Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Two systems of weights and measures exist in the U.S. today: the U.S. Customary System and the International System of Units (SI, after the initials of System International). SI, commonly referred to as the metric system, is actually a more complete, coherent version of it. Throughout U.S. history, the Customary System (inherited from, but now different from, the British Imperial System) has been customarily used; a plethora (过多) of federal and state legislation has given it, through implication, standing as the primary weights and measures system. The metric system, however, is the only system that Congress has ever specifically sanctioned. An 1866 law reads:
It shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system, and no contract or dealing, or pleading in any court, shall be deemed invalid or liable to objection because the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric system.
Since that time, use of the metric system in the U.S. has slowly and steadily increased, particularly in the scientific community, in the pharmaceutical industry, and in the manufacturing sector—the metric system is now predominantly used.
On Feb.10, 1964, the National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology) issued the following bulletin:
Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use the units of the International System (SI), as adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (October 1960), except when the use of these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of a report.
On Dec.23, 1975, Pres. Gerald R. Ford signed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975. It defines the metric system as being the International System of Units as interpreted in the U.S. by the secretary of commerce.
The Trade Act of 1988 and other legislation declare the metric system the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce, call for the federal government to adopt metric specifications, and mandate the Commerce Dept. to oversee the program. The conversion process is currently underway; however, the metric system has not become the system of choice for most American daily use.
The following seven units serve as the base for the International System: length-meter; mass-kilogram; time-second; electric current-ampere; thermodynamic temperature-kelvin; amount of substance-mole; and luminous intensity-candela.
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Two systems of weights and measures used in the U.S. are ______
A. the U.S. Customary System and the metric system
B. the International System and the metric system
C. the Imperial System and the metric system
D. the Customary System and the Imperial system
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Which unit belongs to the Customary System?
A. meter B. kilogram C. second D. foot
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答案：A
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文首段首句：“Two systems of weights and measures exist in the U.S. today: the U.S. Customary System and the International System of Units (SI, after the initials of System International). SI, commonly referred to as the metric system...”，明确美国现行的两大度量衡体系为 “美国习惯制（U.S. Customary System）” 和 “国际单位制（SI，通常称为公制 /metric system）”，选项 A 为原文信息的直接匹配。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “美国习惯制和公制”：与首段 “两大体系 + SI 即公制” 的表述完全一致，正确；
- B 选项 “国际单位制和公制”：原文明确 “SI 即公制”，二者为同一体系的不同名称，并非两个独立体系，排除；
- C 选项 “英制和公制”：原文提及美国习惯制 “继承自英制但现已不同”，英制并非美国现行体系，排除；
- D 选项 “习惯制和英制”：英制已非美国现行体系，且未包含公制，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读常考查 “概念等同关系”，如本文 “SI=metric system”，需避免因术语差异混淆体系划分，同时关注 “继承与发展” 的逻辑（如习惯制与英制的关系），避免误选历史体系。
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答案：D
- 解题思路：细节题需结合原文 “国际单位制基础单位” 与常识判断：原文末段明确国际单位制（公制）的基础单位包括 “meter（米）、kilogram（千克）、second（秒）”，而 “foot（英尺）” 是美国习惯制（如长度单位英尺、英寸）的典型单位，符合 “属于习惯制” 的题干要求。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “meter（米）”：原文明确为国际单位制长度单位，排除；
- B 选项 “kilogram（千克）”：国际单位制质量单位，排除；
- C 选项 “second（秒）”：国际单位制时间单位，排除；
- D 选项 “foot（英尺）”：美国习惯制长度单位（1 英尺≈0.3048 米），正确。
- 知识扩展：考博英语常结合 “常识性学术知识” 出题，需积累基础度量衡单位的体系归属（如习惯制：foot、pound、gallon；公制：meter、kilogram、liter），避免因单位混淆导致误判。
According to the 28th annual survey of college freshmen conducted by the American Council on Education and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles), 65% of college freshmen planned to seek advanced degrees. For the first time in the history of the survey, women were more likely than men to pursue all major types of advanced degrees (master's, doctorate, medicine, and law). In 1967, 3 times as many men as women sought a high-level degree. In 1993, more women than men sought such degrees.
Finances continued to matter in 1993. College freshmen reported that a "very important" reason for attending college was "to be able to make more money" or "to get a better job". Financial considerations were key in college selection. "Low tuition" was said to be a "very important" reason for choosing a college, as was a student's being offered financial aid.
