2026年 北京理工大学考博真题,考博试题
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2026年 北京理工大学考博真题,考博试题

2026 年北京理工大学考博真题 样题

考博资源>>北京理工大学考博专区： 历年真题、试题答案详解下载

获取北京理工大学英语、专业课考博真题，可通过考博信息网（http://www.kaoboinfo.com/）或本校历年考博真题下载专用页面（http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_10761.html）下载。所有年份考博真题均配备高分答案详解，助力考生精准把握考点、理清答题逻辑，高效备战考博英语及专业课考试。本文以文档中的 2002 年北京理工大学考博英语真题为例，进行完整提取、重新编排并补充答案解析。

北京理工大学 2002 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Vocabulary (20 points, 0.5 point for each)

Section A

Directions: There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.
  1. My landlady is always trying to medle in everything we do.
    A. interfere B. intrude C. order D. encase
  2. Nature constantly yields to man in New York: witness those fragile sidewalk trees struggling against encroaching cement and petrol fumes.
    A. turns to B. gives way to C. recedes to D. gets back to
  3. The small group of onlookers presented a pathetic sight and did nothing to help the drowning child.
    A. pitiable B. unreasonable C. depressing D. immoral
  4. Hardy was stimulated by the sights, sounds and smells about him; he was enjoying his sensuous experience.
    A. sensational B. sentimental C. sensitive D. sensible
  5. His company empowered the young engineer to negotiate the contract to be signed with the American Microsoft.
    A. enforced B. strengthened C. ordered D. authorized
  6. I wish I could report a dazzling success but in fact it does not quite come off. I don't think I may live up to my father's expectation.
    A. come on time B. go off well C. appear properly D. boil down to
  7. The Pakistan government is leaning on the Taliban government to hand over Osama to save this entire region from catastrophe.
    A. unhappiness B. disaster C. depression D. tragedy
  8. The group is dedicated to preventing the PLO from entering peace negotiations with Jordan.
    A. contributed B. cemented C. devoted D. dispatched
  9. With the development of sophisticated instruments, earthquakes will become predictable.
    A. advanced B. delicate C. dedicated D. difficult
  10. The ongoing negotiation relied on unorthodox channels, avoiding the dull State Department, which he disdained.
    A. respected B. neglected C. denied D. despised
  11. The severance of church and state is a basic principle of our government.
    A. integration B. discrimination C. separation D. exposition
  12. One of the consequences of advanced cognitive ability has been the emergence of cultural life.
    A. commendable B. compiling C. perceptive D. pertinent
  13. Some corpses were so badly dismembered that they couldn't be identified as men or women.
    A. dismissed B. severed C. dispersed D. disposed
  14. He tried but failed in his attempt to avoid being prosecuted by practicing bribery.
    A. sentenced by B. accused of C. condemned of D. blamed for
  15. There is a large joint programme of development among leading US computer companies, and IBM, though it says nothing, may well have the biggest programme of all.
    A. prosecuted B. consolidated C. unified D. boosted
  16. The idea of time is incorporated in all languages of the world.
    A. assigned B. contained C. indicated D. evidenced
  17. Nail polish is made from cellulose lacquer, and opaque nail polish can be made by adding titanium oxide.
    A. varnish B. wax C. resin D. tallow
  18. He made a dispatch for a specific purpose.
    A. expedition B. punch C. declaration D. raid
  19. A goal of modern dance often is to express the dancer's innermost feelings and emotions.
    A. most original B. most personal C. most selfish D. most enchanting
  20. The freshmen will be notified regarding the college placement examination.
    A. condoned B. informed C. emulated D. deferred

