Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
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Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to,______the color of his skin.
A. with the exception of
B. in the light of
C. by virtue of
D. regardless of
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In the accident the windshield of the car was______.
A. torn
B. shattered
C. chopped
D. stressed
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答案：D
- 解题思路：题干核心逻辑为 “国家公民有权选择居住地点，与肤色无关”，需选择表示 “不考虑、不受…… 影响” 的短语。首先分析各选项语义与搭配场景：
- 选项 A “with the exception of”（除…… 之外）用于排除特定对象（如 “Everyone passed with the exception of Tom”），与 “肤色不影响居住权” 的逻辑不符；
- 选项 B “in the light of”（根据、鉴于）侧重 “依据某事实做判断”（如 “in the light of new evidence”），无法衔接 “居住权与肤色” 的关系；
- 选项 C “by virtue of”（凭借、由于）强调 “依靠某种优势或原因”（如 “by virtue of hard work”），与题干 “否定肤色影响” 的语义相反；
- 选项 D “regardless of”（不管、不顾）直接体现 “不考虑某因素”，完美匹配 “居住权不受肤色限制” 的语境，符合语法与逻辑要求。
- 知识扩展：本题考查 “介词短语的语义辨析与语境匹配”，是考博英语语法词汇题的高频考点。“regardless of” 后可接名词、代词或从句，常用于表达 “不受某条件约束”，如 “Regardless of the weather, we will carry out the experiment”（无论天气如何，我们都将开展实验）。考生需注意区分同类短语（如 “in spite of”“despite” 侧重 “让步”，“regardless of” 侧重 “无视条件”），避免语义混淆。
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答案：B
- 解题思路：题干描述 “事故中汽车挡风玻璃的状态”，需选择符合 “玻璃在撞击下的破损特征” 的动词。分析各选项的适用对象与语义：
- 选项 A “torn”（撕裂）多用于柔软材质（如纸张、布料），玻璃为坚硬材质，无法用 “撕裂” 描述，排除；
- 选项 B “shattered”（粉碎、碎裂）特指 “坚硬物体受外力撞击后破碎成小块”，完全符合 “挡风玻璃在事故中破碎” 的场景，正确；
- 选项 C “chopped”（砍、劈）需借助工具（如斧头），且对象多为木材、食材等，与 “事故中玻璃自然破损” 无关，排除；
- 选项 D “stressed”（使承受压力、强调）为抽象概念（如 “stressed the importance”），或表示 “物体受应力”，但不用于描述 “破损结果”，排除。
- 知识扩展：本题考查 “动词的语义精准性与搭配场景”，考博英语中常通过 “名词 - 动词搭配” 考查词汇运用能力。类似易混淆动词还有 “break”（泛指破碎）、“smash”（猛烈撞击破碎）、“crack”（出现裂纹但未完全破碎），考生需结合 “破损程度、物体材质、动作方式” 区分，如 “cracked glass”（裂纹玻璃）、“smashed window”（被砸破的窗户），提升词汇运用的精准度。
Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the best one.
Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed__1__over the centuries. During the 1950's and 1960's especially, increased attention has been devoted to__2__the reading process. 3__specialists agree that reading__4__a complex organization of higher mental__5, they disagree__6__the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds,7__reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand__8.
