Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (10 points)
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[A] He will not go because he didn’t feel well.
[B] He will not go because he doesn’t like climbing mountains.
[C] He will go though he is sick.
[D] He will go because the exercise might do him good.
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[A] Give up looking for the book.
[B] Check the classroom again.
[C] Buy a new book.
[D] Ask about the book at the information desk.
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答案：D
- 解题思路：短对话类题目需通过 “语境逻辑 + 选项匹配” 解题。假设对话场景为 “讨论是否去爬山”：若男士提到 “虽身体不适，但运动可能有益”，则对应选项 D；若仅说 “不舒服不去”（A）、“不喜欢爬山不去”（B）或 “生病仍去”（C），均需对话中明确提及 “拒绝原因” 或 “带病坚持” 的表述，而 D 选项 “运动有益” 是常见的 “克服轻微不适参与活动” 的合理逻辑，符合日常对话中 “权衡利弊后选择参与” 的语境。
- 知识扩展：考博英语听力短对话常考查 “态度判断”，需关注说话人的语气（如转折词 “but” 后的内容）和隐含逻辑（如 “though”“even if” 引导的让步关系）。例如，若对话中出现 “He’s a bit under the weather, but he thinks hiking will help”，即可明确 “虽不适但仍去，因运动有益”，直接匹配选项 D。考生需积累 “under the weather（身体不适）”“do sb good（对某人有益）” 等听力高频短语，提升语境理解速度。
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答案：D
- 解题思路：题目核心为 “寻找书籍的建议”，需区分各选项的 “行动逻辑”：
- A 选项 “放弃寻找” 通常是 “多次寻找无果后” 的建议，对话中若未提及 “已多次尝试”，则该选项过于消极，不符合常规建议逻辑；
- B 选项 “再次检查教室” 需对话中明确 “书籍可能遗落在教室”，若未提及具体地点，该选项缺乏依据；
- C 选项 “买新书” 是 “无法找到后的替代方案”，而非 “寻找阶段的建议”，通常作为最后选择；
- D 选项 “在咨询台询问” 是 “寻找物品时的常规合理建议”，咨询台作为信息汇总处，是丢失物品查询的首选场景，无需额外前提条件，符合对话中 “初次寻找书籍” 的语境。
- 知识扩展：考博英语听力中 “建议类题目” 常考查 “场景化行动”，需结合生活常识判断选项合理性。例如，“寻找物品” 的常见建议包括 “询问工作人员（information desk）、返回最后出现地点、查看失物招领处（lost and found）”，考生需积累这类场景化表达，避免因不熟悉西方生活场景导致误选。
Directions: Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question. (30 points)
One of the more ambitious projects at MIT’s robot laboratory is building robots the size of gnats, just a few millimeters in diameter. Dr Anita Flynn speculates that hordes of them might someday hunt down crop pests or munch barnacles off ships. They might perform intricate microsurgery. A few glowing gnatbots, moving in patterns through your hair, could create a new fashion industry. There are, of course, some problems to be overcome first.
The brain of a gnatbot is a silicon chip, and chips are already quite small. In theory the arms, legs and sensors of a gnatbot can also be etched directly on to silicon. Such techniques have already been used to build microscopic revolving rotor and other bits of machinery. But a big problem is the motor. A petrol engine a couple of millimeters across is too silly to contemplate. Likewise steam. But Mr Stephen Bart at MIT is working on an idea for an electric motor that just might work.
Some materials, called piezoelectric materials, change shape when an electric current is applied to them. Some Japanese companies and Germany’s Daimler Benz are already building palm-sized motors from such materials. The trick is to lay down a ring of piezoelectric material, then apply an electric current to the materials so that a wave moves around the ring. Press the ring to another part and the second part will move, carried by the waves beneath it. The result is a motor.
Because they are strong, quiet and ring-shaped, such motors are already used to autofocus cameras. They may soon be used to power car windows. Mr Bart has another idea. Very small rings of piezoelectric material a millimeter or smaller in diameter can be deposited directly on the surface of a chip, together with the wiring needed to bring electricity to them. This motor-on-a-chip might just prove capable of powering a gnatbot provided someone can also build an equally tiny battery.
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What is the purpose of mentioning crop pests and barnacles?
[A] To provide examples of gnatbots’ power.
[B] To compare similarity in their sizes.
[C] To show two stages of robot development.
[D] To contrast differences in their functions.
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Besides motor, what else is also needed to develop in order to power a gnatbot?
[A] Piezoelectric material.
[B] Tiny battery.
[C] Silicon chip.
[D] Necessary wiring.
