, now often turn into silent occasions where everyone is busy with their devices.
In my opinion, we should strike a balance between technology and real-life communication. Technology is a tool to facilitate interactions, not a substitute for them. We should put down our phones occasionally, engage in face-to-face conversations with family and friends, and cherish the genuine connections in life. Only in this way can we avoid being isolated by technology and maintain the warmth of human relationships.
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