（注：原文后续段落未涉及本题，此处选取与题干相关核心段落）
- From the passage, we can infer that "big bang" means ______
A. the explosion happened billions of years ago, from a single point of nearly infinite energy density, which brought about the present universe
B. the restructuring of the securities industry which took place in London during the late 1980s
C. the financial system reform that will happen in Japan
D. a thorough reform in the system of economy or politics etc
- 答案：D
- 解题思路：推断题需结合全文 “日本金融改革” 的语境及 “big bang” 的语义延伸：原文提及 “日本 Big Bang 是比伦敦证券业改革更全面的金融体系改革，目标是 2001 年建成类美国金融体系”，同时伦敦改革是 “证券业重组”，日本改革覆盖 “银行、保险、公共金融机构”，可见 “big bang” 在此处泛指 “系统性、彻底的改革”，选项 D “经济或政治体系的彻底改革” 符合语义延伸。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “宇宙大爆炸”：为 “big bang” 的字面含义（宇宙学概念），与本文 “金融改革” 语境无关，排除；
- B 选项 “伦敦证券业重组”：仅为原文提及的 “伦敦改革”，是 “big bang” 的具体案例之一，并非其核心含义，排除；
- C 选项 “日本将发生的金融改革”：原文明确日本 Big Bang “2001 年完成”，是 “正在进行 / 已规划的改革”，且仅局限于日本金融领域，未涵盖 “big bang” 的 “彻底改革” 本质，排除；
- D 选项 “经济或政治体系的彻底改革”：既包含日本金融改革的 “系统性”，也涵盖伦敦改革的 “结构性”，符合 “big bang” 在本文中 “全面、彻底改革” 的引申义，正确。
- 知识扩展：考博英语常考查 “术语语境义”，需避免被字面含义误导（如 A 选项），通过 “案例对比”（伦敦 vs 日本改革）提炼术语的核心特征（如 “彻底性、系统性”），确保推断符合文本逻辑。
目前，估计每年大约有 50000 物种绝迹。牛津大学的地理学家尼克・密德尔顿博士说道，如果这种情况继续下去，它对所有生物的影响将可能是深远的。“所有物种都以某种方式互相依赖以生存。因此危险就在于，如果你从这个互相联系的非常复杂的网络上除掉一个物种，你很难预料这对生态系统造成的连锁影响。所以，如果你失去了一个重要物种，那也许会引起大量其他物种的绝迹。”
麻烦的是对这些问题还没有明显的解决办法。和全球气温上升以及臭氧大大减少这些问题不一样，如果政府进行干预，这两种情况可以通过减少废气的排放得以减弱，而保护生物的多样性却依然是一个十分棘手的问题。
Chinese 原文：
目前，估计每年大约有 50000 物种绝迹。牛津大学的地理学家尼克・密德尔顿博士说道，如果这种情况继续下去，它对所有生物的影响将可能是深远的。“所有物种都以某种方式互相依赖以生存。因此危险就在于，如果你从这个互相联系的非常复杂的网络上除掉一个物种，你很难预料这对生态系统造成的连锁影响。所以，如果你失去了一个重要物种，那也许会引起大量其他物种的绝迹。”
麻烦的是对这些问题还没有明显的解决办法。和全球气温上升以及臭氧大大减少这些问题不一样，如果政府进行干预，这两种情况可以通过减少废气的排放得以减弱，而保护生物的多样性却依然是一个十分棘手的问题。
English Translation：
At present, it is estimated that approximately 50,000 species become extinct each year. Dr. Nick Middleton, a geographer from the University of Oxford, stated that if this situation continues, its impact on all living organisms is likely to be far-reaching. "All species depend on each other for survival in some way. Therefore, the danger lies in the fact that if you remove one species from this extremely complex and interconnected network, it is difficult to predict the chain reactions it will cause to the ecosystem. Consequently, the loss of a key species may lead to the extinction of a large number of other species."
The trouble is that there is no obvious solution to these problems. Unlike global warming and the significant depletion of the ozone layer—issues that can be mitigated through government intervention by reducing exhaust gas emissions—protecting biodiversity remains an extremely challenging task.
- 翻译要点解析：
- 学术术语精准化：“物种绝迹” 译为 “become extinct”（生物学标准表述），“生物多样性” 译为 “biodiversity”（环境科学核心术语），“臭氧减少” 译为 “ozone layer depletion”（避免直译 “ozone reduce”），“废气排放” 译为 “exhaust gas emissions”（工业 / 环境领域常用表达）。
- 复杂句式逻辑拆分：原文 “如果这种情况继续下去... 深远的” 译为 “if this situation continues, its impact...far-reaching”，通过 “its” 明确指代 “物种绝迹情况”，避免指代模糊；“互相联系的非常复杂的网络” 译为 “extremely complex and interconnected network”，调整形容词顺序符合英文 “限定词 + 描绘性形容词 + 功能性形容词” 的语序规则。
- 引号内引语处理：保留直接引语的口语化逻辑（如 “therefore, consequently” 体现因果链），“连锁影响” 译为 “chain reactions”（比 “chain effects” 更符合生态学术语习惯），“重要物种” 译为 “key species”（比 “important species” 更精准，强调物种在生态系统中的核心作用）。
- 对比逻辑强化：“和... 不一样” 译为 “unlike...—issues that...”，通过破折号补充说明 “全球变暖与臭氧减少” 的可干预性，与 “生物多样性保护的棘手” 形成鲜明对比，符合英文 “对比 + 补充说明” 的学术表达习惯。
Title: To Improve Tourist Industry in China
Word limit: Not less than 200 words
To Improve Tourist Industry in China
China’s tourist industry has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, driven by rising national income and global recognition of its cultural and natural heritage. However, challenges such as unregulated pricing, inadequate infrastructure in remote scenic spots, and cultural misunderstandings between tourists and local communities hinder its sustainable development. To address these issues and elevate the industry to a higher level, targeted measures are essential.
