Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child's individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.
There is some relationship between age and children's characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.
Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls' adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood.
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It is hard for temperamental, irritable kids to adapt to parental divorce because ______.
[A] they are too much disrupted by the life change
[B] the family breakup makes them feel very sensitive
[C] the great stress of their families diminishes their ability
[D] they encounter more parents' fights than the easygoing children
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The following statements are true EXCEPT ______.
[A] a six-year-old boy may fear being deserted by his parents
[B] divorce is usually caused by more than one reason
[C] An older boy may feel more shameful on parental divorce than a girl
[D] as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorce
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.
The Englishman has been called a political animal, and he values what is political and practical so much that the free play of the mind, in all subjects, becomes in his eyes, and thinkers, dreamers, because practice is everything, a free play of the mind is nothing. (41) The notion of the free play of the mind on all subjects, being a pleasure in itself, being an object desired for its own sake, being an essential provider of elements without which a nation’s soul, whatever compensations it may have for them, must in the long run, die of emptiness, hardly enters into an Englishman’s thoughts. It is noticeable that the word curiosity, which in other languages is used in a good sense, to mean, as a high and fine quality of man’s nature, just this disinterested love of a free play of the mind on all subjects, for its own sake—it is noticeable, I say, that this word has in our language no sense of the kind, no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one.
Directions: In this part, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on Information Explosion. The essay should be based on the outline below:
- Current situation of information explosion;
- Advantages of information explosion;
- Disadvantages of information explosion;
- Your suggestions.
答案：C
详解：本题考查细节定位与逻辑推理，需紧扣原文中 “气质暴躁儿童难以适应离婚” 的核心原因。
- 选项 A（“生活变化对他们干扰过大”）：原文提及 “气质暴躁儿童更难适应生活变化”，但 “干扰过大” 是结果而非原因，属于 “因果倒置”，排除；
- 选项 B（“家庭破裂让他们更敏感”）：原文未提及 “敏感” 是这类儿童的特质或适应困难的原因，属于 “无中生有”，排除；
- 选项 C（“家庭的巨大压力削弱了他们的适应能力”）：原文明确指出 “家庭破裂带来的压力会损害气质暴躁儿童的适应能力，压力越大，适应越差”（Stress... seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt...），直接匹配题干原因，为正确答案；
- 选项 D（“他们比随和儿童经历更多父母争吵”）：原文仅提到 “男孩可能比女孩更多接触父母争吵”，未对比 “气质暴躁儿童与随和儿童” 的父母争吵频率，属于 “偷换对比对象”，排除。
考博阅读细节题需精准定位原文因果逻辑，避免混淆 “结果” 与 “原因”、“无关对比” 与 “原文对比”，C 选项完全符合原文表述，故为正确答案。
答案：C
详解：本题考查细节判断，需逐一验证选项与原文的一致性。
- 选项 A（“6 岁男孩可能害怕被父母抛弃”）：原文提到 “8 岁后对被抛弃的恐惧会减弱”，可推知 “6 岁时恐惧仍存在”，表述正确；
- 选项 B（“离婚通常由多个原因导致”）：原文指出 “年长儿童会意识到离婚不能归因于单一原因”（the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause），可推知 “离婚有多个原因”，表述正确；
- 选项 C（“年长男孩对父母离婚的羞耻感可能比女孩更强”）：原文仅提到 “年长儿童的困惑恐惧会被羞耻、愤怒取代”，未对比 “男孩与女孩的羞耻感强度”，属于 “无依据对比”，表述错误；
- 选项 D（“随着年龄增长，儿童对离婚的理解更深刻”）：原文明确 “年龄越大，越可能表达复杂情感、理解自身感受、认识离婚原因的复杂性”，表述正确。
本题需注意 “EXCEPT” 题型的 “排除法” 应用，C 选项无原文支撑，故为正确答案。
答案：
（41）在所有领域自由驰骋思想，本身就是一种乐趣，是为了思想而追求思想，是民族精神不可或缺的滋养要素 —— 倘若缺乏这种要素，无论有其他何种弥补方式，一个民族的精神终究会因空洞而消亡。然而，英国人几乎从未有过这样的想法。
详解：
- 拆分复杂句式，还原逻辑关系：
