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北京师范大学 2004 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（非英语专业）
March 20, 2004
Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension（20 points）
Section A
Directions: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET.
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A. Tony's boss left office for two days.
B. Tony quit his job after two days.
C. Tony was off work for two days.
D. Tony's boss agreed to take two days off.
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A. The professor told the students that the date of the exam would be changed.
B. The students expected that the exam would not be delayed.
C. The exam would not be canceled as the professor had originally said.
D. The professor said the exam would not be postponed.
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A. I wrote to you.
B. I called you.
C. I let you inside.
D. I went to see you.
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A. Unlike Sarah, Frank takes his coffee black.
B. Frank likes coffee, but Sarah doesn't.
C. Frank took the coffee back to Sarah.
D. Sarah and Frank take cream and sugar in their coffee.
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A. There were more people than chairs.
B. There were more than enough chairs.
C. There were too many empty seats.
D. There were never enough people.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D on your test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
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A. An architect.
B. A civil engineer.
C. A furniture designer.
D. A cameraman.
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A. He had a busy morning.
B. He had a terrible morning.
C. He had an exciting morning.
D. He had a terrific morning.
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A. Trains are often overcrowded with tourists.
B. She is in favor of closing down the railway.
C. She always takes trains whenever she goes out.
D. The railway is more convenient than the highway.
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A. It's a well-paying job.
B. The job can be very rewarding.
C. The job may not be worth taking.
D. It's a job she can do.
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A. She should have been more careful about her money.
B. She should buy the brown suit.
C. She should find another job to make more money.
D. She shouldn't buy the brown suit.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear part of a radio programme in which a doctor talks about jet lag. Look at the ten statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is Right, Wrong or Not Mentioned while you are listening to the programme. Then mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
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You really only suffer from jet lag when you fly east.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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The problem of jet lag is that many people become hyperactive.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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Only certain people suffer from jet lag.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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Jet lag affects young children less.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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If you are flying west you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you go by going to bed and getting up later.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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If you are flying east you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you go by having your meals later.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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It is better not to sleep on the plane.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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You should be more careful than usual of what and when you eat on the plane.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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It takes up to seven days to get over jet lag.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
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When you arrive you should always try to sleep.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not Mentioned
答案解析（听力部分无原文，解析基于选项逻辑）
- C【精析】选项核心围绕 “谁休息两天”，C 选项 “托尼休息两天” 与 A（老板离职）、B（托尼辞职）、D（老板休假）区分，符合日常语境中 “be off work” 表 “休假” 的用法。
- D【精析】聚焦 “考试是否推迟”，D 选项 “教授说考试不会推迟” 与 A（更改日期）、B（学生预期不推迟）、C（不取消）形成差异，贴合 “postpone” 与 “delay” 同义的逻辑。
- B【精析】选项均为 “联系方式”，B 选项 “我给你打电话” 与 A（写信）、C（让你进来）、D（去看你）区分，符合日常交流中不同联系方式的表述。
- A【精析】围绕 “两人喝咖啡的习惯”，A 选项 “弗兰克喝黑咖啡，莎拉不同” 与 B（莎拉不喜欢咖啡）、C（弗兰克把咖啡还给莎拉）、D（两人都加奶糖）形成对比，符合 “unlike” 表对比的用法。
- A【精析】关于 “人与椅子的数量关系”，A 选项 “人比椅子多” 与 B（椅子足够）、C（空座多）、D（人永远不够）相反，符合 “more...than...” 的比较逻辑。
- A【精析】职业类题目，建筑师（A）、土木工程师（B）、家具设计师（C）、摄影师（D）中，结合对话场景（未给出原文，基于高频考点），建筑师侧重建筑设计，为常见答案。
- B【精析】描述早晨状态，“terrible”（糟糕的）与 “busy”（忙碌的）、“exciting”（令人兴奋的）、“terrific”（极好的）形成情感差异，符合日常负面体验的表述。
- D【精析】关于交通方式偏好，D 选项 “铁路比公路方便” 与 A（火车拥挤）、B（支持关闭铁路）、C（总是坐火车）区分，符合 “more convenient than” 的比较逻辑。
- C【精析】评价工作，C 选项 “这份工作可能不值得做” 与 A（高薪）、B（有回报）、D（她能做）形成负面评价，贴合对话中潜在的否定态度。
- D【精析】关于 “是否买棕色西装”，D 选项 “不该买” 与 A（该谨慎花钱）、B（该买）、C（找新工作赚钱）区分，直接回应核心决策。
11-20. 【精析】此类题目需结合听力原文，核心围绕 “时差影响、应对方法”：11 题 “仅向东飞有时差” 为错（向西飞也可能有）；12 题 “时差导致多动” 未提及（常见时差反应为疲劳）；13 题 “仅特定人有时差” 为错（多数人都会受影响）；14 题 “儿童受影响小” 为对（儿童适应能力强）；15 题 “向西飞提前晚睡晚起” 为对（调整生物钟）；16 题 “向东飞提前晚吃饭” 为对（适应目的地时区）；17 题 “飞机上不该睡觉” 为错（适当睡眠可缓解）；18 题 “飞机上需注意饮食” 为对（饮食影响时差适应）；19 题 “7 天恢复时差” 为对（常见恢复周期）；20 题 “到达后必须睡觉” 为错（应根据当地时间调整，未必立即睡觉）。
Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (25 points)
Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1
Imagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn't it?
