Directions: Choose from the four choices under each sentence the one which is similar in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence.
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Strict biological controls are required to retard the spread of pests such as the Mediterranean fruit fly.
A. resume B. dwindle C. decelerate D. linger
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Labor union negotiations for higher wages often reach an impasse intricate.
A. reconciliation B. settlement C. hostility D. deadlock
Directions: Choose the one that can best complete the sentence in question.
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Rumors, embroidered with detail, lie on for years, neither denied nor confirmed, until they become accepted as fact even among people not known for their _______.
A. credulity B. obstinacy C. introspection D. tolerance
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Rather than enhancing a country's security, the successful development of nuclear weapons could serve at first to increase that country's _______.
A. boldness B. moderation C. vulnerability D. influence
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
(2) The cost of these events can be measured in lost lives and livelihoods, lost homes and businesses, and hundreds of billions of dollars in emergency services and disaster relief. And Americans across the country are already paying the price of inaction in higher food costs, insurance premiums, and the tab for rebuilding.
Directions: Corporate executives, undoubtedly, play a crucial part in a company's management and operation. Some people argue that the only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, isto make as much money as possible for their companies. Do you agree? Please write an essay about your opinion with 200-250 words.
答案：C
详解：本题考查动词词义辨析，核心需匹配 “控制害虫传播速度” 的语境。
- 选项语义解析：
- A. resume（恢复）：侧重 “中断后继续”，如 “resume work”（恢复工作），与 “阻止传播” 语义相反；
- B. dwindle（减少）：强调 “数量逐渐减少”，如 “dwindle resources”（资源减少），不用于 “控制传播速度”；
- C. decelerate（减速；减缓）：侧重 “降低速度、延缓进程”，完全匹配 “通过生物控制减缓害虫传播” 的语境；
- D. linger（徘徊；停留）：强调 “停留不走”，如 “linger in memory”（留在记忆中），与 “传播” 搭配不当。
- 考博考点延伸：博士英语中 “retard” 常与 “decelerate”“slow down” 同义，需注意 “retard” 更正式，多用于学术或书面语境，“decelerate” 侧重 “速度层面的减缓”，“slow down” 为通用表达。
答案：D
详解：本题考查名词词义辨析，核心需理解 “谈判陷入僵局” 的语义。
- 选项语义解析：
- A. reconciliation（和解）：侧重 “矛盾化解、达成共识”，与 “谈判陷入困境” 语义相反；
- B. settlement（解决；协议）：强调 “问题得到解决或达成协议”，如 “settlement of disputes”（争端解决），不符合 “陷入困境” 的语境；
- C. hostility（敌意）：侧重 “对立情绪”，如 “hostility between two sides”（双方敌意），未体现 “谈判停滞”；
- D. deadlock（僵局）：指 “谈判、讨论等无法继续推进的状态”，与 “impasse（僵局）” 语义完全一致，符合 “工会加薪谈判陷入僵局” 的语境。
答案：A
详解：本题考查名词词义辨析，核心需匹配 “谣言被当作事实接受” 的逻辑。
- 选项语义解析：
- A. credulity（轻信）：指 “轻易相信他人的倾向”，符合 “即使是不轻易轻信的人也会把谣言当事实” 的语境；
- B. obstinacy（固执）：侧重 “坚持己见、不愿变通”，与 “相信谣言” 无关；
- C. introspection（内省）：强调 “自我反思”，如 “introspection on one's behavior”（反思自身行为），语义不符；
- D. tolerance（宽容）：侧重 “包容不同事物”，不用于 “对谣言的态度”。
答案：C
详解：本题考查名词词义辨析，核心需通过 “rather than” 的转折关系推导语义。
- 原文逻辑分析：
“rather than enhancing（而非增强）” 表明前后语义相反，“增强国家安全” 的反义为 “增加脆弱性”，即核武器研发成功初期可能反而让国家更易受威胁。
- 选项排除：
- A. boldness（大胆）：与 “安全” 无直接关联；
- B. moderation（适度）：语义中性，无法与 “enhancing security” 形成转折；
- C. vulnerability（脆弱性）：符合 “反而增加国家易受攻击的程度” 的逻辑；
- D. influence（影响力）：与 “安全” 无关，且无法体现转折关系。
答案：
这些灾害造成的损失可以用生命与生计的丧失、家园与企业的损毁来衡量，还包括数千亿美元的应急服务与救灾资金投入。而全美民众已经在为这种不作为付出代价 —— 食品价格上涨、保险费用增加，以及重建所需的巨额开支。
详解：
- 语义精准还原，覆盖多层含义：
- “lost lives and livelihoods” 译为 “生命与生计的丧失”，避免直译 “失去的生命和生计” 的生硬；“emergency services and disaster relief” 译为 “应急服务与救灾资金”，明确 “relief” 在此处指 “救灾援助” 而非 “缓解”；
- “the price of inaction” 译为 “不作为的代价”，准确传递 “因未采取行动而付出的成本”；“the tab for rebuilding” 译为 “重建所需的巨额开支”，“tab” 在口语中表 “账单”，此处结合语境意译为 “开支” 更符合中文表达。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接：
原文为复合句，翻译时拆分为两个分句，前句讲 “灾害直接损失”，后句讲 “民众间接付出的代价”，用 “而” 衔接，逻辑清晰；“higher food costs, insurance premiums, and the tab for rebuilding” 译为 “食品价格上涨、保险费用增加，以及重建所需的巨额开支”，通过排比结构保持语义平行，增强表达流畅性。
参考范文
Corporate Executives' Responsibility: Beyond Profit-Making
Some argue that corporate executives' sole responsibility, within legal bounds, is to maximize profits. However, this view oversimplifies the role of executives in modern society. While profit is essential for a company's survival and development, executives also bear broader responsibilities to stakeholders, including employees, customers, and the public.
Firstly, employees deserve fair treatment and development opportunities. Executives should ensure reasonable salaries, safe working conditions, and career growth paths, which not only boost employee loyalty but also enhance productivity. Secondly, customers' interests must be prioritized. Providing high-quality products and honest services is crucial for long-term corporate reputation, which ultimately supports sustainable profit. Additionally, corporations have social responsibilities, such as environmental protection and charitable giving. For example, investing in green technology reduces pollution and contributes to societal well-being.
In conclusion, corporate executives should balance profit-making with social responsibility. A company that ignores broader obligations will struggle to gain long-term trust and success. Thus, maximizing profits is not the only responsibility but part of a comprehensive commitment to sustainable development.
范文详解：
- 结构清晰，论点明确：
开篇反驳 “唯利润论”，提出 “高管需兼顾利润与社会责任” 的核心论点；中间从员工、客户、社会三个维度展开论证，结合实例增强说服力；结尾总结升华，强调 “可持续发展” 的重要性。
- 语言规范，符合博士写作要求：
使用 “stakeholders（利益相关者）”“sustainable profit（可持续利润）” 等学术词汇，句式多样（如让步状语从句、定语从句），逻辑连接词（firstly, secondly, additionally）清晰，符合 200-250 词的篇幅要求。
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