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2026年 北京化工大学考博真题,考博试题

2026 年北京化工大学考博真题 样题

考博资源>>北京化工大学考博专区： 历年真题、试题答案详解下载

获取北京化工大学英语、专业课考博真题，可通过考博信息网（http://www.kaoboinfo.com/）或本校历年考博真题下载专用页面（http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_1186291.html）下载。所有年份考博真题均配备高分答案详解，助力考生精准把握考点、理清答题逻辑，高效备战考博英语及专业课考试。本文 2010 年北京化工大学考博英语样题为例，进行完整提取、重新编排并补充答案解析。

北京化工大学 2010 年博士研究生英语入学考试试题（样题）

注意事项

  1. 答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题册上的均不给分。
  2. 多项选择题的答案只能选一个答案，多选作废。选定答案后，用铅笔在相应的字母的中部划一条横线。修改时必须先用橡皮擦净后，再填涂其它选项。正确方法是：A B C D 。
  3. 辨错改错、汉译英和作文用钢笔或圆珠笔写在试卷二的答题纸上。
  4. 请在 150 分钟内答完全部试题，不得拖延时间。

试卷一

Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Example: You will hear:
You will read: A) 2 hours. B) 3 hours. C) 4 hours. D) 5 hours.
From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work they will start at 9 o'clock in the morning and have to finish by 2 in the afternoon. Therefore, D) "5 hours" is the correct answer. You should choose [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.
  1. A. She knows where Martha has gone.
    B. Martha will go to the concert by herself.
    C. It is quite possible for the man to find Martha.
    D. The man is going to meet Martha at the concert.
  2. A. The air pollution is caused by the development of industry.
    B. The city was poor because there wasn't much industry then.
    C. The woman's exaggerating the seriousness of the pollution.
    D. He might move to another city very soon.
  3. A. The man should work harder to improve his grades.
    B. The man will benefit from the effort he's put in.
    C. It serves the man right to get a poor grade.
    D. It was unfair of the teacher to give the man a C.
  4. A. She can make a reservation at the restaurant.
    B. The man should decide where to eat.
    C. She already has plans for Saturday night.
    D. The man should ask his brother for suggestions.
  5. A. The man deserved the award.
    B. The woman helped the man succeed.
    C. The man is thankful to the woman for her assistance.
    D. The woman worked hard and was given an award.
  6. A. Voluntary work can help the man establish connections with the community.
    B. The man's voluntary work has left him little room in his schedule.
    C. Voluntary work with the environment council requires a time commitment.
    D. A lot of people have signed up for voluntary work with the environment council.
  7. A. The patient must receive treatment regularly.
    B. The patient can't leave the hospital until the bleeding stops.
    C. The patient's husband can attend to the business in her place.
    D. The patient must take a good rest and forget about her business.
  8. A. Alice does not know much about electronics.
    B. Alice is unlikely to find a job anywhere.
    C. Alice is not interested in anything but electronics.
    D. Alice is likely to find a job in an electronics company.
  9. A. Jimmy is going to set out tonight.
    B. Jimmy has not decided on his journey.
    C. There is no need to have a farewell dinner.
    D. They may have a dinner when Jimmy's back.
  10. A. The woman had been planning for the conference.
    B. The woman called the man but the line was busy.
    C. The woman didn't come back until midnight.
    D. The woman had guests all evening.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D.. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. A. They are delighted because they can enjoy the scenery while driving.
B. They are frightened because traffic accidents are frequent.
C. They are irritated because the bridge is jammed with cars.
D. They are pleased because it saves them much time.
  1. A. They don't have their own cars to drive to work.
    B. Many of them are romantic by temperament.
    C. Most of them enjoy the drinks on the boat.
    D. They tend to be more friendly to each other.
  2. A. Many welcome the idea of having more bars on board.
    B. Many prefer the ferry to maintain its present speed.
    C. Some suggest improving the design of the deck.
    D. Some object to using larger luxury boats.
Passage Two
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. A. Coca Cola. B. Sausage. C. Milk. D. Fried chicken.
  1. A. He has had thirteen decayed teeth.
    B. He doesn't have a single decayed tooth.
    C. He has fewer decayed teeth than other people of his age.
    D. He never had a single tooth pulled out before he was fifty.
  2. A. Brush your teeth right before you go to bed in the evening.
    B. Have as few of your teeth pulled out as possible.
    C. Have your teeth X-rayed at regular intervals.
    D. Clean your teeth shortly after eating.
Passage Three
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. A. A visit to a prison.
B. The influence of his father.
C. A talk with some miserable slaves.
D. His experience in the war between France and Austria.
  1. A. He sent surgeons to serve in the army.
    B. He provided soldiers with medical supplies.
    C. He recruited volunteers to care for the wounded.
    D. He helped to flee the prisoners of war.
  2. A. All men are created equal.
    B. The wounded and dying should be treated for free.
    C. A wounded soldier should surrender before he receives any medical treatment.
    D. A suffering person is entitled to help regardless of race, religion or political beliefs.
  3. A. To honor Swiss heroes who died in the war.
    B. To show Switzerland was neutral.
    C. To pay tribute to Switzerland.
    D. To show gratitude to the Swiss government for its financial support.

Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: In this section, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence or replaces the underlined part. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
  1. After the gunshot at Columbine in Colorado, the ________ suggested that many schools in the United States were full of drugs and weapons.
    A. press B. medium C. channel D. media
  2. Thanks to modern technology, these results could prove ________ in establishing the criminal's identity.
    A. decisive B. exact C. destructive D. definite
  3. We were most flattered to find that we had a wonderfully _________ audience for last night's performance.
    A. responsive B. responsible C. reflected D. reactive
  4. The recent fraud scandal involved and discredited a number of the country's most _______ politicians.
    A. imminent B. superior C. prominent D. inferior
  5. Some journalist had written a(n) ________ about him in which some of the facts were untrue.
    A. outlook B. profile C. appearance D. performance
  6. According to the recent census, under-18s ________ nearly 95% of the single children in Chinese families.
    A. compose B. institute C. propose D. constitute
  7. The professor found himself constantly _______ the question: "How could anyone do these things?"
    A. presiding B. poring C. pondering D. presuming
  8. Weeks _______ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.
    A. terminated B. elapsed C. overlapped D. expired
  9. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which _______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.
    A. relieve B. reconcile C. reclaim D. rectify
  10. How much of your country's electrical supply is _______ from water power?
    A. deduced B. detached C. derived D. declined
  11. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company's client data, which she intended to _______ in starting her own business.
    A. dwell on B. come upon C. base on D. draw upon
  12. His attempts to _______ the two friends failed because they had complete faith in each other.
    A. alienate B. abuse C. alleviate D. abandon
  13. As the old empires were broken up and new states were formed, new official tongues began to _____ at an increasing rate.
    A. bring up B. build up C. spring up D. strike up
  14. Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital, _____ they have no schedules to keep.
    A. even though B. for C. as if D. since
  15. Grand Teton National Park embraces the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-covered Teton Range.
    A. constitutes B. consists C. preserves D. includes
  16. Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease that can be either acute or chronic and is frequently recurrent.
    A. recovering B. recycling C. rebounding D. revitalizing
  17. The only safe way of distinguishing between edible and poisonous mushrooms is to learn to identify the individual species.
    A. assure B. classify C. confirm D. recognize
  18. When an aircraft travels at subsonic speeds the sounds that it generates extend in all directions.
    A. gives out B. gives away C. gives off D. gives about
  19. Lovebirds are noted for their pretty colors and affectionate response to each other.
    A. fond B. benevolent C. intimate D. attached
  20. Our new boss is a real joy to work for. She is so appreciative of anything you do for her.
    A. indebted to B. appealing to C. grateful for D. obliged to