New "fake fat" products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.
Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all.
Normally, special chemicals in the intestines "grab" molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.
The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.
Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.
Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.
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We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that .
A. contains plenty of nutrients
B. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins
C. makes foods easily digestible
D. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious
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The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be .
A. commercially useless
B. just as anticipated
C. somewhat controversial
D. quite unexpected
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Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that .
A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbed
B. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body
C. it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease
D. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins
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What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?
A. It may impair the digestive system.
B. It may affect the overall fat intake.
C. It may increase the risk of cancer.
D. It may spoil the consumers' appetite.
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Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?
A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.
B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.
C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.
D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.
答案解析
- D【精析】由第一段 “eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat” 和第二段 “eliminate fat from certain foods” 可知，奥利斯特拉能让食物无脂肪且保留美味，D 选项正确。A（富含营养）、B（无热量且保留维生素）、C（易消化）均与文意不符。
- D【精析】由第三段 “Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all” 可知，原本寻找易消化脂肪，结果意外造出不可消化的脂肪，D 选项正确。A（无商业价值）、B（符合预期）、C（有争议）均不符合文意。
- A【精析】由第六段 “Olestra... is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down” 可知，奥利斯特拉无法被肠道吸收，与普通脂肪不同，A 选项正确。B（促进维生素吸收）、C（降低心脏病发病率）、D（防止维生素过量摄入）均与文意相反。
- C【精析】由第六段 “prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer” 可知，奥利斯特拉可能因阻碍类胡萝卜素吸收而增加癌症风险，C 选项正确。A（损害消化系统）、B（影响总脂肪摄入）、D（影响食欲）均未提及。
- B【精析】由最后一段 “people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about calories” 可知，营养学家担心添加维生素后，人们会无节制进食，B 选项正确。A（维生素过量）、C（肠道功能减弱）、D（引发假食品浪潮）均未提及。
Passage 2
Although rarely seen, bats, as compared to other mammals, are quite common. Bats rank second only to rodents in number and diversity of species. Their numbers probably total in the tens of billions. Bats also vary considerably in size-from the tiny Philippine bamboo bat, with a six-inch wingspan and weighing 1/20th of an ounce to the "flying fox" with a wingspan of four or five feet and weight of two pounds.
The diet of bats is varied. Most types eat insects, but they also consume blood, pollen, and nectar and fruits. Some eat other vertebrates (animals with backbones) such as fish, lizards, and even other bats. Those that feed on flowers very often serve as the primary pollinator of the flowers. The insect-consuming forms, quite obviously, are very beneficial.
Perhaps the most unusual characteristic of bats is their skilled nocturnal flying ability. This skill is so highly developed that they are capable of avoiding obstacles even in total darkness. Bats possess a high degree of tactile sense that may help them in avoiding obstacles, but their primary ability to do so is based on their ability to make high-pitched sounds and on their acute hearing ability.
Flying bats were long thought to be silent creatures, but this is now known not to be the case. While in flight, bats are continuously emitting a series of ultrasonic orientation pulses that are inaudible to the human ear. The frequency of the cries of bats, at 50,000 vibrations per second, is estimated to be two and a half times higher than the human ear can hear.
This unique operation, a highly refined type of sonar system, allows the bat to detect rebounding pulses from obstacles near and far in its environment. They system is unique, additionally, in that the bat is capable of sorting through numerous rebounding pulses so as to avoid objects in its immediate path. Researchers are attempting to understand this system in hopes that it may reveal how the human brain processes sensory information.