原文为长句，核心结构是 “The notion... hardly enters into an Englishman’s thoughts”，中间插入三个 “being...” 并列结构解释 “the notion” 的内涵。翻译时先拆分插入成分，用破折号衔接逻辑，避免中文句式冗长，如将 “being a pleasure in itself, being an object desired for its own sake, being an essential provider of elements” 译为 “本身就是一种乐趣，是为了思想而追求思想，是民族精神不可或缺的滋养要素”，层层递进解释 “自由思想” 的价值。
- 精准处理抽象概念与文化负载词：
- “the free play of the mind” 译为 “自由驰骋思想”，比 “自由思考” 更具动态感，贴合 “play” 的 “灵动性”；
- “a nation’s soul” 译为 “民族精神”，符合中文社科文本表达习惯，避免直译 “民族灵魂” 的生硬；
- “disparaging” 译为 “贬义的”，准确传达 “curiosity” 在英语中 “负面含义” 的语境（原文提到该词在其他语言中为褒义，在英语中却含贬义）。
- 补充隐含逻辑，优化中文流畅度：
原文 “whatever compensations it may have for them” 译为 “无论有其他何种弥补方式”，补充 “其他” 一词，明确 “弥补方式” 与 “自由思想” 的对比关系；“must in the long run, die of emptiness” 译为 “终究会因空洞而消亡”，用 “终究” 强化时间逻辑，使语义更连贯。
参考范文
In the digital era, information explosion has become an irreversible trend. With the development of the Internet, social media, and big data technology, people are surrounded by an unprecedented volume of information—from news articles and academic papers to short videos and social updates. According to a report, the global data volume grows by over 60% annually, making it almost impossible for individuals to fully process all available information. This situation has both reshaped daily life and brought profound impacts on social development.
The advantages of information explosion are undeniable. First, it broadens people’s horizons and promotes knowledge sharing. Academic resources that were once limited to universities are now accessible online, enabling self-learners to acquire professional knowledge freely. Second, it drives innovation: enterprises can analyze massive user data to optimize products, while scientists can integrate global research findings to accelerate technological breakthroughs. For example, in the medical field, big data analysis of patient cases has significantly improved the accuracy of disease diagnosis.
However, information explosion also brings notable challenges. The most prominent issue is information overload, which causes anxiety and reduces work efficiency. Many people spend hours scrolling through fragmented information but gain little valuable knowledge. Moreover, the spread of false information poses a threat to social trust—rumors about public health or social events can trigger panic and misunderstanding. For instance, during public health emergencies, misleading information about "miracle cures" often misguides the public and disrupts epidemic prevention.
To address these problems, targeted measures are needed. Individuals should develop information literacy: learn to filter useful information using keyword searches and reliable platforms, and avoid mindless browsing. Governments and platforms should strengthen information supervision—establish mechanisms to verify information authenticity and punish the spread of false content. Additionally, educational institutions should incorporate information management courses into curricula to help students master efficient information-processing skills. Only through the joint efforts of individuals, society, and governments can we maximize the benefits of information explosion while minimizing its drawbacks.
范文解析
- 结构严谨，紧扣大纲：
严格遵循 “现状 — 优势 — 劣势 — 建议” 的大纲要求，每段聚焦一个维度，逻辑层层递进。开头用 “数据增长 60%” 的具体案例凸显信息爆炸的规模；优势部分从 “知识共享”“创新驱动” 切入，结合 “医学大数据” 实例；劣势部分针对 “信息过载”“虚假信息”，用 “公共卫生谣言” 增强说服力；建议部分从 “个人 — 平台 — 教育” 三个主体提出解决方案，覆盖多维度，体现博士阶段的系统性思维。
- 语言规范，学术性与实用性结合：
使用 “irreversible trend”“unprecedented volume”“information literacy” 等学术词汇，同时避免晦涩表达；句式多样，如让步状语从句（“While the advantages...”）、被动语态（“Academic resources... are now accessible”），符合博士英语写作的语言要求。
- 观点深刻，体现批判性思维：
不仅描述 “信息爆炸” 的表面现象，更深入分析其 “对社会信任的破坏”“对个人认知的冲击” 等深层影响，建议部分兼顾 “个体能力提升” 与 “社会制度完善”，避免单一视角，展现对问题的全面认知。
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