Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) respectively. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
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The government has to decide whether cost or concern for the environment should take ______ when choosing the route for the new road crossing the well-known scenic spot.
A. solution B. sight C. intellect D. precedence
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______, he did become annoyed with her at times.
A. Much as he liked her B. As he liked her much
C. Although much he liked her D. Much although he liked her
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答案：D
- 解题思路：题干核心逻辑为 “政府需在‘成本’与‘环境关切’之间做优先选择”，需填入表 “优先地位” 的名词。“take precedence” 为固定搭配，意为 “享有优先权、优先于”，精准匹配 “在两者间确定优先顺序” 的语境，且符合 “政府决策中权衡优先级” 的学术场景。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “solution（解决方案）”：“take solution” 无此搭配，且 “解决方案” 与 “成本 / 环境的优先级选择” 无关，排除；
- B 选项 “sight（视力、景象）”：“take sight” 表 “看见”，语义与 “决策权衡” 完全不符，排除；
- C 选项 “intellect（智力）”：“take intellect” 无合理语义，“智力” 无法体现 “优先选择”，排除；
- D 选项 “precedence（优先地位）”：“take precedence (over sth)” 为固定短语，表 “（某物）优先于另一物”，如 “Environmental protection should take precedence over short-term economic benefits”（环境保护应优先于短期经济利益），与题干 “成本与环境的权衡” 完全匹配，正确。
- 知识扩展：考博英语常考查 “政策决策、学术权衡” 类固定搭配，如 “give priority to（优先考虑）”“weigh the pros and cons（权衡利弊）”，需结合语境记忆，避免仅关注单词本义而忽略搭配逻辑。
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答案：A
- 解题思路：题干为让步状语从句，核心含义 “尽管他很喜欢她，但有时也会对她生气”，需选择符合 “让步逻辑 + 语法规范” 的引导方式。“Much as” 为让步状语从句的特殊引导词，意为 “尽管”，需将副词 “much” 提前，构成 “Much as + 主语 + 谓语” 结构，语法正确且语义连贯。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “Much as he liked her”：“Much as” 引导让步从句，“much” 修饰 “liked”，表 “非常喜欢”，结构为 “副词 + as + 主语 + 谓语”，符合语法规则（如 “Much as I admire him, I don’t agree with his views”），正确；
- B 选项 “As he liked her much”：“as” 引导让步从句时需将表语 / 状语提前（如 “Tired as he was”），此处 “much” 未提前，语法错误，排除；
- C 选项 “Although much he liked her”：“although” 引导从句时需正常语序（主语 + 谓语），不可将 “much” 提前，应为 “Although he liked her much”，语法错误，排除；
- D 选项 “Much although he liked her”：“although” 无 “Much although” 的搭配形式，让步逻辑引导词混淆，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语高频考查 “特殊让步结构”，如 “Try as he might（尽管他尽力了）”“Young as she is（尽管她年轻）”，需重点掌握 “as” 引导让步从句时的倒装规则（表语 / 状语 / 副词提前，主谓不倒装），区分 “as” 与 “although” 的语法差异。
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) respectively beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE that is most appropriate. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Recent legal research indicated that incorrect identification is a major factor in many miscarriages of justice. It also suggests that identification of people by witnesses in court is not as
21 as commonly believed. Recent studies do not support the degree of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence.
The Law Commission recently published an educational paper, “Total Recall? The Reliability of Witness
22”, as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence. The paper finds that commonly held perceptions about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong. But while human memory is
23 change, it should not be underestimated.