In the final analysis bats are interesting and amazing; and in contrast to popular legends, they are quite useful and helpful to nature and man.
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Which of the following is true?
A. There are more rodents in the world than bats.
B. There are more bats in the world than rodents.
C. Bats are usually bigger than rodents.
D. Rodents are usually bigger than bats.
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According to the passage, some bats eat .
A. human-beings
B. rodents
C. foxes
D. other bats
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The word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 3 is related to .
A. sound
B. vibrations
C. night
D. reputation
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What can make bats avoid objects in flight?
A. Their sharp sense of hearing.
B. Their ability to emit ultrasonic sounds.
C. Their unique sense of seeing.
D. Both A and B.
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We can conclude from the passage that bats are .
A. really more intelligent than man
B. often wronged in popular legends
C. ugly and dangerous
D. beautiful in appearance
答案解析
- A【精析】由第一段 “Bats rank second only to rodents in number and diversity of species” 可知，啮齿动物的数量和种类仅次于蝙蝠，即啮齿动物比蝙蝠多，A 选项正确。
- D【精析】由第二段 “Some eat other vertebrates... even other bats” 可知，有些蝙蝠以其他蝙蝠为食，D 选项正确。A（人类）、B（啮齿动物）、C（狐狸）均未提及。
- C【精析】“nocturnal” 意为 “夜间的”，由后文 “avoiding obstacles even in total darkness” 可知，蝙蝠的飞行能力与 “夜晚” 相关，C 选项正确。
- D【精析】由第三段 “primary ability to do so is based on their ability to make high-pitched sounds and on their acute hearing ability” 可知，蝙蝠通过发出高频声音和敏锐的听力避障，D 选项正确。
- B【精析】由最后一段 “in contrast to popular legends, they are quite useful and helpful” 可知，蝙蝠在民间传说中被误解，实际有益，B 选项正确。
Passage 3
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units ("state" and "statistics" come from the same Latin root, "status") and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses-all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level-variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum-or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as gender, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
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The word "divergent" (Para. 1, Line 1) is closest in meaning to .
A. distributed B. different C. recorded D. prominent
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According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking are associated with .
A. inferential statistics
B. qualitative changes
C. descriptive statistics
D. unknown variables
-
Why does the author mention the "mother" and "father" in the passage?
A. To point out that parents can teach their children statistics.
B. To introduce inferential statistics.
C. To explain that there are different kinds of variables.
D. To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way.
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Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?
A. It reduces large amount of data to a more comprehensible form.
B. It is based on probability.
C. It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.
D. It measures only qualitative differences.
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With what is the passage mainly concerned?
A. The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics.
B. The development and use of statistics.
C. Applications of inferential statistics.
D. How to use descriptive statistics.
答案解析
- B【精析】“divergent” 意为 “不同的、分歧的”，由后文 “mother”（政府记录）和 “father”（赌博数学）的不同影响可知，B 选项 “different” 正确。
- C【精析】由第一段 “counting... the taking of censuses-all of which led to modern descriptive statistics” 可知，计数和人口普查与描述性统计相关，C 选项正确。
- D【精析】作者用 “母亲” 和 “父亲” 比喻统计学的两个起源，以幽默易懂的方式介绍统计学背景，D 选项正确。A（父母教孩子统计学）、B（介绍推断统计）、C（解释变量类型）均不符合文意。
- A【精析】由第二段 “Descriptive statistics is a tool for... reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data” 可知，描述性统计将大量数据简化为易理解的形式，A 选项正确。
- B【精析】文章介绍了统计学的两个起源（描述性和推断性统计）及其应用，核心是统计学的发展与使用，B 选项正确。
Passage 4
It is possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always wicked and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either Man will abolish war, or war will abolish Man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in massacre, but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change age-old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic assertions which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.
The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the international sphere, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between East and West, but between Man and the H-bomb.
-
This passage implies that war is now .
A. more wicked than in the past
B. as wicked as in the past
C. less wicked than in the past
D. what people try to live with
-
According to the author .
A. it is impossible to live without war
B. war is the only way to settle international disagreements
C. war must be abolished if man wants to survive
D. war will be abolished by modern ingenuity
-
The author says that modern weapons .
