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- Even the is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______ and horizontally spread out.
A. prudent B. reversible C. diffuse D. mandatory
- Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message.
A. as the way by which B. by the way in which
C. as to the way in which D. in the way of which
The human ear contains the organ for hearing and the organ for balance. Both organs involve fluid-filled channels containing hair cells that produce electrochemical impulses when the hairs are stimulated by moving fluid. The ear can be divided into three regions: outer, middle, and inner. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them to the eardrum separating the outer ear from the middle ear. The middle ear conducts sound vibrations through three small bones to the inner ear. The inner ear is a network of channels containing fluid that moves in response to sound or movement.
To perform the function of hearing, the ear converts the energy of pressure waves moving through the air into nerve impulses that the brain perceives as sound. Vibrating objects, such as the vocal cords of a speaking person, create waves in the surrounding air. These waves cause the eardrum to vibrate with the same frequency. The three bones of the middle ear amplify and transmit the vibrations to the oval window, a membrane on the surface of the cochlea, the organ of hearing. Vibrations of the oval window produce pressure waves in the fluid inside the cochlea. Hair cells in the cochlea convert the energy of the vibrating fluid into impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain.
The organ for balance is also located in the inner ear. Sensations related to body position are generated much like sensations of sound. Hair cells in the inner ear respond to changes in head position with respect to gravity and movement. Gravity is always pulling down on the hairs, sending a constant series of impulses to the brain. When the position of the head changes—as when the head bends forward—the force on the hairs changes. The brain then interprets the new impulses as a change in position.
-
What is the main function of the middle ear?
A. To collect sound waves from the surrounding air
B. To conduct sound vibrations to the inner ear
C. To convert pressure waves into nerve impulses
D. To respond to changes in head position
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How do hair cells contribute to the sense of hearing?
A. By collecting sound waves and directing them to the eardrum
B. By amplifying the vibrations from the eardrum
C. By converting the energy of vibrating fluid into nerve impulses
D. By transmitting impulses directly to the brain through the oval window
Vibrating objects, such as the vocal cords of a speaking person, create waves in the surrounding air that cause the eardrum to vibrate with the same frequency.
科学技术的飞速发展不仅改变了人们的生活方式，也深刻影响了社会的生产结构和发展模式。
Directions: Write an essay of 180-200 words on the topic "Cooperation and Competition". Your essay should include a beginning, a body and a conclusion. Pay attention to the structure, content and language.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦形容词词义辨析与上下文逻辑，是词汇部分的高频考点，考查对 “权力分布” 相关词汇的精准运用及语境推理能力。
- 答案详解：
选项分析：
- [A] prudent：意为 “谨慎的、精明的”，侧重行为处事的态度，与 “权力分布” 无关；
- [B] reversible：意为 “可逆转的”，强调状态的可变更性，不符合语境；
- [C] diffuse：意为 “分散的、弥漫的”，与前文 “concentrated（集中的）” 形成对比，契合 “华盛顿的权力是分散且横向分布” 的语义，符合逻辑；
- [D] mandatory：意为 “强制的、义务的”，侧重规则或要求的强制性，与题意不符。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦固定搭配与定语从句引导，是语法部分的核心难点考点，考查对 “关于…… 的方式” 表达及从句连接词的掌握。