答案解析

  1. D【精析】句意：科罗拉多州哥伦拜恩校园枪击案发生后，媒体报道称美国许多学校充斥着毒品和武器。“media” 泛指 “媒体”，符合语境；A “press” 侧重 “新闻媒体、报刊”；B “medium” 是单数形式，指 “一种媒体”；C “channel” 指 “频道、渠道”，均不符合句意。
  2. A【精析】句意：多亏了现代技术，这些结果可能对确定罪犯身份起决定性作用。“decisive” 意为 “决定性的”，符合语境；B “exact”（精确的）、C “destructive”（破坏性的）、D “definite”（明确的）均不如 “decisive” 贴合 “助力破案” 的语境。
  3. A【精析】句意：我们非常荣幸地发现，昨晚的演出拥有一群反应热烈的观众。“responsive” 意为 “反应积极的、易响应的”，符合 “观众对演出有热情回应” 的语境；B “responsible”（负责任的）、C “reflected”（反射的）、D “reactive”（反应性的，侧重被动反应）均不合适。
  4. C【精析】句意：近期的欺诈丑闻牵涉并败坏了该国许多知名政客的声誉。“prominent” 意为 “著名的、杰出的”，修饰 “politicians” 恰当；A “imminent”（即将发生的）、B “superior”（优越的）、D “inferior”（低劣的）均不符合语境。
  5. B【精析】句意：有记者写了一篇关于他的人物简介，其中一些事实是不真实的。“profile” 意为 “人物简介、轮廓”，符合 “记者撰写人物相关内容” 的语境；A “outlook”（前景、观点）、C “appearance”（外貌）、D “performance”（表现）均不合适。
  6. D【精析】句意：根据最新人口普查，18 岁以下青少年占中国家庭独生子女的近 95%。“constitute” 意为 “构成、占”，侧重 “组成部分占整体比例”；A “compose” 表示 “组成” 时需用 “be composed of” 结构；B “institute”（建立）、C “propose”（提议）均不符合句意。
  7. C【精析】句意：教授发现自己不断思考这个问题：“谁会做出这样的事？”“ponder” 意为 “仔细思考、沉思”，符合 “反复琢磨问题” 的语境；A “preside”（主持）、B “poring”（凝视，常与 “over” 搭配）、D “presume”（假定）均不合适。
  8. B【精析】句意：银行抢劫案发生几周后，才有相关人员被捕。“elapse” 意为 “（时间）流逝”，符合 “时间过去后才发生某事” 的语境；A “terminate”（终止）、C “overlap”（重叠）、D “expire”（到期，侧重期限结束）均不符合句意。
  9. A【精析】句意：为防止金属内部产生应力，安装了伸缩接头，通过允许管道自由伸缩来缓解应力。“relieve” 意为 “缓解、减轻”，搭配 “stress” 恰当；B “reconcile”（调和）、C “reclaim”（回收）、D “rectify”（纠正）均不符合 “释放应力” 的语境。
  10. C【精析】句意：贵国的电力供应中，有多少来自水力发电？“derive from” 是固定搭配，意为 “源于、来自”，符合句意；A “deduce”（推断）、B “detach”（分离）、D “decline”（下降）均无法与 “from” 搭配表示 “来源”。
  11. D【精析】句意：她最近离职了，并擅自拷贝了公司的客户数据，打算在创业时利用这些数据。“draw upon” 意为 “利用、凭借”，符合语境；A “dwell on”（纠缠于）、B “come upon”（偶然遇到）、C “base on”（基于，需用被动形式 “be based on”）均不合适。
  12. A【精析】句意：他试图离间这两位朋友，但失败了，因为他们彼此完全信任。“alienate” 意为 “离间、使疏远”，符合 “破坏朋友关系” 的语境；B “abuse”（滥用）、C “alleviate”（减轻）、D “abandon”（抛弃）均不符合句意。
  13. C【精析】句意：随着旧帝国瓦解、新国家成立，新的官方语言开始以更快的速度涌现。“spring up” 意为 “突然出现、涌现”，符合 “新语言产生” 的语境；A “bring up”（抚养）、B “build up”（建立）、D “strike up”（建立关系、开始演奏）均不合适。
  14. A【精析】句意：许多病人坚持在医院里带手表，尽管他们没有日程要遵守。“even though” 意为 “尽管”，引导让步状语从句，符合句意；B “for”（因为）、C “as if”（好像）、D “since”（既然、自从）均不符合逻辑。
  15. D【精析】句意：大提顿国家公园包含了冰川覆盖、白雪皑皑的提顿山脉最 scenic 的部分。“embrace” 此处意为 “包含、涵盖”，与 “include” 同义；A “constitute”（构成）、B “consist”（由…… 组成，需与 “of” 搭配）、C “preserve”（保护）均不符合句意。
  16. C【精析】句意：疟疾是一种传染性寄生虫病，可急性发作也可慢性发作，且经常复发。“recurrent” 意为 “复发的、反复的”，与 “rebounding”（反弹的、复发的）含义相近；A “recovering”（恢复的）、B “recycling”（回收的）、D “revitalizing”（振兴的）均不符合语境。
  17. D【精析】句意：区分可食用蘑菇和有毒蘑菇的唯一安全方法是学会识别各个品种。“identify” 意为 “识别、认出”，与 “recognize” 同义；A “assure”（保证）、B “classify”（分类）、C “confirm”（确认）均不符合句意。
  18. A【精析】句意：当飞机以亚音速飞行时，其产生的声音向各个方向传播。“generate” 意为 “产生、发出”，与 “give out”（发出、产生）含义相近；B “give away”（泄露、赠送）、C “give off”（散发气味、热量）、D “give about”（传播谣言）均不符合语境。
  19. D【精析】句意：爱情鸟以其漂亮的羽毛和对彼此亲昵的反应而闻名。“affectionate” 意为 “亲昵的、挚爱的”，与 “attached”（依恋的、亲密的）含义相近；A “fond”（喜爱的，常与 “of” 搭配）、B “benevolent”（仁慈的）、C “intimate”（亲密的，侧重关系密切）均不如 “attached” 贴合 “动物间的亲昵反应”。
  20. C【精析】句意：我们的新老板共事起来非常愉快，她对你为她做的任何事都非常感激。“appreciative of” 意为 “感激的”，与 “grateful for” 同义；A “indebted to”（感激的，侧重 “受恩惠而感激”）、B “appealing to”（吸引）、D “obliged to”（有义务的）均不符合语境。

Part III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points)

Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must decide one the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find. "Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."
"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized - going to school and learning to read - so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."
  1. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
    A. The habit of thinking independently.
    B. Profound knowledge of the world.
    C. Practical abilities for future career.
    D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
  2. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.
    A. undervaluing intellect B. favoring intellectualism
    C. supporting school reform D. suppressing native intelligence
  3. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are _________.
    A. identical B. similar C. complementary D. opposite
  4. Emerson, according to the text, is probably
    A. a pioneer of education reform. B. an opponent of intellectualism.
    C. a scholar in favor of intellect. D. an advocate of regular schooling.
  5. What does the author think of intellect?
    A. It is second to intelligence. B. It evolves from common sense.
    C. It is to be pursued. D. It underlies power.