A. will help abolish war
B. put mankind in grave danger
C. will gradually become part of man's life
D. need further improving
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The author believes that the only way to abolish war is to .
A. abolish nuclear weapons
B. let the stronger side take over the world
C. improve bacteriological and chemical weapons
D. settle international issues through negotiation
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The last paragraph suggests that .
A. nuclear war will definitely not take place
B. international agreements are now reached more and more easily
C. man is beginning to realize that nuclear war is his greatest enemy
D. world opinion is in favour of nuclear war
答案解析
- A【精析】由第一段 “it was always wicked... Modern ingenuity has changed this... nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger” 可知，现代战争因核武器等更危险，比过去更邪恶，A 选项正确。
- C【精析】由第一段 “Either Man will abolish war, or war will abolish Man” 可知，人类若想生存必须废除战争，C 选项正确。
- B【精析】由第一段 “nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger... bacteriological or chemical weapons may... offer an even greater threat” 可知，现代武器使人类面临严重危险，B 选项正确。
- D【精析】由第一段 “look upon international questions in a new way... by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law” 可知，废除战争的唯一方式是通过谈判解决国际问题，D 选项正确。
- C【精析】由最后一段 “the important conflict nowadays is not between East and West, but between Man and the H-bomb” 可知，人类开始意识到核战争是最大敌人，C 选项正确。
Passage 5
The acknowledged "King of Ragtime" was the black pianist and composer Scott Joplin. Joplin (1868-1917), originally from Texarkana, Texas, began his career as an itinerant pianist. By 1885 he was in St. Louis, playing in honky-tonks and sporting houses. He went to Chicago briefly (1893) to try his luck in the entertainment halls that had sprung up around the World's Fair, then in 1894 to Sedalia, Missouri, to stay until the turn of the century. His first published rag, Original Rags, came out in March, 1899; later the same year appeared Maple Leaf Rag, named for a saloon and dance hall in Sedalia. The work has an instant and resounding success, and by the time of his death Joplin had published more than thirty original rags, and other piano pieces, songs, and arrangements. He had even larger aims: in 1902 he finished a ballet score called Rag Time Dance, and in 1903 the opera A Guest of Honor, unpublished and now apparently lost, in 1911 came another opera, Treemonisha. The artistic success of these larger works is debatable, but that of Joplin's piano rags is not; they can only be described as elegant, varied, often subtle, and as sharply incised as a cameo. They are the precise American equivalent, in terms of a native style of dance music, of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahms. They can both be lovely and powerful, infectious and moving-depending, of course, on the skill and stylishness of the pianist, for they are not easy music technically and they demand a clean but "swinging" performance.
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Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Scott Joplin's Early Career
B. Rare Piano Works of Scott Joplin
C. Sedalia: The Birthplace of Ragtime
D. A Ragtime Composer and His Music
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It can be inferred from the passage that Joplin is recognized as the "King of Ragtime" because he .
A. was probably the greatest composer of ragtime music
B. began his career as a famous child pianist
C. created the character "King of Ragtime" in one of his operas
D. was a descendant of a European royal family
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According to the passage, which of the following is an accurate statement about Maple Leaf Rag?
A. It was Joplin's favorite composition.
B. Its name came from an establishment in Missouri.
C. It was published in March 1899.
D. Its popularity grew slowly.
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Toward the end of the passage, the author refers to the works of other composers in order to illustrate the .
A. popularity of different styles of dance music of recent centuries
B. success of Joplin's operas in Europe
C. high quality of Joplin's work as an American musical form
D. powerful movement attributed to Joplin's compositions
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From the last sentence of the passage, one may infer that Joplin's piano music can best be appreciated when played .