答案解析

  1. A【精析】“meddle in” 意为 “干涉、插手”，与 “interfere”（干涉）同义。B “intrude”（闯入，后接 “into”）、C “order”（命令）、D “encase”（包裹）均不符合语境。
  2. B【精析】“yields to” 此处意为 “让步于、屈服于”，与 “gives way to”（让步）同义。A “turns to”（求助于）、C “recedes to”（退至）、D “gets back to”（回到）均不符合句意。
  3. A【精析】“pathetic” 意为 “可怜的”，与 “pitiable”（可怜的）同义。B “unreasonable”（不合理的）、C “depressing”（令人沮丧的）、D “immoral”（不道德的）均不符合语境。
  4. A【精析】“sensuous” 意为 “感官的、令人愉悦的”，与 “sensational”（令人感动的、感官的）含义相近。B “sentimental”（多愁善感的）、C “sensitive”（敏感的）、D “sensible”（明智的）均不符合句意。
  5. D【精析】“empowered” 意为 “授权、允许”，与 “authorized”（授权）同义。A “enforced”（强制执行）、B “strengthened”（加强）、C “ordered”（命令）均不符合语境。
  6. B【精析】“come off” 意为 “成功、顺利进行”，与 “go off well”（进展顺利）同义。A “come on time”（准时到达）、C “appear properly”（恰当出现）、D “boil down to”（归结为）均不符合句意。
  7. B【精析】“catastrophe” 意为 “灾难”，与 “disaster”（灾难）同义。A “unhappiness”（不开心）、C “depression”（抑郁）、D “tragedy”（悲剧）均不符合语境。
  8. C【精析】“dedicated to” 意为 “致力于”，与 “devoted”（致力于）同义。A “contributed”（贡献，后接 “to”）、B “cemented”（巩固）、D “dispatched”（派遣）均不符合句意。
  9. A【精析】“sophisticated” 意为 “先进的、复杂的”，与 “advanced”（先进的）同义。B “delicate”（精致的）、C “dedicated”（专注的）、D “difficult”（困难的）均不符合语境。
  10. D【精析】“disdained” 意为 “蔑视、鄙视”，与 “despised”（蔑视）同义。A “respected”（尊重）、B “neglected”（忽视）、C “denied”（否认）均不符合句意。
  11. C【精析】“severance” 意为 “分离、断绝”，与 “separation”（分离）同义。A “integration”（整合）、B “discrimination”（歧视）、D “exposition”（阐述）均不符合语境。
  12. C【精析】“cognitive” 意为 “认知的、感知的”，与 “perceptive”（感知的）同义。A “commendable”（值得称赞的）、B “compiling”（编纂的）、D “pertinent”（相关的）均不符合句意。
  13. B【精析】“dismembered” 意为 “肢解、分割”，与 “severed”（切断、分割）同义。A “dismissed”（解雇）、C “dispersed”（分散）、D “disposed”（处理）均不符合语境。
  14. B【精析】“prosecuted” 意为 “起诉、控告”，与 “accused of”（控告）同义。A “sentenced by”（被判刑）、C “condemned of”（被谴责）、D “blamed for”（被责备）均不符合句意。
  15. C【精析】“joint” 意为 “联合的”，与 “unified”（统一的、联合的）同义。A “prosecuted”（起诉）、B “consolidated”（巩固的）、D “boosted”（提升的）均不符合语境。
  16. B【精析】“incorporated” 意为 “包含、融入”，与 “contained”（包含）同义。A “assigned”（分配）、C “indicated”（表明）、D “evidenced”（证明）均不符合句意。
  17. A【精析】“lacquer” 意为 “漆、涂料”，与 “varnish”（清漆、涂料）同义。B “wax”（蜡）、C “resin”（树脂）、D “tallow”（动物脂）均不符合语境。
  18. C【精析】“dispatch” 此处意为 “公文、声明”，与 “declaration”（声明）同义。A “expedition”（探险）、B “punch”（冲压）、D “raid”（突袭）均不符合句意。
  19. B【精析】“innermost” 意为 “内心深处的、最私密的”，与 “most personal”（最个人的）同义。A “most original”（最原始的）、C “most selfish”（最自私的）、D “most enchanting”（最迷人的）均不符合语境。
  20. B【精析】“notified” 意为 “通知、告知”，与 “informed”（通知）同义。A “condoned”（宽恕）、C “emulated”（模仿）、D “deferred”（推迟）均不符合句意。

Section B

Directions: There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.
  1. Profit sharing is a good ______ for employees.
    A. treatment B. experiment C. incentive D. reinforce
  2. Social workers often use ______ in their research.
    A. frauds B. narrations C. refutations D. questionnaire
  3. His fellow workers like and respect him because he is a man of ______.
    A. sincerity B. injustice C. inquiry D. hostility
  4. The World War II ended during Truman's ______.
    A. Presidency B. succession C. realm D. duration
  5. ______ metal ran out of the furnace.
    A. Molten B. Graded C. Welded D. Consolidated
  6. The spokes in a bicycle wheel are arranged in a ______ pattern.
    A. radial B. radical C. spherical D. spiral
  7. His voice ______ his Welsh origins though he has been living in New York for 25 years.
    A. preserves B. muffles C. monitors D. betrays
  8. I hope my students will allow a ______ for error correction.
    A. quota B. margin C. burial D. fringe
  9. Many people nowadays ______ an oath that he will never get married.
    A. quote B. swear C. declare D. claim
  10. A diet of ______ food is served to every hospital patient.
    A. filthy B. clinical C. nourishing D. stuffy
  11. The doctor said: "I'm going to ______ a course of treatment for you."
    A. dispose B. hypothesize C. manipulate D. prescribe
  12. He went on to say that he would go to his hometown in ______ of peace.
    A. quest B. allowance C. thirst D. greed
  13. My grandmother ______ the photographs of her two grandchildren.
    A. comprises B. treasures C. offends D. notarizes
  14. He might cheat his friends in a cheap card game, but he remains basically ______ in his business dealings.
    A. suspicious B. sophisticated C. straightforward D. shrewd
  15. If the world was really like what the figure pictures, then each individual today would have only one ______ a hundred or a million generations ago.
    A. manufacturer B. offspring C. descendant D. ancestor
  16. We finish this chapter by giving you examples of nutritious, well-balanced easy meals. These are not at all original or ______ but are based on the ordinary things that most people tend to eat.
    A. exotic B. majestic C. weird D. provincial
  17. For the cast of this mighty epic, Vidal ______ his brilliant family and social connections, which included Mary Pickford, Marion Davies and a throng from the political world.
    A. drew off B. drew out C. drew up D. drew on
  18. Eventually the rarer genes will disappear and the genetic types leaving fewer offspring will become ______.
    A. extinguished B. extraordinary C. extinct D. extreme
  19. In view of the depression of the national economy, there are plans to ______ a much greater harvest from the timber resource.
    A. excel B. expel C. expire D. extract
  20. At that time the earnings of the boxers were ______ and they could make money for their families as well.
    A. faint B. fabric C. fragile D. fabulous

