Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, not a president's social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives-especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.
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According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on_____
A) the justification of the news-filtering practice.
B) people's preference for social media platforms.
C) the administration’s ability to handle information.
D) social media was a reliable source of news.
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The phrase “beef up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to ________.
A) sharpen B) define C) boast D) share
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答案：D
- 解题思路：细节题需定位原文 1-2 段核心信息：首段提到 “年轻人不认可总统通过推特发布新闻，更倾向其他信息来源”，第二段进一步指出 “对所有媒体的不信任感上升，44% 的 Facebook 用户很少信任该平台新闻”，两者结合可知 “年轻人质疑社交媒体作为新闻来源的可靠性”，对应选项 D。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “新闻过滤实践的合理性”：原文未提及 “新闻过滤的合理性”，仅提到 “年轻人偏好其他过滤后的信息来源”，排除；
- B 选项 “人们对社交媒体平台的偏好”：原文明确 “多数美国人依赖社交媒体看新闻，但年轻人质疑其可靠性”，并非 “质疑偏好”，排除；
- C 选项 “政府处理信息的能力”：原文仅质疑 “总统通过社交媒体发布新闻的方式”，未涉及 “政府处理信息的能力”，排除；
- D 选项 “社交媒体作为可靠新闻来源的属性”：与原文 “不信任社交媒体新闻、偏好其他来源” 完全匹配，正确。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读常考查 “细节推断”，需避免 “过度解读”，如本题需区分 “对‘平台可靠性’的质疑” 与 “对‘政府 / 过滤行为’的质疑”，紧扣原文 “媒体信任度” 的核心话题。
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答案：A
- 解题思路：词义推测题需结合上下文逻辑：前文 “对媒体的不信任感上升”，后文 “这种趋势（提升媒体素养）十分必要”，可知 “beef up” 应表 “提升、加强”，与 “sharpen（提升、磨砺）” 语义一致，符合 “人们为应对假新闻而提升媒体素养” 的语境。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “sharpen（提升、使敏锐）”：“sharpen skills” 为固定搭配，表 “提升技能”，与 “beef up media literacy skills”（提升媒体素养技能）语义匹配，正确；
- B 选项 “define（定义）”：表 “明确含义”，与 “应对不信任感需提升技能” 的逻辑无关，排除；
- C 选项 “boast（吹嘘）”：表 “炫耀”，含贬义，与原文 “积极应对假新闻” 的正面语境矛盾，排除；
- D 选项 “share（分享）”：表 “分享技能”，与 “应对不信任感” 的需求无关，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语词义推测题需关注 “上下文因果 / 目的逻辑”，如本题 “不信任感上升（原因）→ 需提升素养（目的）”，通过逻辑关系锁定 “提升” 类词义，避免孤立猜测。
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
Attitudes toward new technologies often fall along generational lines. That is, generally, younger people tend to outnumber older people on the front end of a technological shift.
It is not always the case, though. When you look at attitudes toward driverless cars, there doesn’t seem to be a clear generational divide. The public overall is split on whether they’d like to use a driverless car. In a study last year, of all people surveyed, 48 percent said they wanted to ride in one, while 50 percent did not.
The fact that attitudes toward self-driving cars appear to be so steady across generations suggests how transformative the shift to driverless cars could be. Not everyone wants a driverless car now-and no one can get one yet-but among those who are open to them, every age group is similarly engaged.
Actually, this isn’t surprising. Whereas older generations are sometimes reluctant to adopt new technologies, driverless cars promise real value to these age groups in particular. Older adults, especially those with limited mobility or difficulty driving on their own, are one of the classic use cases for driverless cars.
This is especially interesting when you consider that younger people are generally more interested in travel-related technologies than older ones.
When it comes to driverless cars, differences in attitude are more pronounced based on factors not related to age. College graduates, for example, are particularly interested in driverless cars compared with those who have less education: 59 percent of college graduates said they would like to use a driverless car compared with 38 percent of those with a high-school diploma or less.
Where a person lives matters, too. More people who lives in cities and suburbs said they wanted to try driverless cars than those who lived in rural areas.
While there’s reason to believe that interest in self-driving cars is going up across the board, a person’s age will have little to do with how self-driving cars can become mainstream. Once driverless cars are actually available for sale, the early adopters will be the people who can afford to buy them.