- 答案详解：
选项分析：
- [A] as the way by which：“as the way” 搭配不当，“by which” 虽可引导方式状语，但整体结构不符合英语表达习惯；
- [B] by the way in which：“by the way” 表示 “顺便说一下”，与语境 “关于词汇排列的约定俗成” 语义不符；
- [C] as to the way in which：“as to” 表示 “关于、至于”，“the way in which” 是固定结构，相当于 “how”，引导定语从句修饰 “conventions”，符合语境 “我们都与所处社区共享一套词汇，以及关于如何排列这些词汇来传达特定信息的约定俗成”；
- [D] in the way of which：“in the way of” 表示 “妨碍、关于…… 方面”，结构与语义均不符合题意。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节理解，是阅读理解的基础考点，考查对中耳功能的精准定位与信息提取能力。
- 答案详解：
原文第一段明确提到 “The middle ear conducts sound vibrations through three small bones to the inner ear”，即中耳通过三块小骨传导声音振动至内耳。
- [A]“收集周围空气的声波” 是外耳的功能；[C]“将压力波转化为神经脉冲” 是耳蜗内毛细胞的功能；[D]“对头部位置变化作出反应” 是内耳平衡器官的功能，故选 [B]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦细节理解，是阅读理解的核心考点，考查对毛细胞在听觉过程中作用的准确理解。
- 答案详解：
原文第二段指出 “Hair cells in the cochlea convert the energy of the vibrating fluid into impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain”，即耳蜗内的毛细胞将振动液体的能量转化为神经脉冲，再通过听神经传递至大脑。
- [A]“收集声波并导向鼓膜” 是外耳的作用；[B]“放大鼓膜的振动” 是中耳三块小骨的作用；[D]“通过卵圆窗直接向大脑传递脉冲” 表述错误，毛细胞需先转化能量再传递，故选 [C]。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦复合句翻译，核心考查定语从句、同位语及专业术语，是翻译部分的重点考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 同位语处理：“such as the vocal cords of a speaking person” 译为 “例如说话者的声带”，补充说明 “振动物体”，保持句式简洁；
- 定语从句拆分：“that cause the eardrum to vibrate with the same frequency” 译为 “这些声波会使鼓膜以相同的频率振动”，将定语从句转化为独立分句，符合中文表达习惯；
- 术语准确：“vocal cords” 译为 “声带”，“eardrum” 译为 “鼓膜”，“frequency” 译为 “频率”。
参考译文：振动的物体（例如说话者的声带）会在周围空气中产生声波，这些声波会使鼓膜以相同的频率振动。
- 考点定位：本题聚焦并列结构与时态运用，核心考查 “不仅…… 也……” 的英文表达及抽象名词翻译，是翻译部分的高频考点。
- 答案详解：
翻译要点：
- 并列结构：“不仅…… 也……” 译为 “not only...but also...”，遵循 “就近原则”，谓语动词与后一主语保持一致；
- 抽象名词转化：“生产结构” 译为 “production structure”，“发展模式” 译为 “development model”，保证术语准确；
- 时态选择：“飞速发展” 用现在完成时 “has developed rapidly”，体现对当前的影响。
参考译文：The rapid development of science and technology has not only changed people's lifestyle but also profoundly influenced the social production structure and development model.
- 考点定位：本题聚焦议论文写作，核心考查对 “合作与竞争” 辩证关系的阐述、逻辑架构及学术语言表达能力，是考博英语写作的核心考点。
- 答案详解：
参考范文：
Cooperation and Competition
In the complex social and economic environment, cooperation and competition are two indispensable forces that drive progress. They are not mutually exclusive but complement each other in promoting individual growth and social development.
Competition stimulates potential and encourages innovation. In academic research or career pursuits, healthy competition urges people to improve their abilities, keep learning, and strive for excellence. Meanwhile, cooperation enables people to combine strengths, overcome difficulties that cannot be solved individually. For example, scientific research projects often require teams to cooperate, integrating different professional skills to achieve breakthroughs. Without competition, people may become complacent; without cooperation, many grand goals cannot be realized.
In conclusion, we should view cooperation and competition dialectically. We need to maintain a positive competitive attitude to motivate ourselves, and at the same time, cherish the value of cooperation to achieve common development. Only by balancing the two can we make greater progress in life and work.
范文解析：
- 结构：采用 “引出话题 — 辩证分析 — 总结升华” 的三段式结构，逻辑清晰，论点明确；
- 内容：涵盖竞争的激励作用、合作的协同价值，结合科研实例论证，体现二者的辩证关系，符合 180-200 词要求；
- 语言：使用 “indispensable, mutually exclusive, complement, stimulate potential, dialectically” 等学术词汇，句式多样（定语从句、并列句、条件状语从句），表达流畅规范。
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