答案解析

  1. C【精析】句意：利润分成对员工来说是一种很好的激励。“incentive”（激励）符合语境。A “treatment”（待遇）、B “experiment”（实验）、D “reinforce”（加强，动词）均不符合句意。
  2. D【精析】句意：社会工作者在研究中经常使用调查问卷。“questionnaire”（调查问卷）符合语境。A “frauds”（欺诈）、B “narrations”（叙述）、C “refutations”（反驳）均不符合句意。
  3. A【精析】句意：他的同事喜欢并尊重他，因为他是一个真诚的人。“sincerity”（真诚）符合语境。B “injustice”（不公正）、C “inquiry”（询问）、D “hostility”（敌意）均不符合句意。
  4. A【精析】句意：二战在杜鲁门总统任期内结束。“Presidency”（总统任期）符合语境。B “succession”（继承）、C “realm”（领域）、D “duration”（持续时间）均不符合句意。
  5. A【精析】句意：熔化的金属从熔炉中流出。“Molten”（熔化的）修饰 “metal”，符合语境。B “Graded”（分级的）、C “Welded”（焊接的）、D “Consolidated”（巩固的）均不符合句意。
  6. A【精析】句意：自行车轮的辐条呈放射状排列。“radial”（放射状的）符合语境。B “radical”（激进的）、C “spherical”（球形的）、D “spiral”（螺旋形的）均不符合句意。
  7. D【精析】句意：尽管他在纽约生活了 25 年，他的口音暴露了他的威尔士血统。“betrays”（暴露、流露）符合语境。A “preserves”（保存）、B “muffles”（压低声音）、C “monitors”（监控）均不符合句意。
  8. B【精析】句意：我希望我的学生能允许一定的误差修正空间。“margin”（余地、空间）符合语境。A “quota”（配额）、C “burial”（埋葬）、D “fringe”（边缘）均不符合句意。
  9. B【精析】句意：现在很多人发誓永远不结婚。“swear an oath”（发誓）为固定搭配，符合语境。A “quote”（引用）、C “declare”（宣布）、D “claim”（声称）均不符合搭配。
  10. C【精析】句意：医院为每位病人提供营养丰富的饮食。“nourishing”（有营养的）符合语境。A “filthy”（肮脏的）、B “clinical”（临床的）、D “stuffy”（闷热的）均不符合句意。
  11. D【精析】句意：医生说：“我将为你开一个疗程的治疗方案。”“prescribe”（开处方、建议）符合语境。A “dispose”（处理，后接 “of”）、B “hypothesize”（假设）、C “manipulate”（操纵）均不符合句意。
  12. A【精析】句意：他接着说他会回到家乡寻求和平。“in quest of”（寻求）为固定搭配，符合语境。B “allowance”（津贴）、C “thirst”（渴望，后接 “for”）、D “greed”（贪婪）均不符合搭配。
  13. B【精析】句意：我的祖母珍藏着她两个孙子的照片。“treasures”（珍藏）符合语境。A “comprises”（包含）、C “offends”（冒犯）、D “notarizes”（公证）均不符合句意。
  14. C【精析】句意：他可能会在廉价纸牌游戏中欺骗朋友，但在商业交易中基本上是正直的。“straightforward”（正直的、坦率的）符合语境。A “suspicious”（可疑的）、B “sophisticated”（老练的）、D “shrewd”（精明的）均不符合句意。
  15. D【精析】句意：如果世界真如这幅图所描绘的那样，那么今天的每个人在一百年或一百万年前都只有一个祖先。“ancestor”（祖先）符合语境。A “manufacturer”（制造商）、B “offspring”（后代）、C “descendant”（后裔）均不符合句意。
  16. A【精析】句意：本章最后将为你提供营养丰富、均衡易做的餐食示例。这些餐食一点也不新颖或异国风情，而是基于大多数人常吃的普通食材。“exotic”（异国的、奇异的）符合语境。B “majestic”（宏伟的）、C “weird”（奇怪的）、D “provincial”（乡土的）均不符合句意。
  17. D【精析】句意：为这部宏大史诗挑选演员时，维达尔利用了他出色的家族和社会关系，包括玛丽・毕克馥、玛丽昂・戴维斯以及众多政界人士。“drew on”（利用）符合语境。A “drew off”（撤退）、B “drew out”（拉长）、C “drew up”（起草）均不符合句意。
  18. C【精析】句意：最终，稀有的基因会消失，后代较少的基因类型将会灭绝。“extinct”（灭绝的）符合语境。A “extinguished”（熄灭的）、B “extraordinary”（非凡的）、D “extreme”（极端的）均不符合句意。
  19. D【精析】句意：鉴于国民经济的萧条，有计划从木材资源中获取更大的收益。“extract”（获取、提取）符合语境。A “excel”（擅长）、B “expel”（驱逐）、C “expire”（到期）均不符合句意。
  20. D【精析】句意：那时拳击手的收入很高，他们也能为家人赚钱。“fabulous”（极好的、巨额的）符合语境。A “faint”（微弱的）、B “fabric”（织物）、C “fragile”（脆弱的）均不符合句意。

Part II Cloze (10 points, 0.5 for each)

Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the choices given below for each of the blanks. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that 56 ______ toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, 57 ______ their younger counterparts are more likely to 58 ______. Kindergarten children who turn five during the 59 ______ half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it 60 ______ physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten 61 ______ to receive better grades and score higher on achievement 62 ______ throughout their schooling experience 63 ______ do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the 64 ______ thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today's children 65 ______ inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling handicaps youngsters 66 ______ parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have 67 ______ anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage 68 ______ their less pressured peers.
Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question 69 ______ environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non-disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the 70 ______ of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children 71 ______ freedom to play, develop at their own 72 ______, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now 73 ______ of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too 74 ______ and thereby depriving them of their 75 ______.
  1. A. older B. taller C. stronger D. smarter
  2. A. Since B. Now that C. Thereby D. Whereas
  3. A. fall B. fail C. flee D. fear
  4. A. late B. later C. latest D. latter
  5. A. lies in B. deals with C. comes to D. calls for
  6. A. help B. want C. end D. prefer
  7. A. tests B. trials C. performance D. competition
  8. A. that B. which C. then D. than
  9. A. easy B. hard C. same D. similar
  10. A. for B. against C. with D. towards
  11. A. and B. with C. those D. whose
  12. A. much B. more C. many D. most
  13. A. to B. against C. over D. than
  14. A. how B. that C. why D. whether
  15. A. value B. power C. consideration D. responsibility
  16. A. possible B. reasonable C. imaginable D. considerable
  17. A. way B. case C. pace D. means
  18. A. thought B. reminded C. expected D. regarded
  19. A. well B. hard C. badly D. directly
  20. A. memory B. childhood C. ambitions D. simplicity

答案解析

  1. A【精析】由后文 “younger counterparts” 可知，此处对比 “年龄较大的幼儿” 与 “年龄较小的幼儿”，“older”（年龄较大的）符合语境。
  2. D【精析】前后句为转折关系，“Whereas”（然而）符合逻辑。A “Since”（因为）、B “Now that”（既然）、C “Thereby”（因此）均不符合语境。
  3. B【精析】句意：年龄较大的幼儿更可能在学业上成功，而年龄较小的则更可能失败。“fail”（失败）符合语境。A “fall”（摔倒）、C “flee”（逃跑）、D “fear”（害怕）均不符合句意。
  4. D【精析】“the latter half of the year”（一年的下半年），“latter”（后者的、后半的）符合语境。A “late”（晚的）、B “later”（更晚的）、C “latest”（最新的）均不符合搭配。
  5. C【精析】“when it comes to...”（当涉及到…… 时）为固定搭配，符合句意。A “lies in”（在于）、B “deals with”（处理）、D “calls for”（需要）均不符合搭配。
  6. C【精析】“end to do sth.”（最终会做某事），句意：此外，将近六岁进入幼儿园的孩子最终会获得更好的成绩。A “help”（帮助）、B “want”（想要）、D “prefer”（更喜欢）均不符合语境。
  7. A【精析】“achievement tests”（成绩测试）为固定搭配，符合语境。B “trials”（试验）、C “performance”（表现）、D “competition”（竞争）均不符合搭配。
  8. D【精析】由前文 “better grades and score higher” 可知，此处为比较级结构，“than”（比）符合语法。
  9. C【精析】句意：聪明、语言能力强与准备好上学似乎不是一回事。“the same thing”（同一件事）符合语境。A “easy”（容易的）、B “hard”（难的）、D “similar”（相似的）均不符合句意。
  10. C【精析】“confuse A with B”（将 A 与 B 混淆）为固定搭配，符合语境。
  11. D【精析】此处为定语从句，先行词 “youngsters” 与 “parents” 为所属关系，用 “whose” 引导，意为 “那些父母推动他们在学前取得学业成功的孩子”。
  12. B【精析】由前文 “less creative” 可知，此处为比较级，“more anxiety”（更多的焦虑）符合语境。
  13. B【精析】“maintain advantage against...”（保持对…… 的优势），句意：到幼儿园结束时，他们无法保持对压力较小的同伴的初始学业优势。
  14. D【精析】句意：他们质疑环境丰富化是否能显著改变在非贫困家庭长大的孩子的内在发展时间表。“whether”（是否）符合语境。
  15. A【精析】句意：然而，他们并不否认日托中心和幼儿园的价值。“value”（价值）符合语境。B “power”（权力）、C “consideration”（考虑）、D “responsibility”（责任）均不符合句意。
  16. D【精析】“considerable freedom”（相当大的自由），“considerable”（相当大的）符合语境。A “possible”（可能的）、B “reasonable”（合理的）、C “imaginable”（可想象的）均不符合句意。
  17. C【精析】“at one's own pace”（以自己的节奏）为固定搭配，符合语境。A “way”（方式）、B “case”（情况）、D “means”（手段）均不符合搭配。
  18. C【精析】句意：但他们指出，孩子们曾经在一年级做的许多事情现在被期望在幼儿园完成。“expected”（期望）符合语境。A “thought”（认为）、B “reminded”（提醒）、D “regarded”（视为）均不符合句意。
  19. B【精析】句意：这些心理学家和教育家认为，我们把小孩子逼得太紧，从而剥夺了他们的童年。“drive sb. hard”（把某人逼得紧）符合语境。
  20. B【精析】由前文 “driving young children too hard” 可知，此处指剥夺了他们的 “童年”，“childhood”（童年）符合语境。A “memory”（记忆）、C “ambitions”（野心）、D “simplicity”（简单）均不符合句意。

