Directions: In this section, you are to choose from the four choices under each sentence the one which is similar in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence.
-
An important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food from large animal carcasses.
A. destroy
B. identify
C. remove
D. compare
-
When the glaciers thawed after the last ice age, the five Great Lakes of North America were formed.
A. melted
B. advanced
C. evaporated
D. exploded
-
答案:C
- 解题思路:题干中 “extract” 修饰 “highly nutritious food from large animal carcasses”,结合 “石器工具从动物尸体中获取营养食物” 的语境,“extract” 意为 “提取、获取”,需选择语义相近的选项。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “destroy”(破坏):与 “获取食物” 的语义相反,排除;
- B 选项 “identify”(识别):仅强调 “辨认”,不涉及 “从载体中分离获取”,排除;
- C 选项 “remove”(提取、移除):此处 “remove...from” 与 “extract...from” 为固定搭配,均表示 “从…… 中提取 / 移除”,精准匹配 “从动物尸体中获取食物” 的语境,正确;
- D 选项 “compare”(比较):与 “获取食物” 无关,排除。
- 知识扩展:考博英语中 “extract” 的常见同义词还包括 “obtain”“derive”“abstract”,需结合搭配区分:“extract” 侧重 “从具体载体中提取(如 extract oil from seeds)”,“derive” 侧重 “从抽象来源获取(如 derive knowledge from books)”,“abstract” 侧重 “从文献中提炼观点”。考生需通过语境和搭配记忆同义词差异。
-
答案:A
- 解题思路:题干中 “thawed” 描述 “冰川在末次冰期后的变化”,结合 “形成五大湖” 的结果,可知 “thawed” 意为 “融化”,需选择语义相近的选项。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “melted”(融化):特指 “固体因温度升高变为液体”,与 “冰川(固体冰)融化” 完全匹配,正确;
- B 选项 “advanced”(推进):表示 “向前移动”,如 “冰川推进(glaciers advanced)”,与 “形成湖泊” 的结果矛盾,排除;
- C 选项 “evaporated”(蒸发):指 “液体变为气体”,冰川是固体,排除;
- D 选项 “exploded”(爆炸):无任何语境支撑,排除。
- 知识扩展:考博英语中 “自然现象类词汇” 是高频考点,如 “glacier(冰川)”“carcass(尸体)”“evaporate(蒸发)”,考生需积累这类词汇的语义及搭配(如 “glacier melt(冰川融化)”“evaporate water(蒸发水分)”),同时结合地理、生物等常识辅助理解,提升语义判断准确性。
Directions: In this section, you are to choose the one that can best complete the sentence in question.
-
Not until the eighteenth century ________ the complete chemistry of metallurgy.
A. when scientists began to appreciate
B. did scientists begin to appreciate
C. scientists who were beginning to appreciate
D. the appreciation of scientists began
-
If pollution continues to increase ________ the present rate, formation of aerosols in the atmosphere will cause the onset of an ice age in about fifty years time.
A. with
B. in
C. by
D. at
-
答案:B
- 解题思路:本题考查 “Not until 引导时间状语从句” 的倒装结构,核心语法规则为 “Not until + 时间状语 / 从句置于句首时,主句需用部分倒装(助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语)”。题干中 “Not until the eighteenth century” 置于句首,主句需倒装,且时态为过去时(十八世纪为过去时间),需选择符合倒装结构的选项。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “when scientists began to appreciate”:仅为时间状语从句结构,无主句谓语,句子不完整,排除;
- B 选项 “did scientists begin to appreciate”:“did + 主语 + begin” 符合部分倒装结构,时态(过去时)与 “十八世纪” 匹配,正确;
- C 选项 “scientists who were beginning to appreciate”:为定语从句结构,无主句谓语,句子不完整,排除;
- D 选项 “the appreciation of scientists began”:为主谓正常语序,未倒装,违反 “Not until 倒装规则”,排除。
- 知识扩展:考博英语中 “倒装结构” 高频考点还包括 “Only + 状语置于句首”“否定副词(Never, Seldom)置于句首”,如 “Only by working hard can we succeed”“Never have I seen such a beautiful place”。考生需系统掌握倒装的触发条件及句式结构,避免因语法规则混淆导致误选。