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A. substantively
B. substantially
C. substitutive
D. subjectively
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A. involves
B. involves to
C. is involved
D. involves of
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答案：B
- 解题思路：空格修饰 “changed”（变化），需选择副词体现 “阅读概念在几个世纪中的变化程度”。首先分析选项词性与语义：
- 选项 C “substitutive”（替代的）为形容词，无法修饰动词 “changed”，排除；
- 选项 D “subjectively”（主观地）强调 “个人主观判断”，而 “阅读概念的变化” 是客观学术趋势，与 “主观” 无关，排除；
- 选项 A “substantively”（本质上）侧重 “性质、本质的改变”，选项 B “substantially”（显著地、大幅度地）侧重 “程度、规模的改变”。结合后文 “1950-60 年代对阅读过程的关注大幅增加”，可知此处强调 “变化的程度大”，而非 “本质改变”，故 B 正确。
- 知识扩展：本题考查 “副词的语义辨析与语境匹配”，考博英语完形填空中常通过 “副词修饰动词 / 形容词” 考查语义精准性。“substantially” 在学术文本中高频出现，如 “substantially improve efficiency”（显著提升效率）、“substantially different from”（与…… 有显著差异）；“substantively” 则多用于法律、哲学领域，如 “substantively different laws”（本质不同的法律）。考生需结合文本领域（本文为教育学 / 心理学）选择合适副词。
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答案：A
- 解题思路：空格考查 “involve” 的用法，需判断其词性搭配与语态。首先明确 “involve” 为及物动词，常见用法为 “involve sth/sb（in doing sth）”（涉及某事 / 某人（做某事）），无 “involve to”“involve of” 的搭配，故排除 B、D；
- 选项 C “is involved” 为被动语态，需搭配 “in”（be involved in），表示 “参与、涉及”，如 “be involved in the project”，但空格后直接接 “a complex organization...”，无介词 “in”，被动语态不成立；
- 选项 A “involves” 为主动语态，“reading involves a complex organization...”（阅读涉及一种复杂的高级心理组织形式），符合 “及物动词 + 宾语” 的语法结构，语义通顺，正确。
- 知识扩展：本题考查 “动词的固定搭配与语态”，是考博英语完形填空的基础考点。“involve” 的主动与被动用法需重点区分：主动语态 “involve sth” 强调 “某事物包含 / 涉及另一事物”；被动语态 “be involved in sth” 强调 “人参与某事” 或 “事物与某事相关”，如 “The research involves data analysis”（主动，研究涉及数据分析）、“She is involved in the research”（被动，她参与该研究）。考生需通过 “主语是否为动作的承受者” 判断语态，避免搭配错误。
Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful directions: specific directives,market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures.
Specific directives involve the government's identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or application of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation
Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and application of technology are made. Such modifications may comprise imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to appeal to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity.
Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas which may impinge on fundamental social values, or modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications, like the inactiveness of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance.
Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and application. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by laws or acts of duties on governmental decision makers and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources.When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity.
There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods and such costs are internalized when buyers pay them. Air pollution from motor vehicles apparently create costs, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease, these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good common to all.
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The passage is primarily concerned with
A. objectives and legal methods for guidance of technological development
B. technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
C. economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
D. reasons for slow technological development in light of environmentalist objections
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The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles to
A. reveal cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
B. indicate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
C. illustrate there are some costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
D. show technological research undertaken for the common welfare
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答案：A
- 解题思路：主旨题需把握全文核心逻辑：首段明确提出 “引导技术向社会有益方向发展的四种法律方法”；第二至五段分别详细解释每种方法（具体指令、市场激励调整、刑事禁止、决策结构变更）；第六至七段讨论 “这些方法的有效使用条件（资源最优配置）及外部成本问题”。全文围绕 “引导技术发展的目标（社会有益、资源最优）与法律方法” 展开，故主旨为 A 选项。