Part III Reading Comprehension (25 points, 1 for each)

Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

Passage 1

Brazil had come from Africa. About half the population of Venezuela had a smaller but still large part of population of Trans-Atlantic, whether in North, Central or South America or in the Caribbean islands. It was these men and women of African descent who conquered the wilderness of the Americas, clearing and working countless farms and plantations, founding and opening innumerable mines of iron or precious metals. Harsh and painful as it was, the overseas slave trade (like the much less painful movement of millions of hungry and jobless men and women from Europe) laid the foundations of American republics. These Africans beyond the seas have their place in the story of Africa (the story of West Africa). For what they attempted and achieved was also a reflection of the strong and independent civilization from which they came. Consider, for example, the heroic and successful struggle for independence conducted by the slaves of the Caribbean land of St. Domingue. In 1789, at the moment of the French Revolution, this French colony in the Caribbean was probably the wealthiest colony in the world. Its tens of thousands of African slave-workers produced enormous quantities of sugar, on which whole European communities lived.
When news of the Revolution in France reached St. Domingue, these slaves claimed their share in its ideals and benefits. They demanded their freedom. Denied this, they rose in revolt against their masters. In years of hard fighting against large armies sent by France and afterwards against large armies sent by Britain, these men of St. Domingue won their freedom and founded the Republic of Haiti. Yet more than half these soldiers of freedom had made the "middle passage" across the Atlantic. More than half, in other words, had been born in Africa, had spent their childhood in Africa, had learned in Africa their respect for freedom; while nearly all the rest were the children of parents or grandparents born in Africa. And they were led by Africans: by men of genius and courage such as Boukman, the unforgettable Toussaint Louverture, and Dessalines.
Raised by Toussaint and his Africans, the banner of freedom across the Hispanic world was carried from people to people. Many threw off their bondage. Large numbers of men of African origin fought in the armies that made the United States what they are today. It was a general of African descent, Antonio Maceo, who led the military struggle for Cuban independence against Spain in 1868.
Like other men of vision, Maceo had no time for racism, for the false idea that one race of men is better or worse than any other. Some of the whites of Cuba disagreed with him. They were Spanish settlers who thought that white was going to be better than black even in an independent Cuba.
One day Maceo was approached by a Spanish Cuban who suggested that the regiments of the independence army should be divided into whites and non-whites. Maceo made him a reply which became famous in Cuba. "If you were not white," Maceo said to this man, "I would have you shot on the spot. But I do not wish to be accused of being racialist as you are and so I let you go, but with the warning that I shall not be so patient another time. The revolution has no color."
  1. It could be inferred that the writer thinks that, in comparison with the movement of millions of hungry and jobless people from Europe, the overseas slave trade was
    A. much less harsh and painful B. rather harsh and painful
    C. more harsh and painful D. not much less harsh and painful
  2. The main purpose of the first paragraph is
    A. to describe the heroic and successful struggle for independence waged by the slaves of St. Domingue
    B. to show how huge numbers of Africans populated the Americas
    C. to show that Africans had a vital part to play in laying the foundations of the American republics
    D. to describe the horrors of the overseas slave trade
  3. To the author, the important thing about the revolution of St. Domingue is that
    A. it was led by Africans
    B. it fought against armies from both Britain and France
    C. the people of the island were denied a share in the benefits and ideals of the French Revolution
    D. it was inspired by the strong and independent civilization of Africa where most of the soldiers had originated
  4. We may infer from the third paragraph that
    A. large numbers of black soldiers in the United States fight today
    B. blacks played an important role in shaping the United States
    C. blacks took no part in the independent war in the United States
    D. large numbers of blacks in the United States today came from Africa
  5. Maceo decided not to shoot the Spanish Cuban because
    A. the latter was white
    B. the latter was not white
    C. the revolution has no color
    D. he did not wish to be accused of being a racist

答案解析

  1. C【精析】由第一段 “Harsh and painful as it was, the overseas slave trade (like the much less painful movement of millions of hungry and jobless men and women from Europe)” 可知，奴隶贸易比欧洲饥民迁徙 “更残酷、更痛苦”，C 选项正确。
  2. C【精析】第一段核心是 “非洲奴隶贸易为美洲共和国的建立奠定了基础”，强调非洲人在其中的关键作用，C 选项正确。
  3. D【精析】由第一段 “what they attempted and achieved was also a reflection of the strong and independent civilization from which they came” 可知，作者认为圣多明各革命的重要之处在于其受非洲文明启发，D 选项正确。
  4. B【精析】由第三段 “Large numbers of men of African origin fought in the armies that made the United States what they are today” 可知，黑人在美国的形成中发挥了重要作用，B 选项正确。
  5. D【精析】由最后一段 “But I do not wish to be accused of being racialist as you are and so I let you go” 可知，马塞奥不射杀对方是不想被指责为种族主义者，D 选项正确。