答案解析

  1. C【精析】由第一段第三句 “Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.” 可知，美国父母希望孩子在学校获得未来职业所需的实用能力，C 选项正确。A “独立思考习惯”、B “渊博的世界知识”、D “追求知识的信心” 均未体现。
  2. A【精析】由第三段第二句 “From the beginning of our history... our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.” 以及全文对 “反智主义” 的论述可知，美国人有低估知识价值的历史，A 选项正确。B “支持智识主义” 与文意相反；C “支持学校改革”、D “压制天生智力” 均未提及。
  3. D【精析】Ravitch 认为学校本应平衡美国社会对知识追求的厌恶，却未能做到；Emerson 认为学校教育和书本学习会对孩子造成不自然的束缚，二者对学校教育的观点相反，D 选项正确。
  4. B【精析】由第四段第一句 “Ralph Waldo Emerson... thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children” 可知，Emerson 反对书本学习和学校的智识教育，是智识主义的反对者，B 选项正确。
  5. C【精析】作者在第二段指出，鼓励孩子拒绝精神生活会让他们易受剥削和控制，无法充分参与民主社会，可见作者认为智识是值得追求的，C 选项正确。A “次于智力”、B “源于常识”、D “是权力的基础” 均不符合文意。

Passage Two

Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.
Located on the shore of Sullivan's Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state.
Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn't strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo's wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan's Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.
At first sight, the house on Sullivan's Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble "a large party lantern" at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house's wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.
To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings -- long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. "These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings," said Huff.
Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house's ground-to-roof shell. "The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn't look like it's standing with its pant legs pulled up," said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.
  1. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina's shore line are required________.
    A. to be easily reinforced B. to look smarter in design
    C. to meet stricter building standards D. to be designed in the shape of cubes
  2. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because________.
    A. it is strengthened by steel rods B. it is made of redwood
    C. it is in the shape of a shell D. it is built with timber and concrete
  3. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to ________.
    A. withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hr
    B. anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand
    C. break huge sea waves into smaller ones
    D. prevent water from rushing into the house
  4. The main function of the shell is __________.
    A. to strengthen the pilings of the house
    B. to give the house a better appearance
    C. to protect the wooden frame of the house
    D. to slow down the speed of the swelling water
  5. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be_________.
    A. fancy-looking B. waterproof C. easily breakable D. extremely strong

答案解析

  1. C【精析】由第三段第二句 “In Hugo's wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes.” 可知，飓风雨果过后，南卡罗来纳州海岸线新建房屋需符合更严格的建筑标准，C 选项正确。A “易于加固”、B “设计更美观”、D “设计成立方体形状” 均未提及。
  2. A【精析】由第四段最后一句 “The house's wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.” 可知，获奖海滨别墅坚固的原因是木框架用长钢条加固，A 选项正确。B “由红木制成”、C “呈贝壳形状”、D “由木材和混凝土建造” 均不符合文意。
  3. D【精析】由第五段第三、四句 “They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it.” 可知，将房子架高是为了让风暴潮从房子下方流过，防止水冲进屋内，D 选项正确。A“抵御约 200 公里 / 小时的大风”、B “将更坚固的桩子固定在深沙中”、C “将巨浪击碎成小浪” 均不符合句意。
  4. B【精析】由最后一段第二句 “The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn't look like it's standing with its pant legs pulled up” 可知，外壳的主要作用是遮挡桩子，让房子外观更美观，B 选项正确。A “加固房子的桩子”、C “保护房子的木框架”、D “减缓涨水速度” 均未提及。
  5. C【精析】由最后一段最后一句 “In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house” 可知，风暴潮来临时外壳会破裂，让海浪通过，因此外壳应易于破碎，C 选项正确。A “外观精美”、B “防水”、D “极其坚固” 均不符合文意。

Passage Three

Early in the age of affluence that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, "Our enormously productive economy ... demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. ... We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate."
Americans have responded to Lebow's call, and much of the world has followed. Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world's two largest economies-Japan and the United States -- show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.
Overconsumption by the world's fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.
Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.
Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow-that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.
Of course, the opposite of overconsumption - poverty- is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.
If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?
  1. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II ________.
    A. gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers
    B. gave rise to the dominance of the new egoism
    C. led to the reform of the retailing system
    D. resulted in the worship of consumerism
  2. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is _______.
    A. the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals
    B. the people's desire for a rise in their living standards
    C. the imbalance that has existed between production and consumption
    D. the concept that one's success is measured by how much they consume
  3. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?
    A. Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.
    B. Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.
    C. Because overconsumption won't last long due to unrestricted population growth.
    D. Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.
  4. According to the passage, consumerist culture ________.
    A. cannot thrive on a fragile economy
    B. will not aggravate environmental problems
    C. cannot satisfy human spiritual needs
    D. will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries
  5. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
    A. human spiritual needs should match material affluence
    B. there is never an end to satisfying people's material needs
    C. whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issue
    D. how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problem