- A) trustful B) reliable C) innocent D) considerable
- A) Manifestation B) Declaration C) Presentation D) Testimony
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答案：B
- 解题思路：前文提及 “错误指认导致司法不公”，后文强调 “目击者证据的可信度未达普遍认知水平”，需填入表 “可靠的” 形容词修饰 “identification（指认）”。“reliable” 侧重 “结果可信赖、符合事实”，精准匹配 “目击者指认的可信度” 这一核心话题，且 “reliable evidence” 为学术文本中 “可靠证据” 的标准表述。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “trustful（轻信的、信任他人的）”：主语通常为人（如 “a trustful child”），不可修饰 “identification”，且语义与 “指认的可信度” 相反，排除；
- B 选项 “reliable（可靠的）”：修饰 “identification” 表 “指认结果可靠”，与 “incorrect identification” 形成对比，符合 “司法证据可信度” 的学术语境，正确；
- C 选项 “innocent（无辜的）”：修饰 “指认” 语义不通，“无辜的指认” 无逻辑关联，排除；
- D 选项 “considerable（相当大的）”：表 “数量 / 程度大”，与 “指认的可信度” 无关，排除。
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答案：D
- 解题思路：前文围绕 “法庭目击者证据（eyewitness evidence）” 展开，此处 “Witness ______” 需与 “法庭作证” 场景匹配。“testimony” 特指 “法庭上的证词、证言”，为法律学术语，精准对应 “目击者在法庭上提供的证据”，且与后文 “code of evidence（证据法）” 形成专业呼应。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “Manifestation（表现、显示）”：表 “抽象事物的具体体现”（如 “manifestation of courage”），与 “法庭目击者” 无关，排除；
- B 选项 “Declaration（声明、宣告）”：侧重 “公开的正式声明”（如 “declaration of independence”），非法律场景下的 “证词”，排除；
- C 选项 “Presentation（展示、呈现）”：表 “物品 / 信息的展示”（如 “presentation of data”），不涉及 “法庭作证”，排除；
- D 选项 “Testimony（证词、证言）”：法律术语，指 “证人在法庭上的陈述”，“Witness Testimony” 为固定搭配，符合 “司法证据” 的专业语境，正确。
Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously reduced.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at fifteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
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The purpose of Frederick I's experiment was ______
A) to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
B) to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
C) to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
D) to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
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If a child starts to speak later than others, he will ______ in the future.
A) have a high IQ B) be insensitive to verbal signals
C) be less intelligent D) not necessarily be backward
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答案：B
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文首段末句：“Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent”，明确实验目的是 “探究孩子在听不到母语的情况下会说什么语言”，选项 B 为原文的同义改写，核心信息 “without hearing any human speech” 对应 “heard no mother tongue”，“discover what language” 完全匹配实验目标。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “证明孩子天生会说话”：原文末段提及 “婴儿天生有说话能力”，但这是 “近期研究结论”，非 Frederick 实验目的，排除；
- B 选项 “探究孩子在听不到人类语言时会说什么语言”：与原文实验目的表述一致，正确；
- C 选项 “探究细心护理在教孩子说话中的作用”：原文第二段指出 “实验中婴儿死亡是因缺乏母爱（good mothering）”，这是实验的 “意外发现”，非 “实验目的”，排除；
- D 选项 “证明孩子不学习语言会受损”：原文首段提到 “语言可能是基本需求，缺乏会导致伤害”，这是 “基于实验的推测”，非实验本身的目的，排除。
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答案：D
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文第四段首句：“Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ”，通过 “but” 转折强调 “说话晚的孩子最终可能智商很高”，即 “说话晚不代表未来落后”，选项 D “not necessarily be backward” 精准概括这一逻辑。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “智商高”：原文仅提及 “有案例说话晚但智商高”，并非 “所有说话晚的孩子都智商高”，绝对化表述，排除；
- B 选项 “对语言信号不敏感”：原文第三段指出 “母亲对信号不敏感导致孩子说话晚”，而非 “孩子自身不敏感”，逻辑颠倒，排除；
- C 选项 “智商低”：与原文 “说话晚但智商高的案例” 矛盾，排除；
- D 选项 “不一定落后”：既承认 “说话晚” 的事实，又不否定未来发展，符合 “案例提示的可能性”，表述严谨，正确。
Directions: Put the following 2 passages into Chinese (20%):
- (10%)
The goal of financial rescue is to avoid the collapse of the financial system, as happened in the 1930s and almost happened in 2007 and early 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.