Passage 2

The mid-sixties saw the start of a project that, along with other similar research, was to teach us a great deal about the chimpanzee mind. This was Project Washoe, conceived by Trixie and Allen Gardner. They purchased an infant chimpanzee and began to teach her the signs of ASL, the American Sign Language used by the deaf. Twenty years earlier, another husband and wife team, Richard and Cathy Hayes, had tried, with an almost total lack of success, to teach a young chimp, Viki, to talk. The Hayes's undertaking taught us a lot about the chimpanzee mind, but Vikki, although she did well in IQ tests, and was clearly an intelligent youngster, could not learn human speech. The Gardners, however, achieved spectacular success with their pupil, Washoe. Not only did she learn signs easily, but she quickly began to string them together in meaningful ways. It was clear that each sign evoked, in her mind, a mental image of the object it represented. For example, if she was asked, in sign language, to fetch an apple, she would go and locate an apple that was out of sight in another room.
Other chimps entered the project, some starting their lives in deaf signing families before joining Washoe. And finally Washoe adopted an infant, Loulis. He came from a lab where no thought of teaching signs had ever penetrated. When he was with Washoe he was given no lessons in language acquisition—not by humans, anyway. Yet by the time he was eight years old he had made fifty-eight signs in their correct contexts. How did he learn them? Mostly, it seems, by imitating the behavior of Washoe and the other three signing chimps, Dar, Moja and Tam. Sometimes, though, he received tuition from Washoe herself. One day, for example, she began to swagger about bipedally, hair bristling, signing food! food! food! in excitement. She had seen a human approaching with a bar of chocolate. Loulis, only eighteen months old, watched passively. Suddenly Washoe stopped her swaggering, went over to him, took his hand, and moulded the sign for food (fingers pointing towards mouth). Another time, in a similar context, she made the sign for chewing gum but with her hand on his body. On a third occasion, Washoe picked up a small chair, took it over to Loulis, set it down in front of him, and very distinctly made the chair sign three times, watching him closely as she did so. The two food signs became incorporated into Loulis's vocabulary but the sign for chair did not. Obviously the process of young chimps are similar to those of a human child! Chimpanzees who have been taught a language can combine signs creatively in order to describe objects for which they have no symbol. Washoe, for example, puzzled her caretakers by asking, repeatedly, for a rock berry. Eventually it transpired that she was referring to peanuts which she had encountered for the first time a while before. Another language-trained chimp described a cucumber as a green banana. They can even invent signs. Lucy, as she got older, had to be put on a leash for her outings. One day, eager to set off but having no sign for leash, she signaled her wishes by holding a crooked index finger to the ring on her collar. This sign became part of her vocabulary.
  1. The example of Washoe being sent to fetch an apple which is in another room indicates that
    A. chimps may have more than one way to fetch food
    B. chimps can associate one sign with another in a meaningful way
    C. chimps can learn the signs of ASL, the American Sign Language used by the deaf
    D. chimps have their particular ways for finding what they want
  2. The main idea of Paragraph 2 can be summarized as:
    A. chimps can also be taught to imitate their elders
    B. like human beings, chimps can also learn some sign language through self-taught
    C. young chimps can be clever enough to watch and learn
    D. a young chimp is similar to a human child in intelligence development to know the nature of some objects
  3. The word "transpire" in Paragraph 3 can probably mean
    A. it turned out that B. it transformed that C. it seemed that D. it made clear that
  4. From what is said in the passage we can conclude that
    A. some animals do have intelligence to some extent
    B. chimps can be taught to use human language if enough time is given
    C. chimps can even create some particular signs to express what they want
    D. chimps can be as creative as human beings
  5. The best title of this passage can be
    A. Some New Research Findings on the Chimpanzee Mind
    B. Chimpanzee Can Be Much More Intelligent and Creative than We Had Expected
    C. Chimpanzee and Sign Language
    D. Chimpanzees Are Proved to Be Closer to Human Beings in Language Learning

答案解析

  1. B【精析】由第一段 “it was clear that each sign evoked, in her mind, a mental image of the object it represented” 可知，沃肖能将手势与具体物体关联，B 选项正确。
  2. C【精析】第二段核心是幼黑猩猩路易丝通过观察和模仿学会手势语，体现其 “善于观察和学习”，C 选项正确。
  3. A【精析】“transpire” 此处意为 “原来是、后来发现”，与 “it turned out that” 同义，A 选项正确。
  4. C【精析】由最后一段 “they can even invent signs” 可知，黑猩猩能创造特定手势表达需求，C 选项正确。
  5. D【精析】文章围绕黑猩猩学习手势语展开，体现其在语言学习上与人类的相似性，D 选项正确。