答案解析

  1. D【精析】由第一段 Lebow 的言论以及第二段第一句 “Americans have responded to Lebow's call... Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands” 可知，二战后富裕社会的出现导致了消费主义的盛行，D 选项正确。A “催生新一代上层消费者”、B “导致新利己主义占主导”、C “引发零售业改革” 均未提及。
  2. D【精析】由第二段最后一句 “Opinion surveys... show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.” 可知，除了高生产力，“成功与否由消费多少衡量” 的观念是高消费的另一个重要推动力，D 选项正确。A “将商品销售转化为仪式” 是 Lebow 言论中的内容，并非推动力；B “人们对生活水平提高的渴望”、C “生产与消费的失衡” 均未提及。
  3. B【精析】由第四段第二句 “The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.” 可知，高消费是一把双刃剑，因为人们在追求物质满足时牺牲了道德价值观，B 选项正确。A “富裕社会仍存在贫困”、C“由于人口无限制增长，过度消费不会持久”、D “现代化过程中传统仪式常被忽视” 均不符合文意。
  4. C【精析】由第五段 “they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.” 可知，消费主义文化无法满足人类的精神需求，C 选项正确。A “无法在脆弱的经济中繁荣”、B “不会加剧环境问题” 与文意相反；D “不会缓解富裕国家的贫困” 未提及。
  5. D【精析】由最后一段 “If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much... What level of consumption can the earth support?” 可知，消费过多或过少都会导致环境破坏，因此如何将消费维持在合理水平仍是一个问题，D 选项正确。A “人类精神需求应与物质富裕匹配”、B “满足人类物质需求永无止境”、C “是否应鼓励高消费仍是一个问题” 均未体现核心推断。

Passage Four

When families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma's generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best.
But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times.
Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs -- one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.
Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company "has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend" toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television; even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it's better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a "real" dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time?
Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents ("Chew with your mouth closed." "Keep your elbows off the table.") must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.
  1. The trend toward casual dining has resulted in_____.
    A. bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers B. shrinking of the pottery industry
    C. restructuring of large enterprises D. economic recession in Great Britain
  2. Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?
    A. Family members need more time to relax.
    B. Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.
    C. People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.
    D. Young people won't follow the etiquette of the older generation.
  3. It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is_____.
    A. a retailer of stainless steel tableware B. a dealer in stoneware
    C. a pottery chain store D. a producer of fine china
  4. The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is_____.
    A. the increased value of the pound B. the economic recession in Asia
    C. the change in people's way of life D. the fierce competition at home and abroad
  5. Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life_____.
    A. are still a must on certain occasions B. are bound to return sooner or later
    C. are still being taught by parents at home D. can help improve personal relationships

答案解析

  1. B【精析】由第三段可知，休闲用餐趋势导致英国陶瓷业大量裁员，行业规模萎缩，B 选项正确。A “高档瓷器制造商破产” 过于绝对；C “大型企业重组”、D “英国经济衰退” 均未提及。
  2. B【精析】由第四段 “In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist... it's better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates...” 可知，忙碌的日程让人们没有时间讲究正式用餐礼仪，这是休闲用餐的主要原因，B 选项正确。A “家庭成员需要更多放松时间”、C “人们想在匮乏时期节约”、D “年轻人不愿遵循老一辈的礼仪” 均不符合文意。
  3. D【精析】由第三段 “Royal Doulton... eliminating 1,000 jobs... For makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times.” 可知，Royal Doulton 是英国高档瓷器制造商，D 选项正确。A “不锈钢餐具零售商”、B “粗陶经销商”、C “陶瓷连锁店” 均不符合文意。
  4. C【精析】由第四段 “the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts... the trend toward casual dining” 可知，陶瓷业裁员的主要原因是人们生活方式的改变（休闲用餐趋势），C 选项正确。A “英镑升值”、B “亚洲经济衰退” 是次要原因；D “国内外激烈竞争” 未提及。
  5. A【精析】由最后一段 “Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.” 可知，尽管精致的餐桌礼仪不如以前流行，但在某些场合（如职场）仍有需求，A 选项正确。B “迟早会回归”、C “仍由父母在家教授” 与文意相反；D “有助于改善人际关系” 未提及。

Passage Five

Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners.
"With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.
The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.
Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.
These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient's brain taken before surgery.
During these procedures -- operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered -- surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine."
  1. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _______.
    A. will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield
    B. can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield
    C. will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield
    D. can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield
  2. Richard Satava has visions of_______
    A. using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas
    B. wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield
    C. wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons
    D. setting up mobile surgical units overseas
  3. How is virtual reality surgery performed?
    A. It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.
    B. Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.
    C. Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.
    D. A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.
  4. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because _____.
    A. he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen
    B. the cuts can be examined from different angles
    C. the cuts have been highly magnified
    D. he is wearing 3-D glasses
  5. Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they _______.
    A. cause less pain to the wounded
    B. allow the patient to recover more quickly
    C. will make human surgeons' work less tedious
    D. are done by robot surgeons with greater precision