On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the crisis are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, ordinary people are being affected with the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly interconnected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren't so influential and inconsiderate of others' viewpoints and concerns.
English 原文：
The goal of financial rescue is to avoid the collapse of the financial system, as happened in the 1930s and almost happened in 2007 and early 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.
On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the crisis are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, ordinary people are being affected with the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly interconnected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren't so influential and inconsiderate of others' viewpoints and concerns.
Chinese Translation：
金融救援的目标是避免金融体系崩溃 —— 这种崩溃曾发生在 20 世纪 30 年代，2007 年至 2008 年初也险些重演。全球范围内，股市大幅下跌，大型金融机构要么破产要么被收购，即便最富裕国家的政府也不得不推出救援方案，为其金融体系提供救助。
一方面，许多人担忧，那些对危机负有责任的机构恰恰是被救助的对象；另一方面，在这个联系日益紧密的世界里，普通人正受到影响，几乎每个人的生计都未能幸免。若支持当前经济模型的理论家们没有如此大的影响力，且能更多考虑他人的观点与关切，这场危机本可避免。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 专业术语精准化：“financial rescue” 译为 “金融救援”（而非 “财务救援”），“rescue packages” 译为 “救援方案”，“bail out” 译为 “提供救助”，符合金融领域专业表述；“ideologues” 译为 “理论家”（而非 “空想家”），兼顾中性语义与学术语境。
- 复杂句式拆分：首句 “as happened...” 非限定性定语从句译为破折号引导的补充说明，避免中文长句晦涩；“while on the other hand” 引导的对比句拆分为 “一方面... 另一方面...”，符合中文并列逻辑表达习惯。
- 语境语义补充：“the livelihoods of almost everyone” 译为 “几乎每个人的生计都未能幸免”，补充 “未能幸免” 强化 “影响范围广” 的语义；“in an increasingly interconnected world” 译为 “在这个联系日益紧密的世界里”，通过 “这个” 明确指代，增强连贯性。
- 虚拟语气还原：“could have been avoided” 译为 “本可避免”，准确传递 “过去本可发生但未发生” 的虚拟含义，“if...weren't so influential” 译为 “若... 没有如此大的影响力”，保留原文对 “理论家影响力” 的批判态度。
南京大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如学术词汇、复杂句式、议论文阅读、时政类翻译）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 南京大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_598526.html
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英语备考：
- 词汇：重点积累 “学术高频词汇”（如 precedence, testimony, ideology）、“固定搭配”（如 take precedence, bail out），结合真题语境记忆，避免孤立背词；
- 语法：针对 “特殊让步结构、虚拟语气、定语从句” 等高频考点，通过真题例句总结规则（如 as 引导让步从句的倒装规律），强化语法应用能力；
- 阅读：聚焦 “议论文”（如本文 “语言习得”“金融危机” 主题），训练 “抓主旨 - 析逻辑 - 定细节” 的能力，关注 “but, however” 等转折词，区分 “实验目的与结论”“普遍规律与特殊案例”；
- 翻译：注重 “时政类文本” 的学术化表达，积累 “金融、社会” 领域术语（如 financial rescue, interconnected world），练习 “长句拆分” 与 “语义补充”，确保译文准确且符合中文表达习惯。
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专业课备考：
- 结合南京大学 “经济学、法学、文学” 等优势学科，重点掌握核心理论（如西方经济学、法律术语、文学批评理论），关注 “理论 + 现实案例” 的结合（如经济学中的金融危机分析、法学中的司法证据研究）；
- 通过真题练习，总结专业课论述题的答题框架（如 “定义 + 现状 + 问题 + 对策”），提升学术表达的条理性与深度，符合博士研究生的专业素养要求。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸南京大学博士研究生。
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