Passage 3

The Pakistani president, Gen. Pervez Musharraf, announced here today that a delegation of Pakistani officials would fly to the Taliban's headquarters in the southern Afghan city of Kandahar Monday to renew demands that the militia surrender Saudi fugitive Osama Bin Laden.
U.S. officials have named Bin Laden, who has been given shelter by the Taliban rulers in Afghanistan, as the prime suspect in Tuesday's terrorist attack in Washington and New York.
"We are aware of the gravity of the situation and know that in the lives of nations, such situations do arise that require making important decisions," Musharraf said at a meeting with Pakistani newspaper editors.
The Taliban's leader, Mohammad Omar, has refused to give up bin Laden, claiming he is not responsible for the U.S. attacks.
"The Pakistan government is leaning on the Taliban government to hand over Osama to save this entire region from catastrophe," said Najam Sethi, editor of the weekly newspaper Friday Times, who participated in the meeting with Musharraf, "I am not sure whether there is much chance of that happening, but the pressure is on from the Pakistan government."
Pakistan has been a key supporter of the Taliban, which controls more than 90 percent of Afghanistan and has enforced a strict interpretation of Islamic law in the country.
Omar, the Taliban leader, today convened an emergency meeting of clerics (圣职人员) in the Afghan capital, Kabul. "As regards the possible attack by America on the sacred soil of Afghanistan, veteran honorable clerics should come to Kabul for a sharia decision," Omar said in a statement broadcast on the Taliban's Radio Sharia today. Sharia is Islamic law.
Omar, who reportedly left his Kandahar headquarters several days ago in anticipation of a U.S. attack, asked Afghans to pray and read the Koran to meet what he called a "test", according to the statement. He indicated he would not attend the meeting of clerics, though he reportedly met with a small group of senior clerics today.
The Pakistan-based Afghan Islamic Press reported today it had received a statement from Bin Laden, dispatched by an aide from an undisclosed location in Afghanistan, in which he denied involvement in last week's attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
"I am residing in Afghanistan," the statement said. "I have taken an oath of allegiance to Omar which does not allow me to do such things from Afghanistan. We have been blamed in the past, but we were not involved."
  1. What is the mission of the delegation of Pakistani officials to Afghanistan?
    A. Surrender Saudi fugitive Osama Bin Laden.
    B. To convey the demands of the USA on the Americans' decision of an air-raid on Afghanistan.
    C. To tell Taliban leaders to hand over Bin Laden.
    D. To advise Taliban leaders to get ready for the Americans' unexpected air attack
  2. According to the text all the following statements are true EXCEPT
    A. the Taliban government has been legally ruling Afghanistan since its defeating all other forces
    B. Bin Laden denied his involvement in last week's attacks on the World Trade Center
    C. the Taliban leaders call on their people to pray and read the Koran to meet what they called a "test"
    D. an emergency meeting of clerics in the Afghan capital, is held today in Kabul to discuss the Americans' threat of the country
  3. The statement from Bin Laden
    I. is declared by his aide in a disclosed location
    II. stresses that he has no connection with last week's attacks on the World Trade Center
    III. says he is not the prime suspect in Tuesday's terrorist attack in Washington and New York
    A. I only B. II only C. I and II D. I and III
  4. The phrase "the gravity of the situation" in the context can best mean
    A. the heavy weight of the situation B. the unexpected situation
    C. the discouraging situation D. the serious and urgent situation
  5. The key points of this piece of news can best be that
    A. last week's attacks on the World Trade Center and the Americans' threat on attacking of Afghanistan
    B. Americans' suspect of Bin Laden's involvement in the attacks in Washington and New York and the demand of Afghanistan to give him up
    C. the Taliban leaders' call for their people to defense against Americans possible air-attack and pray and read the Koran
    D. the inevitable Americans' attack against Afghanistan and the awareness of such a threat by the Taliban leaders

答案解析

  1. C【精析】由第一段 “renew demands that the militia surrender Saudi fugitive Osama Bin Laden” 可知，巴基斯坦代表团的任务是要求塔利班交出本・拉登，C 选项正确。
  2. A【精析】文中未提及塔利班 “合法统治阿富汗”，A 选项错误；B、C、D 选项均在文中有对应内容。
  3. B【精析】由最后一段可知，本・拉登的声明由助手从 “未公开地点” 发布（I 错误），否认参与袭击（II 正确），未提及是否为主要嫌疑人（III 错误），B 选项正确。
  4. D【精析】“the gravity of the situation” 意为 “局势的严重性和紧迫性”，D 选项正确。
  5. B【精析】新闻核心是 “美国怀疑本・拉登参与恐怖袭击，要求阿富汗交出他”，B 选项正确。

Passage 4

Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, lying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, rather than transcend that form.
This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has no bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" (费加罗的婚礼) is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.
  1. According to the author, distinctions between those engaged in the creative arts and in natural sciences can in part be explained by
    A. the different objectives of those involved in these respective pursuits
    B. the different methods they employ in the collection of data to support their theories
    C. the different ways in which they attempt to extend accepted conventional forms
    D. the different principles of organization that they utilize in order to create new works
  2. Why does the author suggest that the work of Beethoven was highly creative?
    A. Because he sought to become the only composer of his time to challenge accepted musical conventions.
    B. Because he adopted a new principle of organization in his work by utilizing innovative strategies.
    C. Because he creatively manipulated the accepted rules and forms governing musical composition.
    D. Because he synthesized a transition between the older stylistic convention and the newer musical form.
  3. The passage implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that
    A. is often quoted in the work of other scientists
    B. is careful not to make a value judgment about the use of data
    C. is applauded by all distinguished experimentalists
    D. generates a novel and well-founded generalization
  4. Which of the following would most likely follow the final sentence of the passage?
    A. In the similar manner, several modern composers successfully abolished musical conventions.
    B. Similarly, the succeeding generation of composers manipulated accepted musical forms.
    C. In contrast to Beethoven, however, even great modern composers like Bela Bartok did not attempt to alter accepted musical conventions.
    D. Musicologists are continuing to study the compositional styles of composers in order to determine whether their contributions have been innovative.