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Why does the driverless car appeal to some old people?
A) It saves their energy. B) It helps with their mobility.
C) It adds to the safety of their travel. D) It stirs up their interest in life.
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Who are likely to be the first to buy the driverless car?
A) The senior. B) The educated. C) The wealthy. D) The tech fans.
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答案：B
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文第 4 段：“Older adults, especially those with limited mobility or difficulty driving on their own, are one of the classic use cases for driverless cars”，明确 “老年人（尤其是行动不便者）是无人驾驶汽车的典型用户”，即 “无人驾驶汽车帮助改善老年人行动能力”，对应选项 B。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “节省精力”：原文未提及 “节省精力”，仅强调 “解决行动不便”，排除；
- B 选项 “改善行动能力”：与 “limited mobility（行动受限）” 直接对应，精准体现无人驾驶汽车对老年人的核心价值，正确；
- C 选项 “提升出行安全”：原文未提及 “安全” 是吸引老年人的原因，排除；
- D 选项 “激发生活兴趣”：无任何语境支撑，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读需关注 “举例细节”，如本题 “especially those with limited mobility” 是关键提示，直接指向 “行动能力”，避免被 “无关选项（安全、精力）” 干扰。
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答案：C
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文末句：“Once driverless cars are actually available for sale, the early adopters will be the people who can afford to buy them”，“can afford to buy” 即 “有经济能力购买”，对应 “the wealthy（富人）”，选项 C 正确。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “老年人”：原文明确 “年龄与成为主流无关”，排除；
- B 选项 “高学历者”：原文仅提到 “高学历者更感兴趣”，但 “感兴趣≠有能力购买”，排除；
- C 选项 “富人”：“can afford to buy” 直接对应 “wealthy”，符合 “早期 adopters 需经济能力” 的逻辑，正确；
- D 选项 “科技爱好者”：原文未提及 “科技爱好者”，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读常考查 “细节与选项的同义替换”，如 “can afford to buy” 与 “wealthy” 的对应，需注意 “兴趣”“能力”“身份” 的区分，避免混淆 “感兴趣的人群” 与 “有能力购买的人群”。
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET.
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that
31 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by
32 factors. But Dr Simonson speculated that an inability to consider the big
33 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.
34, he theorized that a judge
35 of appearing too soft
36 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison
37 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To
38 this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the
39 of an applicant should not depend on the few others___40___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonson suspected the truth was____41____.
- A) grants B) submits C) transmits D) delivers
- A) issue B) vision C) picture D) moment
- A) test B) emphasize C) share D) promote
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答案：A
- 解题思路：空格前 “a strength that” 提示需填入动词，后接 “the ability to make judgments”，构成 “能力赋予” 的逻辑，“grants（赋予、给予）” 符合 “这种看似的优势赋予了无偏见判断的能力” 的语义，且 “grant the ability to do” 为固定搭配，表 “赋予做某事的能力”。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “grants（赋予）”：“strength grants ability” 逻辑通顺，符合 “优势带来能力” 的语境，正确；
- B 选项 “submits（提交）”：“提交能力” 语义不通，排除；
- C 选项 “transmits（传递）”：“传递能力” 通常指 “技能传递”，与 “strength（优势）” 无关，排除；
- D 选项 “delivers（交付）”：“交付能力” 多用于 “任务、成果”，语义不符，排除。
-
答案：C
- 解题思路：空格前 “consider the big” 提示为固定短语 “the big picture（整体情况、全局）”，与前文 “poor at considering background information（不擅长考虑背景信息）” 呼应，表 “无法考虑全局导致决策偏差”，语义连贯。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “issue（问题）”：“the big issue（大问题）” 与 “背景信息、全局” 无关，排除；
- B 选项 “vision（愿景）”：“the big vision（宏大愿景）” 表 “未来目标”，与 “决策时的背景信息” 不符，排除；
- C 选项 “picture（局面、全局）”：“the big picture” 为固定搭配，表 “整体情况”，与 “background information” 直接对应，正确；
- D 选项 “moment（时刻）”：“the big moment（重要时刻）” 与语境无关，排除。
-
答案：A
- 解题思路：前文 “Dr Simonson speculated that...（西蒙森博士推测）” 提出理论，后文 “they turned their attention to...（他们将注意力转向大学录取过程）”，可知目的是 “验证这一推测”，“test（验证、检验）” 符合 “通过实验验证理论” 的科研逻辑。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “test（验证）”：“test the idea” 表 “验证理论”，符合科研场景中 “提出推测→验证推测” 的流程，正确；
- B 选项 “emphasize（强调）”：“强调理论” 无需 “转向大学录取过程”，逻辑不通，排除；
- C 选项 “share（分享）”：“分享理论” 与 “研究大学录取过程” 无关，排除；
- D 选项 “promote（推广）”：“推广理论” 通常指 “传播理念”，而非 “通过研究验证”，排除。
Directions: Translate the following 5 underlined sentences into Chinese.