答案解析

  1. C【精析】由第二段和第三段可知，Satava 认为虚拟现实技术能让美国本土的外科医生通过机器人设备为海外受伤士兵做手术，这将极大改善战场医疗条件，C 选项正确。A “让外科医生亲自出现在每个战场” 与文意相反；B “提升受伤士兵的士气”、D “缩短手术时间” 均未提及。
  2. A【精析】由第三段可知，Satava 设想通过计算机传输图像、外科医生远程操控机器人设备为海外受伤士兵手术，即利用遥控技术治疗海外受伤士兵，A 选项正确。B “战场上医生戴虚拟现实头盔拯救士兵”、C “由受过专门训练的外科医生为受伤士兵手术”、D “在海外设立移动外科单元” 均不符合文意。
  3. C【精析】由第四段 “surgeons watch a three-dimensional image... move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery.” 可知，虚拟现实手术中，外科医生通过连接计算机的设备操控机器人进行手术，C 选项正确。A “由计算机设计的高精度设备独立完成”、B “外科医生戴头盔接收计算机反馈”、D “3D 图像记录外科医生的动作” 均不符合文意。
  4. D【精析】由最后一段 “surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view.” 可知，外科医生戴 3D 眼镜能获得更好的视野，D 选项正确。A “在电脑屏幕上观察切口”、B “可从不同角度检查切口”、C “切口被高度放大” 均未提及。
  5. D【精析】由最后一段 “And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.” 可知，虚拟现实手术由机器人执行，比人类外科医生更精准，这是其相比传统手术的优势，D 选项正确。A “给伤者带来更少痛苦”、B “让病人恢复更快”、C “让人类外科医生的工作更轻松” 均未提及。

Passage Six

For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists -- that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal.
More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called "human nature." The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.
Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to "human nature" in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.
Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.
  1. The traditional view of "human nature" was strongly challenged by_____.
    A. the emergence of the evolutionary theory
    B. the historical approach to man
    C. new insight into human behavior
    D. the philosophical analysis of slavery
  2. According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings_____.
    A. have some traits in common
    B. are born with diverse cultures
    C. are born without a fixed nature
    D. change their characters as they grow up
  3. The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker, in order to_____.
    A. emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of "human nature"
    B. show that the concept of "human nature" was used to justify social evils
    C. prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of "human nature"
    D. support the idea that some human traits are acquired
  4. The word "untenable" (Line 3) in the last paragraph of the passage most probably means_____.
    A. invaluable B. imaginable C. changeable D. indefensible
  5. Most philosophers believed that human nature_____.
    A. is the quality distinguishing man from other animals
    B. consists of competitiveness and selfishness
    C. is something partly innate and partly acquired
    D. consists of rationality and undesirable behavior

答案解析

  1. B【精析】由第二段 “One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man... The historical approach was reinforced... by studies in the field of cultural anthropology.” 可知，对人类的历史研究方法强烈挑战了传统的 “人性” 观点，B 选项正确。A “进化论的出现” 是另一个原因，但并非主要挑战；C “对人类行为的新洞察”、D “对奴隶制的哲学分析” 均未提及。
  2. C【精析】由第二段 “many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.” 可知，人类学家认为人生来没有固定的本性，其本性由文化塑造，C 选项正确。A “有一些共同特征” 与文意相反；B “生来就有多样的文化”、D “成长过程中改变性格” 均不符合文意。
  3. B【精析】由第三段 “In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle... defended slavery.” 可知，作者提及亚里士多德是为了举例说明 “人性” 概念常被用来为奴隶制等社会邪恶辩护，B 选项正确。A“强调他对定义‘人性’的贡献”、C“证明他对‘人性’概念的深远影响”、D “支持某些人类特质是后天习得的观点” 均不符合文意。
  4. D【精析】“untenable” 意为 “站不住脚的、无法辩护的”。由最后一段 “Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable.” 可知，一旦人类被视为在进化过程中发展，“本质中存在固定物质（即固定人性）” 的观点就显得站不住脚了，D 选项 “indefensible”（无法辩护的）与之同义。A “无价的”、B “可想象的”、C “可变的” 均不符合语境。
  5. A【精析】由第一段 “there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man... Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal...” 可知，大多数哲学家认为人性是构成人的本质的东西，是区分人与其他动物的特质，A 选项正确。B “由竞争心和自私组成”、D “由理性和不良行为组成” 是对人性的片面解读；C“部分天生、部分后天习得” 与传统观点不符。

Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
In the 52-year history of the United Nations, the General Assembly has held only 19 special sessions. 71 to some of the leading issues of our times, such as the environment, the struggle against apartheid and the economic situation in Africa, those meetings were held at critical junctures, 72 when international attention of the highest 73 was needed.
One 74 special session, in 1990, 75 the question of international drug control. The sad reality today, 76 , is that the problem of illegal drugs remains 77 us, and the trends are not slowing. The result of drug dealings and addiction is a great menace that is 78 our societies, hatching crime, corruption and violence, spreading diseases such as AIDS, and 79 social services to the breaking point. So, it is 80 that the international community mount a 81 , sustained and global response. And the General Assembly will meet again in a special session on drugs, from 8 to 10 June 82 United Nations Headquarters, to renew the attack on 83 must be regarded as a contemporary 84 .
Tragic stories of drug abuse are not 85 but the most disturbing ones are the accounts of children and youths whose lives are being poisoned and destroyed. Recent research shows that children are 86 with drugs at an earlier age than in the past. Young people are more 87 to the perils of experimentation and more easily 88 by images from television and film. Mass media often portray illegal drugs as "glamorous" and drug dealers 89 their wares with luring names such as “ecstasy”. This is just wrong. There is nothing “cool”, nor “artistic”, 90 “charming”, but rather “degenerating”.
  1. [A]. Devoted [B]. Contributed [C]. Attributed [D]. Assigned
  2. [A]. ages [B]. moments [C]. epochs [D]. periods
  3. [A]. class [B]. type [C]. category [D]. order
  4. [A]. of [B]. such [C]. some [D]. out of
  5. [A]. cracked [B]. attended [C]. addressed [D]. tended to
  6. [A]. therefore [B]. moreover [C]. however [D]. additionally
  7. [A]. with [B]. to [C]. on [D]. for
  8. [A]. pulling down [B]. tearing apart [C]. letting down [D]. ruling out
  9. [A]. exploiting [B]. inflicting [C]. paralyzing [D]. taxing
  10. [A]. urgent [B]. impending [C]. meaningful [D]. noteworthy
  11. [A]. concerted [B]. cooperated [C]. conformed [D]. compounded
  12. [A]. in [B]. at [C]. on [D]. about
  13. [A]. that [B]. which [C]. what [D]. which
  14. [A]. irritation [B]. harass [C]. raid [D]. plague
  15. [A]. less [B]. many [C]. new [D]. significant
  16. [A]. experimenting [B]. exchanging [C]. mixed up [D]. popular
  17. [A]. vulnerable [B]. available [C]. liable [D]. intact
  18. [A]. shook [B]. tossed [C]. fluctuated [D]. swayed
  19. [A]. label [B]. appoint [C]. prescribe [D]. depict
  20. [A]. no more [B]. all but [C]. still less [D]. nothing more than