答案解析

  1. A【精析】由第一段 “Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals” 可知，艺术与科学的区别部分在于目标不同，A 选项正确。
  2. C【精析】由第二段 “Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits... in strikingly original ways” 可知，贝多芬的创造性在于创造性地运用既定规则，C 选项正确。
  3. D【精析】由第一段 “Innovative science produces new propositions... diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways” 可知，创新的科学贡献能产生新颖且有依据的概括，D 选项正确。
  4. B【精析】最后一句强调贝多芬创造性运用传统规则，后续可能延续 “作曲家运用传统形式” 的话题，B 选项 “类似地，下一代作曲家运用公认的音乐形式” 符合逻辑。

Passage 5

A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830's through the early 1890's. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880's, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880's were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packinghouse workers' efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.
In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing houses were dangerous places to work. The government investigations commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt, which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act, found the packing houses unsanitary, while observers noted that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked. The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880's at the latest, and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880's, and continued to decline after the 1880's, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry's workers from the 1880's on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.
The author's misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history's faulty evaluation. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packinghouses—giant yards and the intricate plants—than of the unity and vibrancy of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicago's South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.
  1. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
    A. how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry
    B. why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry
    C. why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurate
    D. what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packer' role in the national labor movement
  2. The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT
    A. data from the University of Chicago
    B. a recent history of the meat-packing industry
    C. social workers
    D. historical sources for the late nineteenth century
  3. The author of the passage mentions the" social movement" generated by Chicago's South Side community primarily in order to
    A. inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period of time covered by the history
    B. suggest the history's limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explain adequately
    C. salvage the history's point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unity
    D. introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the meat-packers and Chicago's ethnic communities
  4. According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880's were influenced by
    A. the worker' determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their work
    B. the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packinghouses
    C. the workers' ability to perform the industry's complex tasks
    D. improvements in the industry's packing process that occured in the 1880s
  5. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to
    A. summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passage
    B. explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by critics
    C. evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the premises of the history discussed in the passage
    D. present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the passage
  6. The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on Chicago's South Side can best be described as one of
    A. appreciation of the community's ability to cope with difficult conditions
    B. admiration for the community's refusal to cooperate with labor agitators
    C. indignation at the kinds of social conditions the community faced
    D. annoyance at the community's inability to abolish discrimination in the meat-packing industry

答案解析

  1. C【精析】文章核心是批判 “近期关于芝加哥肉类加工业的历史研究不准确”，指出其忽视负面条件、数据不足等问题，C 选项正确。
  2. B【精析】A、C、D 选项均在第二段提及，用于描述行业负面条件；B 选项 “近期历史研究” 是被批判的对象，其观点与事实不符，B 选项正确。
  3. B【精析】作者提及社区发起的社会运动，是为了指出该历史研究未能充分解释这一情况，凸显其局限性，B 选项正确。
  4. C【精析】由第二段 “conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting and packing process” 可知，熟练工人的工作条件受其完成复杂任务的能力影响，C 选项正确。
  5. D【精析】第二段通过引用其他历史资料、大学数据、政府调查等，提供证据反驳该历史研究的观点，D 选项正确。
  6. A【精析】由最后一段 “the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems” 可知，作者赞赏该社区应对困难的能力，A 选项正确。

Part V Writing and Translation (30 points)

Section A Writing (15 points)

Directions: Write a composition entitled "How to Meet the International Challenge after China's Entering into WTO?" in about 150 words according to the following demands and write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.
  1. China will enter into WTO in a few days.
  2. The great challenge faced by our government as well as ordinary people.
  3. I believe the following suggestions will be helpful in coping with the future international challenges.

参考范文

How to Meet the International Challenge after China's Entering into WTO?
China's impending accession to the WTO brings both opportunities and great challenges to the government and ordinary people. The government faces the challenge of aligning domestic policies with international rules, while ordinary people need to adapt to fiercer competition in jobs and markets.
To cope with these challenges, several measures are essential. First, the government should improve relevant laws and regulations to be consistent with WTO rules, creating a fair market environment. Second, enterprises need to enhance innovation and competitiveness to face global rivals. Third, ordinary people should continuously learn new knowledge and skills to meet the demands of the internationalized job market.
With joint efforts from the government, enterprises and individuals, China can successfully meet the international challenges and seize the opportunities brought by WTO accession.

Section B Translation (15 points)

Directions: Put the following passage into English and remember to write down your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.
几乎自有人类以来就有了人工降雨的想法了，但直到 1946 年人类才成功地制造了雨。在古代，人工降雨声称有多种降雨的方法，如，跳舞、唱歌、杀死各种动物 (包括人) 祭天等。近些时候，有些人工降雨者说可以往天上放炮，引起爆炸或燃烧化学药品等，由此而产生的烟可以使天下雨。这些人工降雨者费用很高，需要 1000 美元才能降一英寸雨。有一个降雨者如此之灵，以至于差一点被处死，因为人们认为是他使加利福尼亚南部下了 20 英寸大雨，淹了土地，死了好几个人，造成了数百万美元的损失。

参考译文

The idea of artificial rainfall has existed almost since the dawn of humanity, but it was not until 1946 that humans successfully created rain. In ancient times, various methods were claimed to induce rainfall, such as dancing, singing, and sacrificing various animals (including humans) to the heavens. In recent times, some rainmakers claimed that firing cannons into the sky, causing explosions, or burning chemicals could produce smoke that would bring rain. These rainmakers charged high fees, demanding $1,000 to produce one inch of rain. One rainmaker was so "effective" that he was nearly executed, as people believed he caused 20 inches of heavy rain in southern California, which flooded the land, killed several people, and resulted in millions of dollars in losses.
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