A. by a highly skilled pianist
B. in an elegant setting
C. with a moving classical style
D. for a small audience
答案解析
- D【精析】文章围绕拉格泰姆音乐作曲家斯科特・乔普林及其作品展开，D 选项 “一位拉格泰姆作曲家及其音乐” 准确概括主旨，A（早期职业生涯）、B（稀有作品）、C（拉格泰姆诞生地）均片面。
- A【精析】由首句 “acknowledged 'King of Ragtime'” 及后文对其作品的高度评价可知，乔普林被认可为 “拉格泰姆之王” 是因为他是该领域最伟大的作曲家，A 选项正确。
- B【精析】由 “Maple Leaf Rag, named for a saloon and dance hall in Sedalia” 可知，其名字源于密苏里州的一家场所，B 选项正确。A（最爱作品）、C（1899 年 3 月出版）、D（受欢迎度缓慢）均与文意不符。
- C【精析】作者将乔普林的作品与莫扎特、肖邦等大师的作品对比，是为了凸显其作品的高品质，C 选项正确。
- A【精析】由最后一句 “depending, of course, on the skill and stylishness of the pianist” 可知，乔普林的作品需技艺高超的钢琴家演奏才能体现其价值，A 选项正确。
Ⅲ. Translation and Writing (55 points)
Part A Translation
1. Translate the following into Chinese (30 points)
We care for literature primarily on account of its deep and lasting human significance. A great book grows directly out of life; in reading it, we are brought into large, close, and fresh relations with life; and in that fact lies the final explanation of its power. Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through the medium of language. Such expression is fashioned into the various forms of literary art. But it is important to understand, to begin with, that literature lives by virtue of the life it embodies. By remembering this, we shall be saved from the besetting danger of confusing the study of literature with the study of philology, rhetoric, and even literary technique.
参考译文：我们关注文学，主要是因为它具有深刻而持久的人文意义。一部伟大的作品直接源于生活；阅读它时，我们会与生活建立起广泛、紧密且新颖的联系，而这正是其感染力的最终诠释。文学是人类对生活所见、所历、所思、所感的重要记录，记录的是那些对我们所有人都具有最直接且持久意义的生活层面。因此，文学本质上是通过语言媒介对生活的表达，这种表达被塑造为各种文学艺术形式。但首先需要明确的是，文学凭借其蕴含的生活气息而存在。牢记这一点，我们就能避免一个常见的误区 —— 将文学研究与语言学、修辞学甚至文学技巧研究混为一谈。
2. Physical science is the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinguished from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science is ordinarily thought of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Physics is the basic physical science. It deals with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components, as well as with the different forces of nature and their relationships. It also is concerned with the physical properties of matter and with such phenomena as electricity and magnetism. Chemistry focuses on the properties and reactions of molecules. Broadly speaking, it tends to concentrate on the specific properties of different elements and compounds, as opposed to physics which is chiefly concerned with the general properties of matter as a whole. Astronomy entails the study of the entire universe beyond the Earth. It includes investigations of the gross physical properties of the Earth primarily as they relate to interactions with other components of the solar system. Most other aspects are dealt with by the Earth sciences.
参考译文：自然科学是对无机世界的系统研究，区别于对有机世界的研究 —— 后者属于生物科学的范畴。自然科学通常被认为包含四个广泛领域：天文学、物理学、化学和地球科学。物理学是基础自然科学，研究单个原子及其组成部分的结构与行为，以及自然界的各种力及其相互关系，同时也关注物质的物理性质和电、磁等现象。化学侧重于分子的性质与反应。广义而言，化学倾向于聚焦不同元素和化合物的特定性质，而物理学主要研究物质作为一个整体的普遍性质。天文学涉及对地球以外整个宇宙的研究，包括对地球总体物理性质的调查，尤其是这些性质与太阳系其他天体的相互作用。地球科学则负责研究地球的其他大部分方面。
3. Translate the following into English (10 points)
在 20 世纪，我们习惯于使用无线电，它成了每个人生活的一部分。人们在汽车上，在家里，在海滩上 — 几乎在所有的地方听无线电。对许多人来说，无线电已成为他们工作中的重要组成部分：飞行员、宇航员、警察、出租车司机都经常用无线电收发信息。而第一次用无线电发报是在 1896 年，距现在只有一百多年时间。
参考译文：In the 20th century, we were accustomed to using radio, which became part of everyone's life. People listened to the radio in cars, at home, on the beach—almost everywhere. For many people, radio has become an important part of their work: pilots, astronauts, policemen, and taxi drivers often use radio to send and receive information. The first radio transmission was made in 1896, which is only over a hundred years ago.
Part B Summary Writing (15 points)
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.
参考范文：The success of a company’s overseas business depends on employees’ job expertise and cultural adaptability. A wrong assumption that home success guarantees overseas success often leads to failure, as cultural ignorance rather than professional incompetence causes most overseas blunders. U.S. businesspeople lack sufficient cultural knowledge in international contexts, leading to costly mistakes in marketing, management, and negotiations. With the world becoming more interdependent, American businesspersons need to better understand cultural impacts on international business and engage in cross-cultural dialogue to achieve success.
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