Directions: There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
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In a world that aims to eliminate hunger and disparities in wealth, global equilibrium is vital.
A. equity B. balance C. inequality D. discretion
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I knew my father would discipline me for my actions.
A. reward B. restrain C. congratulate D. punish
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答案：B
- 解题思路：题干核心逻辑为 “消除饥饿与财富差距的世界中，全球均衡至关重要”，需找到与 “equilibrium（均衡）” 语义最接近的选项。“balance” 侧重 “各部分数量、力量的平衡状态”，与 “equilibrium” 在 “系统稳定、比例协调” 的核心语义上完全匹配，且 “global balance” 为学术文本中 “全球均衡” 的常用表达，符合 “消除差距、维持稳定” 的语境。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “equity（公平）”：侧重 “公平公正”，如 “income equity（收入公平）”，与 “均衡（数量 / 力量平衡）” 语义不同，排除；
- B 选项 “balance（平衡）”：“global balance” 对应 “global equilibrium”，表 “全球范围内的稳定平衡状态”，语义精准，正确；
- C 选项 “inequality（不平等）”：与题干 “eliminate disparities（消除差距）” 语义相反，排除；
- D 选项 “discretion（谨慎、自行决定权）”：如 “use discretion in decision-making（决策中保持谨慎）”，与 “均衡” 无关，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语常考查 “学术核心名词” 的近义词辨析，如 “equilibrium/balance（均衡 / 平衡）”“disparity/inequality（差距 / 不平等）”，需结合 “语境场景”（如经济、社会领域）记忆，避免仅关注字面含义而忽略学术搭配。
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答案：D
- 解题思路：题干 “因自身行为，我知道父亲会惩罚我”，需找到与 “discipline（惩罚、惩戒）” 语义一致的选项。“punish” 侧重 “因过错而施加惩罚”，与 “discipline” 在 “针对不当行为的惩戒” 这一核心语义上完全匹配，且 “discipline sb for sth” 与 “punish sb for sth” 为同义搭配，符合 “因行为受惩戒” 的语境。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “reward（奖励）”：与 “惩戒” 语义相反，排除；
- B 选项 “restrain（限制、约束）”：侧重 “通过外力限制行为”，如 “restrain from violence（约束暴力行为）”，无 “惩罚” 含义，排除；
- C 选项 “congratulate（祝贺）”：与 “过错受罚” 语境矛盾，排除；
- D 选项 “punish（惩罚）”：“punish sb for actions” 与 “discipline sb for actions” 语义完全一致，正确。
- 知识扩展：“discipline” 为多义词，考博英语中常考 “惩戒”“学科” 两个含义，需通过语境区分（如 “academic discipline” 表 “学科”，“discipline sb” 表 “惩戒某人”），避免语义混淆。
Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D, and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
Scientists have discovered that one of three normal variants of a human gene can be used to predict when a person will get Alzheimer's disease, if that person is predisposed to the disorder in the first place.
The study showed that the E4 variant of APOE gene influenced the timing of the onset of Alzheimer's in about half the population.
Senior author John C.S. Breitner, professor of neurology, said: "About half the population will eventually get Alzheimer's, but people don't yet know how to distinguish those who will from those who won't. For the person who is predisposed for the disease, however, we have found that the number of E4 genes he or she had inherited can tell us roughly how old that person will be when the disease strikes. By sharpening our ability to predict how vulnerable a person is to the disease, these findings have implications for identifying lifestyle choices that may be protective against the disease."
Breitner, however, was quick to point out that inheritance was not the whole story. His group has studied identical twins and siblings of families who were at high risk for the disease and found instances in which one twin developed Alzheimer's while the other didn't. "These findings tell us," said Breitner, "that inheritance does not equal fate, and that other factors must be at work that delay, modify or interrupt the disease process."
Alzheimer's affects about 4 million Americans today, and unless a cure or preventive strategy can be found, 14 million will have the disease by 2050.