First, standardizing market order is a priority. Local governments should establish strict supervision mechanisms to crack down on overpricing of tourist services (e.g., hotels, tour guides) and fake souvenirs, while introducing transparent pricing systems for scenic spots. For instance, the implementation of "one-price policies" in popular destinations like Guilin and Zhangjiajie has already reduced tourist complaints by 30% in pilot areas, demonstrating the effectiveness of regulatory intervention.
Second, enhancing infrastructure and cultural communication is crucial. In remote areas with rich tourism resources (e.g., minority regions in Yunnan), investing in transportation networks (highways, airports) and multilingual service facilities (signage, online guides) can improve accessibility and tourist experience. Additionally, organizing cultural exchange activities—such as local craft workshops or folk performance—helps bridge cultural gaps, fostering mutual respect between tourists and residents.
Finally, leveraging digital technology to innovate services will boost competitiveness. Developing smart tourism platforms that integrate booking, navigation, and cultural interpretation (e.g., AI-powered tour guides) can meet the diverse needs of modern tourists, especially young travelers. For example, the "Smart Dunhuang" project uses VR technology to showcase mural art, attracting over 5 million online visitors annually and driving offline visits by 25%.
In conclusion, improving China’s tourist industry requires a combination of regulatory supervision, infrastructure upgrading, and digital innovation. By addressing current bottlenecks and aligning with global tourism trends, China can build a high-quality, sustainable tourist industry that showcases its unique charm while contributing to national economic growth and cultural soft power.
- 结构逻辑：采用 “现状问题→分点对策→总结升华” 的学术写作框架，每个对策均包含 “论点 + 具体措施 + 案例支撑”，如 “规范市场秩序” 结合桂林试点案例，“数字创新” 引用 “智慧敦煌” 项目，避免空泛论述，符合博士阶段 “理论 + 实证” 的写作要求。
- 学术深度：提及 “可持续发展（sustainable development）”“文化软实力（cultural soft power）” 等学术概念，结合 “偏远地区基础设施（infrastructure in remote areas）”“数字技术赋能（digital technology empowerment）” 等现实议题，体现对旅游产业发展的系统性思考，超越基础描述性写作。
- 语言表达：使用 “driven by...”“hinder...”“address these issues”“leverage...” 等学术动词短语，“e.g.”“for instance” 等逻辑连接词，以及 “demonstrate the effectiveness”“fostering mutual respect” 等精准表达，符合考博英语写作的正式性与严谨性要求。
南京航空航天大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如学术阅读、时政类翻译、议论文写作）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 南京航空航天大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_1211846.html
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英语备考：
- 阅读：聚焦 “社会政策、生态环境、产业发展” 等学术话题，训练 “定位细节→推断语义→总结主旨” 的能力，关注 “术语等同”“案例对比” 等高频考点（如本文 “SI=metric system”“伦敦 vs 日本改革”）；
- 翻译：积累 “生态、经济、文化” 领域术语（如 biodiversity, infrastructure, cultural soft power），练习 “长句拆分” 与 “逻辑补充”，确保译文准确且符合英文学术表达习惯；
- 写作：构建 “问题 - 对策 - 案例” 的高分框架，多引用具体案例（如政策试点、技术项目）增强说服力，避免泛泛而谈，同时注意学术词汇的精准使用（如 “regulatory supervision”“sustainable development”）。
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专业课备考：
- 结合南京航空航天大学 “工科优势（如航空航天、人工智能）” 与 “管理学科” 特色，重点掌握核心理论（如矩阵论、运筹学、管理学统计学），关注 “理论 + 工程应用” 的结合（如人工智能在航空领域的应用、管理统计学在产业分析中的使用）；
- 通过真题练习，总结专业课计算题 / 论述题的答题框架（如 “公式推导 + 案例应用”“问题分析 + 对策建议”），提升学术表达的条理性与深度，符合博士研究生的专业素养要求。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸南京航空航天大学博士研究生。
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