答案解析

  1. A【精析】“devoted to” 是固定搭配，意为 “致力于、针对”，此处指联合国大会的特别会议针对当代重大议题，A 选项正确。B “contributed to”（促成）、C “attributed to”（归因于）、D “assigned to”（分配给）均不符合语境。
  2. B【精析】“moments” 意为 “时刻、关头”，与前文 “critical junctures”（关键时刻）呼应，指需要国际高度关注的时刻，B 选项正确。A “ages”（时代）、C “epochs”（纪元）、D “periods”（时期）均过于宽泛。
  3. D【精析】“of the highest order” 是固定搭配，意为 “最高级别的、最优质的”，此处指 “最高级别的国际关注”，D 选项正确。A “class”（等级）、B “type”（类型）、C “category”（类别）均无法与 “highest” 搭配表示 “级别高”。
  4. D【精析】“one out of special sessions” 意为 “众多特别会议中的一次”，此处指 1990 年的一次特别会议，D 选项正确。A “of”、B “such”、C “some” 均无法准确表达 “其中一次” 的含义。
  5. C【精析】“address the question” 是固定搭配，意为 “处理、探讨问题”，此处指 1990 年的会议探讨了国际禁毒问题，C 选项正确。A “cracked”（破解，常与 “code” 搭配）、B “attended”（出席）、D “tended to”（倾向于）均不符合语境。
  6. C【精析】前文提到 1990 年已召开禁毒会议，后文指出毒品问题仍存在，前后为转折关系，“however”（然而）符合逻辑，C 选项正确。A “therefore”（因此）、B “moreover”（此外）、D “additionally”（另外）均表示递进或因果关系，不符合文意。
  7. A【精析】“remain with us” 意为 “仍然存在于我们身边”，此处指毒品问题仍未解决，A 选项正确。B “to”、C “on”、D “for” 均无法与 “remain” 搭配表示 “存在”。
  8. B【精析】“tearing apart” 意为 “撕裂、破坏”，此处指毒品交易和成瘾像威胁一样破坏社会，B 选项正确。A “pulling down”（摧毁建筑物）、C “letting down”（使失望）、D “ruling out”（排除）均不符合语境。
  9. D【精析】“taxing social services to the breaking point” 意为 “使社会服务不堪重负”，“tax” 此处意为 “使负担重”，符合文意，D 选项正确。A “exploiting”（剥削）、B “inflicting”（施加伤害）、C “paralyzing”（使瘫痪）均不符合 “社会服务接近崩溃” 的语境。
  10. A【精析】“it is urgent that...” 意为 “…… 是紧迫的”，此处指国际社会采取行动刻不容缓，A 选项正确。B “impending”（即将发生的）、C “meaningful”（有意义的）、D “noteworthy”（值得注意的）均不如 “urgent” 贴合 “问题严重需立即行动” 的语境。
  11. A【精析】“concerted” 意为 “协同一致的”，修饰 “response”，指 “协同、持续的全球应对措施”，A 选项正确。B “cooperated”（合作的，需用被动形式）、C “conformed”（符合的）、D “compounded”（混合的）均不符合语境。
  12. B【精析】“at United Nations Headquarters” 意为 “在联合国总部”，小地点前用介词 “at”，B 选项正确。A “in” 用于大地点前；C “on”、D “about” 均不符合搭配习惯。
  13. C【精析】此处为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，“what” 可引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语，指代 “毒品问题”，C 选项正确。A “that” 引导宾语从句时不充当成分；B “which” 引导定语从句，需有先行词；D “which” 重复且不符合语法。
  14. D【精析】“plague” 意为 “瘟疫、灾祸”，此处指毒品问题是当代的一场灾祸，D 选项正确。A “irritation”（恼怒）、B “harass”（骚扰，动词）、C “raid”（突袭）均不符合语境。
  15. C【精析】“not new” 意为 “并非新鲜事”，此处指药物滥用的悲剧故事并不新鲜，C 选项正确。A “less”（更少）、B “many”（许多，需修饰复数名词）、D “significant”（重要的）均不符合文意。
  16. C【精析】“be mixed up with drugs” 意为 “与毒品有牵连”，此处指儿童更早接触毒品，C 选项正确。A “experimenting”（实验，需与 “with” 搭配，但 “experiment with drugs” 意为 “尝试毒品”，语境不符）、B “exchanging”（交换）、D “popular”（流行的）均不符合文意。
  17. A【精析】“be vulnerable to” 是固定搭配，意为 “易受…… 影响的”，此处指年轻人易受尝试毒品风险的影响，A 选项正确。B “available”（可获得的）、C “liable”（可能的，常与 “for” 搭配）、D “intact”（完整的）均不符合语境。
  18. D【精析】“swayed by” 意为 “被…… 影响”，此处指年轻人易受影视图像的影响，D 选项正确。A “shook”（摇晃）、B “tossed”（投掷）、C “fluctuated”（波动）均不符合语境。
  19. A【精析】“label their wares with luring names” 意为 “给商品贴上诱人的标签”，此处指毒贩给毒品起诱人的名字，A 选项正确。B “appoint”（任命）、C “prescribe”（开处方）、D “depict”（描绘）均不符合语境。
  20. C【精析】“still less” 意为 “更不用说”，此处指毒品既不 “酷”，也不 “有艺术性”，更不用说 “迷人”，C 选项正确。A “no more”（不再）、B “all but”（几乎）、D “nothing more than”（只不过）均不符合逻辑。

试卷二

Part I Translation (20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Translate the following passage into English on the Answer Sheet.
中国经济的发展，不仅改善了本国人民的生活，也为世界经济的增长提供了新的动力，为发达国家提供了更多的商业机会。中国是一个潜力巨大的市场，而西方国家技术先进，资金雄厚，两者经济上具有很强的互补性。我们相信，经济全球化将使中国的经济更发达，中华民族灿烂的明天定将到来。

参考译文

The development of China's economy has not only improved the lives of its own people, but also provided new impetus for the growth of the world economy and more business opportunities for developed countries. China is a market with enormous potential, while Western countries possess advanced technology and abundant capital, and the two sides have strong economic complementarity. We believe that economic globalization will make China's economy more developed, and a brilliant future for the Chinese nation is surely to come.

Part II Composition (40 minutes, 20 points)

Directions: Write an article of about 200 words titled ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING CREDIT CARDS based on the following outline.
  1. 现在发行的信用卡品种繁多；
  2. 使用信用卡有各种优势（如：防盗；鼓励消费；实名制消费防贪污受贿），也有不利之处（如：没有 ATM 系统使用；吞卡；透支；电子犯罪等）；
  3. 信用卡的未来趋势。

参考范文

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING CREDIT CARDS
Nowadays, a wide variety of credit cards are issued by banks and financial institutions, catering to different needs of consumers. From ordinary credit cards for daily consumption to premium cards with exclusive benefits, they have become an indispensable payment tool in modern life.
Credit cards bring numerous advantages. Firstly, they are safer than cash, as lost or stolen cards can be quickly reported and frozen to avoid losses. Secondly, they encourage consumption by allowing installment payments, boosting economic activity. Additionally, the real-name system for credit card use helps prevent corruption and bribery. However, credit cards also have drawbacks. Without access to ATM systems, users may face inconvenience in cash withdrawal. Problems like card swallowing, overspending due to easy credit, and electronic crimes also pose risks to users.
Looking ahead, credit cards will continue to develop with technological advancements. The integration of mobile payment and biometric authentication will enhance security and convenience. Meanwhile, more personalized services and preferential policies will be launched to meet diverse consumer demands. With rational use and effective regulation, credit cards will better serve people's lives.
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