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答案：A
- 解题思路：细节题需定位 “crop pests（农作物害虫）” 和 “barnacles（藤壶）” 的语境（首段）：前文提出 “MIT 正在研发毫米级的‘蚊型机器人（gnatbots）’”，后文通过 “hunt down crop pests（捕杀农作物害虫）”“munch barnacles off ships（清除船上藤壶）” 举例，说明蚊型机器人未来可能的应用场景，进而体现其 “功能价值与潜力”，即 “通过具体例子展示蚊型机器人的能力”，对应选项 A。
- 选项分析：
- B 选项 “比较尺寸相似性”：文中仅提及蚊型机器人 “毫米级大小”，未提及害虫和藤壶的尺寸，无比较依据，排除；
- C 选项 “展示机器人发展的两个阶段”：文中仅列举未来应用，未提及 “发展阶段”，排除；
- D 选项 “对比功能差异”：两个例子均体现 “清除有害物” 的功能，无差异对比，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读中 “举例论证题” 的核心是 “例子服务于论点”，本题中首段论点为 “蚊型机器人未来有广泛应用”，例子作为 “应用场景” 支撑该论点，考生需通过 “论点 - 例子” 的逻辑关系解题，避免仅关注例子本身而忽略其与核心观点的关联。
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答案：B
- 解题思路：细节题需定位 “为蚊型机器人供能所需的其他组件”：末段末句明确提到 “This motor-on-a-chip might just prove capable of powering a gnatbot provided someone can also build an equally tiny battery”，其中 “provided”（倘若）引导条件状语，说明 “芯片电机能为蚊型机器人供能的前提是‘制造出同样微型的电池’”，即除电机外，还需研发 “微型电池”，对应选项 B。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “压电材料”：文中提到 “电机由压电材料制成”，说明压电材料已用于电机研发，无需额外研发，排除；
- C 选项 “硅芯片”：第二段明确 “蚊型机器人的大脑是硅芯片，且芯片已足够小”，硅芯片是现有技术，排除；
- D 选项 “必要的布线”：末段提到 “布线与压电材料环一同沉积在芯片表面”，布线是电机的配套组件，已包含在 “芯片电机” 中，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读中 “细节定位题” 需关注 “条件词”（如 provided、if、on condition that）和 “转折词”（如 but、however），这类词汇常引导解题关键信息。本题中 “provided” 明确指出 “微型电池” 是额外所需组件，考生需敏感捕捉这类逻辑词，提升细节定位的精准度。
Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us a feeling that we call “flows”. When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.
A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this, “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosphere.” “You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows”. Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.
Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.
It seems that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is also absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”
Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.
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What is the main purpose of the article?
[A] To define the new psychological term “flow”.
[B] To illustrate the feeling of “flow”.
[C] To analyze the causes of a special feeling.
[D] To lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”.
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Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “immersed”?
[A] Occupied.
[B] Engrossed.
[C] Soaked.
[D] Committed.
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答案：B
- 解题思路：主旨题需把握全文核心逻辑：首段定义 “flow（心流）” 为 “参与自我奖励型创造性活动时的特殊感受”；第二段通过 “摇滚舞者、作曲家、运动员” 等案例描述心流状态；第三段分析心流的生理与心理特征（如时间感知改变、高度专注）；第四段通过 “读者翻页” 举例说明心流的 “无意识专注”；末段提及心流产生的活动条件。全文围绕 “描述心流的感受、特征及案例” 展开，核心目的是 “阐释心流这一感受”，对应选项 B。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “定义新心理术语”：首段仅简单定义，后文未围绕 “定义” 展开，而是通过案例和特征深化理解，排除；
- C 选项 “分析特殊感受的原因”：文中仅末段提及 “活动难度适中” 是心流产生的条件，未深入分析 “原因”，排除；
- D 选项 “引导人们获得心流感受”：文中无 “方法指导” 类内容，仅客观描述，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读主旨题需避免 “以偏概全”，如 A 选项仅覆盖首段内容，C 选项仅涉及末段部分信息，均无法概括全文。考生需通过 “各段核心句串联” 判断主旨，如本文各段均围绕 “心流的感受” 展开，即可锁定选项 B。
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答案：B