-
答案:D
- 解题思路:本题考查 “表示‘速率’的介词搭配”,核心固定搭配为 “at the rate of...”(以…… 的速率),题干中 “the present rate” 需与介词 “at” 搭配,表 “以当前速率”。
- 选项分析:
- A 选项 “with”:常搭配 “rate” 表示 “具有…… 速率”(如 a car with a high rate of speed),不表示 “以…… 速率”,排除;
- B 选项 “in”:无 “in the rate” 的搭配,排除;
- C 选项 “by”:常搭配 “rate” 表示 “按…… 比例”(如 increase by 5%),后接具体数值,不接 “the present rate” 这类抽象速率,排除;
- D 选项 “at”:“at the present rate” 为固定搭配,表 “以当前速率”,精准匹配语境,正确。
- 知识扩展:考博英语中 “介词与抽象名词的搭配” 是高频考点,如 “at the speed of(以…… 速度)”“in the direction of(朝…… 方向)”“by the means of(通过…… 方式)”。考生需通过真题积累这类固定搭配,避免因介词误用导致语义偏差。
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
(1) Dr. Claude Shannon of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and his colleague, E. R Moore once built a machine to play the game known as Hex, using an analog computer working on electrical voltages. It beat them about 70 per cent of the time. "It frequently surprised its designers by selecting odd-looking moves which, on analysis, proved sound," Shannon comments.
(5) At any rate, machine cannot exercise free will or originate anything - not yet. Whether it ever will is still an open argument.
(1)
English 原文:Dr. Claude Shannon of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and his colleague, E. R Moore once built a machine to play the game known as Hex, using an analog computer working on electrical voltages. It beat them about 70 per cent of the time. "It frequently surprised its designers by selecting odd-looking moves which, on analysis, proved sound," Shannon comments.
Chinese Translation:贝尔电话实验室的克劳德・香农博士及其同事 E. R・摩尔曾制造出一台能玩 “Hex 棋” 的机器,这台机器使用基于电压工作的模拟计算机。该机器在约 70% 的对局中击败了他们。香农评价道:“它常常会选择看似奇怪的走法,而经过分析后,这些走法被证明是合理的,这让它的设计者们频频感到意外。”
- 翻译要点解析:
- 专有名词准确:“Bell Telephone Laboratories” 译为 “贝尔电话实验室”(通信领域知名机构),“Hex” 译为 “Hex 棋”(一种两人策略棋盘游戏,保留原名并补充 “棋” 字明确属性),“analog computer” 译为 “模拟计算机”(与 “数字计算机” 对应,技术术语准确);
- 句式拆分与整合:原文 “using an analog computer...” 为现在分词作方式状语,译为 “这台机器使用……”,避免直译导致的语序混乱;引号内复合句 “selecting odd-looking moves which...proved sound” 拆分为 “选择看似奇怪的走法,而经过分析后,这些走法被证明是合理的”,符合中文 “短句优先” 的表达习惯;
- 语义完整传递:“beat them” 译为 “击败了他们”,结合上下文明确 “他们” 指 “香农和摩尔”;“odd-looking” 译为 “看似奇怪的”,“proved sound” 译为 “被证明是合理的”,准确传递 “机器走法看似反常但逻辑严谨” 的含义。
(5)
English 原文:At any rate, machine cannot exercise free will or originate anything - not yet. Whether it ever will is still an open argument.
Chinese Translation:无论如何,机器目前还无法行使自由意志,也不能创造任何新事物 —— 至少现在还不能。未来机器是否能做到这一点,目前尚无定论。
- 翻译要点解析:
- 逻辑衔接自然:“At any rate” 译为 “无论如何”,表让步;“not yet” 补充译为 “至少现在还不能”,明确时间限定,避免歧义;
- 指代明确:“Whether it ever will” 中 “it” 指代 “机器行使自由意志、创造新事物”,译为 “未来机器是否能做到这一点”,避免指代模糊;
- 学术表述严谨:“open argument” 译为 “尚无定论”,符合学术文本 “客观中立” 的语气,比 “有争议” 更精准,体现对 “机器是否能拥有自由意志” 这一学术问题的严谨态度。
Directions:
A. Title: THE EXAMINATION CHEATING
B. Time limit: 50 minutes
C. Word limit: 250-300 words
D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below.
E. Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Outline:
- The problem of cheating in exams
- Causes of examination cheating
- My comments
Examination cheating, a persistent and worrying phenomenon in academic settings, has drawn widespread criticism in recent years. From college classrooms to professional qualification tests, cases of cheating—such as using hidden electronic devices, copying from neighbors, or even hiring substitutes—have emerged repeatedly. This not only undermines the fairness of the evaluation system but also erodes the moral foundation of academic integrity, leaving honest students discouraged and devaluing the significance of genuine academic achievements.
The roots of examination cheating are multifaceted. First, the excessive emphasis on test scores in education evaluation is a key driver. Many students, under immense pressure from parents and institutions to achieve high grades, resort to cheating as a "shortcut" to avoid failure. Second, inadequate supervision measures in exam halls—such as loose invigilation or outdated anti-cheating technology—create opportunities for rule-breakers. Third, the lack of effective moral education makes some students ignore the long-term harm of cheating, focusing only on immediate gains.
In my view, addressing examination cheating requires a comprehensive approach. On one hand, educational institutions should reform the evaluation system, reducing over-reliance on scores and highlighting students' practical abilities and creative thinking. On the other hand, stricter supervision—such as deploying AI-based anti-cheating tools and increasing penalties for cheating—should be implemented to deter potential offenders. Most importantly, moral education should be integrated into daily teaching to cultivate students' sense of integrity, helping them recognize that true academic value lies in personal growth rather than superficial grades. Only through these efforts can we rebuild a fair and honest academic environment.
-
结构清晰,紧扣提纲:
- 第一段(问题描述):开篇点明 “考试作弊是学术领域长期存在的问题”,通过 “电子设备作弊、抄袭、代考” 等具体案例说明问题严重性,最后指出 “破坏公平、侵蚀学术诚信” 的危害,逻辑完整;
- 第二段(原因分析):从 “评价体系、监督措施、道德教育” 三个维度展开,每个原因均有具体解释(如 “过度重视分数导致压力”“监考松散提供机会”),避免泛泛而谈;
- 第三段(个人观点):提出 “改革评价体系、加强监督、融入道德教育” 的综合解决方案,每个措施均对应前文原因,体现 “针对性”,结尾升华主题,强调 “重建公平学术环境” 的意义。
-
学术语言与逻辑衔接:
- 使用 “persistent and worrying phenomenon”“undermines the fairness”“erodes the moral foundation” 等学术化表达,避免口语化;
- 衔接词(First/Second/Third, On one hand/On the other hand, Most importantly)清晰,段落间、句子间逻辑连贯,符合博士英语写作 “严谨性” 要求。
-
字数与格式规范:
- 全文约 290 词,符合 “250-300 词” 要求;
- 标题大写规范,段落分明,无语法错误,体现良好的语言驾驭能力。
兰州大学考博真题(含英语、专业课)是备考的核心资料,历年真题均配备高分答案详解,能帮助考生精准把握命题重点(如英语侧重词汇辨析、学术翻译与议论文写作,专业课侧重专业理论与应用)。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题:
- 考博信息网官网:http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 兰州大学历年考博真题下载专用页面:http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_1209156.html
- 英语备考:
- 词汇:重点积累 “学术同义词”(如 extract/remove/obtain)和 “固定搭配”(如 at the rate of, Not until 倒装),结合真题语境记忆;
- 翻译:注重 “术语准确” 和 “逻辑拆分”,练习将英文长句拆解为中文短句,避免直译导致的语义偏差;
- 写作:按照 “提纲式议论文” 框架(问题 - 原因 - 对策)练习,积累 “学术化表达”(如 multifaceted, comprehensive approach, deter potential offenders),提升文章严谨性。
- 专业课备考:
- 结合兰州大学 “马克思主义理论、地理学、生物学” 等优势学科,重点掌握核心理论(如马克思主义法理学、自然地理学原理),关注 “理论 + 实践案例” 的结合(如分子生物学在医学中的应用);
- 通过真题练习,总结专业课论述题的答题框架(如 “定义 + 特征 + 原因 + 影响 + 对策”),提升学术表达的条理性。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法,考生可高效提升考博应试能力,助力顺利上岸兰州大学博士研究生。