- 选项分析：
- B 选项 “控制市场活动的技术方法”：原文核心是 “引导技术发展”，“市场激励调整” 仅为四种法律方法之一，且 “技术方法” 表述错误（应为 “法律方法”），排除；
- C 选项 “促进买卖双方交易的经济流程”：原文末段提及 “外部成本” 是为解释 “资源配置”，并非核心讨论 “交易流程”，排除；
- D 选项 “环保主义者反对导致技术发展缓慢的原因”：原文仅在末段以 “汽车空气污染” 为例，未提及 “环保主义者反对” 或 “技术发展缓慢”，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读主旨题需遵循 “首段核心句 + 各段逻辑衔接” 原则，避免被细节选项干扰。本文首段 “Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful directions” 即为全文主旨句，后续段落均围绕该句展开，考生需学会定位 “总分结构” 中的总起句，这是解答主旨题的关键技巧。
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答案：C
- 解题思路：细节题需定位 “汽车空气污染” 的举例语境（末段）：原文先定义 “外部成本（external costs）—— 买卖双方定价未包含的生产使用成本”，再以 “汽车空气污染” 为例，说明其 “造成污染、材料损坏、疾病等成本，但因空气未定价（免费资源），这些成本未被纳入买卖双方的交易价格中”，即该例子用于 “阐释外部成本的存在，也就是买卖双方议价中未包含的成本”，对应 C 选项。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “揭示包含资源成本的成本估算”：原文强调 “成本未被包含”，而非 “包含”，与例子语义相反，排除；
- B 选项 “指出用于阻止技术发展的法律方法”：例子未提及 “法律方法”，且原文 “刑事禁止” 是 “调整技术活动”，而非 “阻止技术发展”，排除；
- D 选项 “展示为公共福利开展的技术研究”：例子讨论 “技术应用的成本”，与 “技术研究的目的” 无关，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读中 “举例论证题” 需遵循 “例子服务于论点” 的原则，解题关键是找到例子前后的论点句（如本题末段首句 “ There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs...”），再匹配选项与论点的一致性。考生需避免仅关注例子本身，而忽略其与核心论点的关联。
离子型稀土矿浸取工艺对资源、环境影响
摘要：离子型稀土矿 (ion-adsorption rare earth) 采用堆浸 (heap leaching) 和原地浸矿 (in-situ leaching) 等生产工艺，均会造成一定的环境破坏和资源损失。为了更好比较堆浸和原地浸矿工艺造成的资源环境损失差异，基于堆浸和原地浸矿生产工艺原理，将离子型稀土矿采选造成的资源损失分为暂时性损失和永久性损失，把环境破坏分为显性破坏 (explicit damage)(如植被破坏、水土流失等) 和隐性破坏 (implicit damage)(如地下水污染), 将资源损失和环境破坏按可控程度 (controllability) 进行分类；在此基础上对堆浸和原地浸矿生产工艺造成的资源与环境影响进行综合比较；最后，提出相关建议。
关键词：离子型稀土：堆浸：原地浸矿；资源损失；环境破坏
English Translation
Abstract: The production processes of ion-adsorption rare earth ores, such as heap leaching and in-situ leaching, will cause certain environmental damage and resource loss. To better compare the differences in resource and environmental losses caused by heap leaching and in-situ leaching processes, based on the principles of these two production processes, the resource loss resulting from the mining and beneficiation of ion-adsorption rare earth ores is divided into temporary loss and permanent loss; environmental damage is categorized into explicit damage (e.g., vegetation destruction, soil erosion, etc.) and implicit damage (e.g., groundwater pollution); and both resource loss and environmental damage are classified according to their controllability. On this basis, a comprehensive comparison is made of the resource and environmental impacts caused by heap leaching and in-situ leaching processes. Finally, relevant suggestions are put forward.
Keywords: Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth; Heap Leaching; In-Situ Leaching; Resource Loss; Environmental Damage
- 翻译要点解析：
- 术语准确性：学术文本翻译的核心是术语统一，如 “离子型稀土矿” 译为 “ion-adsorption rare earth ores”（行业标准术语），“堆浸”“原地浸矿” 采用矿业领域通用译法 “heap leaching”“in-situ leaching”，避免直译导致歧义；
- 句式逻辑优化：中文多流水句，英文需拆分重组为符合学术表达的复合句。例如 “将离子型稀土矿采选造成的资源损失分为……，把环境破坏分为……，将资源损失和环境破坏按…… 分类”，译为三个并列分句 “the resource loss...is divided into...; environmental damage is categorized into...; and both...are classified according to...”，通过分号与连接词 “and” 明确逻辑层次；
- 细节补充：“采选” 译为 “mining and beneficiation”（涵盖 “采矿” 与 “选矿” 两个环节，符合矿业流程），“等” 译为 “etc.”（学术文本中用于列举未尽事项，符合规范）；
- 被动语态运用：学术英语常用被动语态体现客观性，如 “will cause certain environmental damage”（主动，描述工艺的自然结果）、“a comprehensive comparison is made”（被动，强调 “比较” 这一动作的实施，而非实施者），平衡主动与被动语态的使用。
江西理工大学考博真题（含英语、稀土相关专业课）是备考的核心资料，历年真题均配备高分答案详解，能帮助考生精准把握命题规律（如英语侧重词汇语法、学术阅读与写作，专业课侧重稀土工艺与环境影响）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 江西理工大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_2551466.html
- 英语备考：
- 词汇：重点积累学术词汇（如 “external costs”“fellowship”）和行业相关词汇（如 “leaching”“ion-adsorption”），结合真题语境记忆；
- 阅读：强化 “学术文本逻辑分析” 能力，关注 “论点 - 论据 - 例子” 的衔接（如 Passage 1 中四种法律方法的并列结构）；
- 写作：练习 “数据描述 + 原因分析 + 趋势预测” 的学术议论文结构，积累图表描述句式（如 “accounts for”“in sharp contrast”）。
- 专业课备考：
- 结合江西理工大学 “离子型稀土资源开发利用” 的专业特色，重点掌握稀土矿开采工艺（如堆浸、原地浸矿）、资源环境影响等核心知识点，关注行业最新研究进展（如稀土绿色提取技术）；
- 通过真题练习，总结学术术语的英文表达（如 “暂时性损失 - temporary loss”），为专业课英语答题或阅读外文文献奠定基础。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸江西理工大学博士研究生。
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