For many years I have studied global agricultural, population, environmental and economic trends and their interactions. 56. The combined effects of those trends and the political tensions they generate point to the breakdown of governments and societies. Yet I, too, have resisted the idea that food shortages could bring down not only individual governments but also our global civilization.
I can no longer ignore that risk. 57. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
- The combined effects of those trends and the political tensions they generate point to the breakdown of governments and societies.
- Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
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English 原文：The combined effects of those trends and the political tensions they generate point to the breakdown of governments and societies.
Chinese Translation：这些趋势的综合影响及其引发的政治紧张局势，预示着各国政府和社会可能面临崩溃。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 句式拆分：原文含 “they generate” 定语从句（修饰 political tensions），译为 “及其引发的政治紧张局势”，避免直译导致的语序混乱，符合中文 “前置定语” 习惯；
- 术语准确：“combined effects” 译为 “综合影响”（而非 “结合效应”），“breakdown” 译为 “崩溃”（体现 “系统性失败” 的严重程度），“point to” 译为 “预示着”（而非 “指向”），更符合 “趋势预测” 的语境；
- 逻辑完整：补充 “可能面临”，传递原文 “point to” 的 “暗示、预示” 含义，避免绝对化表述，保留学术文本的严谨性。
-
English 原文：Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
Chinese Translation：我们在应对环境恶化问题上的持续不力 —— 这种恶化正逐渐破坏全球粮食经济 —— 迫使我得出结论：此类崩溃是有可能发生的。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 定语从句处理：“that are undermining...” 定语从句拆分译为 “—— 这种恶化正逐渐破坏全球粮食经济 ——”，用破折号补充说明 “环境恶化” 的影响，避免长句直译导致的晦涩；
- 语义精准：“continuing failure to deal with” 译为 “持续不力”（而非 “持续失败”），更符合 “努力后仍未解决” 的语境；“undermining” 译为 “逐渐破坏”（体现 “长期、隐性的损害”），比 “破坏” 更精准；
- 指代明确：“such a collapse” 译为 “此类崩溃”，明确指代前文 “governments and societies 的崩溃”，避免指代模糊，保持上下文连贯性。
陆军工程大学考博真题（含英语、数学、专业课）是备考的核心资料，历年真题均配备高分答案详解，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如英语侧重学术阅读、逻辑完形、严谨翻译，专业课侧重工程理论与军事应用）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 陆军工程大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_2876956.html
- 英语备考：
- 阅读：重点训练 “学术文本细节定位” 和 “逻辑推断” 能力，关注 “科技、社会趋势” 类话题（如本文无人驾驶汽车、假新闻），积累相关词汇（如 driverless cars, media literacy）；
- 完形：聚焦 “固定搭配”（如 the big picture, grant the ability）和 “科研逻辑”（提出推测→验证→结论），通过真题总结高频词汇（如 test, consider, conclude）；
- 翻译：注重 “长句拆分” 和 “术语准确”，练习将英文定语从句、破折号结构转化为中文流畅表达，避免直译导致的语义偏差。
- 专业课备考：
- 结合陆军工程大学 “军事工程、通信、装备管理” 等优势学科，重点掌握核心理论（如数字信号处理、军事运筹学），关注 “工程技术与军事应用的结合”（如装备管理信息系统、爆炸动力学）；
- 通过真题练习，总结工科论述题的答题框架（如 “原理 + 公式 + 军事应用案例”），提升学术表达的严谨性与军事相关性。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸中国人民解放军陆军工程大学博士研究生。
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