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Alzheimer's in this passage is the name of ______
A. the three normal variants of a human gene
B. a disease some people are born with
C. an infectious illness that spreads easily
D. an expert in the study of mental disorder
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According to the researchers, the reason why one twin developed Alzheimer's while the other didn't is ______
A. that he was in better health
B. that he was not predisposed to it
C. still a puzzle to be solved
D. a proof of man's fate
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答案：B
- 解题思路：细节题需结合全文语境推断 “Alzheimer's” 的含义：首段提及 “预测某人何时会患 Alzheimer's”，第三段提到 “该疾病发作（the disease strikes）”，末段指出 “目前 400 万美国人受其影响”，可见 “Alzheimer's” 是一种疾病。选项 B “some people are born with” 对应原文 “predisposed to the disorder（先天易患该疾病）”，符合 “遗传因素影响发病” 的研究结论，语义一致。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “人类基因的三种正常变体”：原文 “one of three normal variants of a human gene” 是预测该疾病的依据，而非疾病本身，排除；
- B 选项 “某些人先天易患的疾病”：与 “predisposed to the disorder”“inheritance influenced the timing” 等表述一致，正确；
- C 选项 “易传播的传染病”：原文未提及 “传染性”，且 Alzheimer's（阿尔茨海默病）为神经退行性疾病，非传染病，排除；
- D 选项 “精神障碍研究专家”：“Alzheimer's” 为疾病名称（阿尔茨海默病），非人名或专家称谓，排除。
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答案：C
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文第四段：“Breitner... found instances in which one twin developed Alzheimer's while the other didn't. ‘These findings tell us,’ said Breitner, ‘that inheritance does not equal fate, and that other factors must be at work that delay, modify or interrupt the disease process.’” 原文仅指出 “遗传非唯一因素，存在其他影响因素”，但未明确具体原因，即 “原因仍待研究”，选项 C “still a puzzle to be solved” 精准概括这一逻辑。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “健康状况更好”：原文未提及 “健康状况” 与发病的关联，无依据，排除；
- B 选项 “先天不易患该疾病”：双胞胎基因高度一致，若 “未先天易患” 则与 “遗传因素影响发病” 矛盾，排除；
- C 选项 “仍需解决的谜题”：原文承认 “存在其他因素” 但未明确具体原因，符合 “谜题待解” 的语义，正确；
- D 选项 “人类命运的证明”：原文明确 “inheritance does not equal fate（遗传不等于命运）”，与选项 D 矛盾，排除。
Directions: In this section there are five items. You are required to translate them into Chinese. Each item consists of one or two sentences. These sentences are all taken from the reading passages you have just read in Part Three. You can refer back to the passages so as to identify their meanings in the context.
- There are those who believe that the age of machine translation is just around the corner and that experts will soon be out of work. But research findings showed that a prototype translation computer program that took 15 years and cost 8 million pounds was 21 percent slower than a skilled human.
English 原文：
There are those who believe that the age of machine translation is just around the corner and that experts will soon be out of work. But research findings showed that a prototype translation computer program that took 15 years and cost 8 million pounds was 21 percent slower than a skilled human.
Chinese Translation：
有人认为，机器翻译时代已近在眼前，翻译专家很快将面临失业。但研究结果显示，一款耗时 15 年、耗资 800 万英镑研发的机器翻译原型程序，其翻译速度比熟练的人工翻译慢 21%。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 学术术语与数字精准化：“machine translation” 译为 “机器翻译”（人工智能与语言领域核心术语），“prototype” 译为 “原型（程序）”（技术研发领域常用表述）；“8 million pounds” 译为 “800 万英镑”，数字单位转换符合中文习惯（避免 “8 百万英镑” 的不规范表达），“15 years” 译为 “耗时 15 年”，补充 “耗时” 使语义更完整。
- 复杂句式逻辑拆分：原文 “who believe that... and that...” 定语从句译为 “有人认为...，...”，拆分长句为符合中文表达习惯的短句；“that took 15 years and cost... ” 定语从句译为 “耗时 15 年、耗资... 研发的”，将修饰成分前置，避免中文长句晦涩，同时补充 “研发” 一词，明确 “程序” 的制作背景。
- 语境语义强化：“just around the corner” 译为 “近在眼前”（比 “即将到来” 更具画面感，体现 “即将实现” 的紧迫感）；“out of work” 译为 “面临失业”（比 “失业” 更强调 “潜在风险”，符合 “机器威胁人工” 的语境）；“slower than a skilled human” 译为 “比熟练的人工翻译慢”，补充 “人工翻译” 明确比较对象，避免歧义。
- 对比逻辑突出：通过 “但” 字强化前后句 “乐观预期与现实结果” 的转折关系，符合英文 “but” 的逻辑功能，同时保持中文 “先观点后证据” 的表达逻辑，使译文条理清晰、学术严谨。
南京理工大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如学术词汇、议论文阅读、科技类翻译）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 南京理工大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_1213191.html
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英语备考：
- 词汇：重点积累 “学术高频词汇”（如 equilibrium, prototype, predispose）、“多义词”（如 discipline 表 “惩戒 / 学科”），结合真题语境记忆搭配（如 “be predisposed to a disease”“global balance”），避免孤立背词；
- 阅读：聚焦 “科技、社会、医学” 等学术话题，训练 “定位细节→推断语义→总结主旨” 的能力，关注 “研究结论与证据” 的逻辑关系（如本文 “机器翻译研究结果反驳乐观预期”），区分 “观点与事实”；
- 翻译：积累 “科技、医学” 领域术语（如 machine translation, Alzheimer's disease），练习 “长句拆分” 与 “语义补充”，确保译文准确且符合中文学术表达习惯，避免逐字直译导致的晦涩。
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专业课备考：
- 结合南京理工大学 “工科优势（如人工智能、材料科学、武器系统）”，重点掌握核心理论（如线性代数中的矩阵运算、计算方法中的数值分析、人工智能中的机器学习算法），关注 “理论 + 工程应用” 的结合（如人工智能在武器系统中的精准控制、材料科学在含能材料中的应用）；
- 通过真题练习，总结专业课计算题 / 论述题的答题框架（如 “公式推导 + 案例验证”“问题分析 + 技术方案”），提升学术表达的条理性与深度，符合博士研究生的专业素养要求。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸南京理工大学博士研究生
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