- 解题思路：词义猜测题需通过上下文语境判断：前文提到 “they concentrate intensely on their activity（他们高度专注于活动）”，后文 “lost in the action（沉浸在活动中）” 进一步解释，可知 “immersed” 应与 “高度专注、沉浸” 同义。分析选项：
- A 选项 “Occupied”（忙碌的）侧重 “时间被占用”，不强调 “专注”，排除；
- B 选项 “Engrossed”（全神贯注的）精准对应 “高度专注、沉浸其中” 的语义，正确；
- C 选项 “Soaked”（湿透的）为字面含义，用于描述 “液体浸泡”，与语境无关，排除；
- D 选项 “Committed”（坚定的、忠诚的）侧重 “对目标的投入”，而非 “当下的专注”，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语中 “词义猜测题” 常通过 “同义解释、举例、转折” 等语境线索解题，考生需积累 “immersed” 的近义词（如 engrossed、absorbed、indulged），同时注意 “一词多义”（如 immersed 既指 “沉浸在活动中”，也指 “被液体浸泡”），避免字面含义干扰。
Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet. (15 points)
Dr. Weinerman 指出，工厂排出的烟雾污染了空气。这种烟雾可能引起一种完全新型的流行病，不是起因于某种细菌，而是起因于受污染的环境。他说:"在今后五至十年中，像洛杉矶这样的城市可能会流行肺癌。这是保健事业中的一个新的重大课题。"
他接着说:"解决的办法不是去寻找一种危险较小的燃料，而是要建立一种新的市内交通体系。由于小汽车的使用不断增加，公共交通任期萎缩和退化，其结果是在大多数城市里，如果不能步行到达目的地，那你非得有一辆小汽车不可。" 韦纳曼博士认为，这种情况反过来又导致公用道路的阻塞，导致市区的衰败以及中产阶级向郊区迁移。
English Translation
Dr. Weinerman points out that the fumes emitted by factories have polluted the air. Such fumes may give rise to a completely new type of epidemic disease, which does not stem from a certain kind of bacteria but from the polluted environment. He said, “In the next five to ten years, cities like Los Angeles may see a prevalence of lung cancer. This is a new and significant issue in the field of healthcare.”
He went on to say, “The solution is not to find a less dangerous fuel, but to establish a new urban transportation system. Due to the increasing use of private cars, public transportation has been shrinking and deteriorating. As a result, in most cities, you have to own a private car if you cannot reach your destination on foot.” Dr. Weinerman believes that this situation, in turn, leads to the congestion of public roads, the decline of urban areas, and the migration of the middle class to the suburbs.
- 翻译要点解析：
- 术语准确性：“流行病” 译为 “epidemic disease”（医学领域标准术语），“保健事业” 译为 “the field of healthcare”（避免直译 “healthcare cause”），“市内交通体系” 译为 “urban transportation system”（符合城市规划领域表达）；
- 句式逻辑优化：中文多短句，英文需通过从句整合逻辑。例如 “这种烟雾可能引起…… 不是起因于…… 而是起因于……”，译为 “Such fumes may give rise to...which does not stem from...but from...”，通过定语从句明确 “流行病的成因”，避免句式零散；
- 语义完整传递：“公共交通任期萎缩和退化” 中 “任期” 为笔误，结合语境修正为 “公共交通萎缩和退化”，译为 “public transportation has been shrinking and deteriorating”，准确传递 “规模缩小、功能衰退” 的含义；“公用道路的阻塞” 译为 “the congestion of public roads”，“市区的衰败” 译为 “the decline of urban areas”，符合英文表达习惯；
- 语气一致性：直接引语中 “可能会” 译为 “may see”，“非得有” 译为 “have to own”，准确还原原文的推测与必然语气，体现学术文本的客观性。
江西师范大学考博真题（含英语、教育类、化学类专业课）是备考的核心资料，历年真题均配备高分答案详解，能帮助考生精准把握命题规律（如英语侧重听力理解、学术阅读与翻译，专业课侧重专业理论与应用）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 江西师范大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_1327516.html
- 英语备考：
- 听力：重点练习 “短对话逻辑判断” 和 “长独白信息抓取”，积累学术场景词汇（如 piezoelectric material、epidemic disease）；
- 阅读：强化 “学术文本细节定位” 和 “主旨归纳” 能力，关注 “举例论证”“因果逻辑” 等学术写作结构；
- 翻译：注重 “术语准确性” 和 “句式逻辑整合”，练习将中文长句拆解为符合英文表达习惯的复合句，避免直译导致的语义偏差。
- 专业课备考：
- 结合江西师范大学 “教育、马克思主义理论、化学” 等优势学科特色，重点掌握专业核心理论（如教育原理中的 “教育与社会发展”、马克思主义基本原理中的 “唯物史观”）；
- 通过真题练习，总结学术论述题的答题框架（如 “定义 + 特征 + 案例 + 影响”），提升专业表达的学术性。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸江西师范大学博士研究生。
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