Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
At the beginning of a country's rise from backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from China and South Korea, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: "In these countries, per capita income has doubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path." Economists are surprised, because GNP has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.
But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you don't share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success does not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapist today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.
Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.
Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn't. Poor self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one's experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one's work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.
Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing, dance and travel.
If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.
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It seems to Richard Easterlin that higher GNP ______
A. will certainly make people happier
B. depends on the overall level of happiness
C. does not necessarily add to people's happiness
D. is a good indicator of human happiness
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Freud's doctrine is mentioned to show that ______
A. goals vary from person to person
B. a happy childhood means life-long happiness
C. psychoanalysts and therapists think alike
D. wealth does not always make people happy
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答案：C
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文首段关键句：“Richard Easterlin points out: ‘In these countries, per capita income has doubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path.’” 及 “GNP has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare... but the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you don't share in your good fortune”。Easterlin 通过中、韩案例明确 “人均收入（与 GNP 正相关）翻倍但幸福感未同步提升”，即 “更高 GNP 未必增加幸福感”，选项 C 精准概括这一核心观点。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “必定使人更幸福”：与原文 “幸福感未同步提升” 直接矛盾，排除；
- B 选项 “取决于整体幸福水平”：原文未提及 “GNP 依赖幸福感”，逻辑颠倒，排除；
- C 选项 “未必增加人们的幸福感”：与 “per capita income doubled but happiness not followed”“general prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment” 完全一致，正确；
- D 选项 “是人类幸福的良好指标”：原文明确 “经济学家曾认为 GNP 是最佳指标，但调查否定这一认知”，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读常考查 “学术观点与案例的对应关系”，如本文 Easterlin 观点通过中、韩案例支撑，需注意 “however”“but” 等转折词后的核心结论，避免被传统认知（如 “GNP = 幸福”）误导。
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答案：D
- 解题思路：例证题需明确 “例子服务于观点” 的逻辑：原文第二段先提出 “普遍繁荣未必提升个人幸福感”，随后提及 “Freud was well aware that economic success does not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts... would agree”，可见引用弗洛伊德观点是为了 “佐证经济成功（财富）与幸福无必然联系”，选项 D 符合 “例子支撑观点” 的学术文本逻辑。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “目标因人而异”：原文 “individual goals vary” 是独立观点，与弗洛伊德案例无关，排除；
- B 选项 “幸福童年意味着终身幸福”：原文弗洛伊德观点是 “童年深层愿望的实现带来满足”，非 “幸福童年 = 终身幸福”，偷换概念，排除；
- C 选项 “精神分析师观点一致”：原文 “most... agree” 是补充说明，非案例核心目的，排除；
- D 选项 “财富未必总能使人幸福”：与案例前 “general prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment” 及案例本身 “economic success does not make people happy” 完全呼应，正确。
Life satisfaction, which can be defined as general happiness or well-being, is related to several demographic and personal qualities. The factor of age is important because the elements that make up life satisfaction may differ from one age to the next. Income is more likely to predict life satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults than among young adults. Health is a more significant predictor of happiness among older adults than among the young or the middle-aged. However, average levels of life satisfaction do not change significantly with age. Generally speaking, older adults are as satisfied with their lives as are younger or middle-aged adults.
There is no single element that guarantees high life satisfaction for everyone who possesses it. Happiness seems to consist of many things that each person weighs differently, such as income, education, work, and relationships. However, certain factors are reliable predictors of life satisfaction. One such predictor is health, especially one's perception of one's own health rather than a doctor's objective health assessment. Another predictor of life satisfaction is a feeling of being in charge of one's own life and a sense of authority over one's own decisions. Adults who feel that they have some choices and options are generally happier than those who feel that their lives are controlled by others or by fate or chance. For example, older adults who experience financial strain feel less life satisfaction mainly because the problem signals a loss of control over their lives.
- What point does the author make about the relationship of age to life satisfaction?
A. Age is the primary factor in determining life satisfaction.
B. The factors that determine life satisfaction are the same at every age.
C. Average levels of life satisfaction are similar for every age group.
D. Young adults are more satisfied with their lives than older adults are.
- 答案：C
- 解题思路：细节题定位原文首段关键句：“However, average levels of life satisfaction do not change significantly with age. Generally speaking, older adults are as satisfied with their lives as are younger or middle-aged adults.” 作者明确 “各年龄段的平均生活满意度无显著差异”，选项 C “各年龄段平均生活满意度相似” 是原文的同义改写，核心语义完全一致。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “年龄是决定生活满意度的首要因素”：原文仅说 “年龄重要（因不同年龄影响因素不同）”，未提及 “首要因素”，排除；
- B 选项 “决定生活满意度的因素在各年龄段相同”：与原文 “the elements that make up life satisfaction may differ from one age to the next”（构成因素不同）矛盾，排除；
- C 选项 “各年龄段平均生活满意度相似”：与 “average levels... do not change significantly”“older adults are as satisfied as younger...” 完全一致，正确；
- D 选项 “年轻人比老年人生活满意度更高”：与原文 “老年人与年轻人满意度相当” 矛盾，排除。
"Automation" has been and still is, a greatly misused word, but its proper meaning, and therefore its implications, is gradually becoming better understood. Perhaps I could attempt an explanation, if not a definition, by saying that it is a concept through which a machine-system is caused to operate with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation, and control of its behavior. It involves a detailed and continuous knowledge of the functioning of the system, so that the best corrective actions can be applied immediately they become necessary. Automation in this true sense is brought to full fruition only through a thorough exploitation of its three major elements: communication, computation, and control - the three Cs. I believe there is a great need to make sure that some, at any rate, of the implications to our society of the three Cs in combination are recognized and understood.
English 原文：
"Automation" has been and still is, a greatly misused word, but its proper meaning, and therefore its implications, is gradually becoming better understood. Perhaps I could attempt an explanation, if not a definition, by saying that it is a concept through which a machine-system is caused to operate with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation, and control of its behavior. It involves a detailed and continuous knowledge of the functioning of the system, so that the best corrective actions can be applied immediately they become necessary. Automation in this true sense is brought to full fruition only through a thorough exploitation of its three major elements: communication, computation, and control - the three Cs. I believe there is a great need to make sure that some, at any rate, of the implications to our society of the three Cs in combination are recognized and understood.
Chinese Translation：
“自动化” 过去是、现在依然是一个被严重误用的术语，但其准确含义及所蕴含的意义正逐渐被人们更好地理解。或许我无法为其下一个严格定义，但可以尝试这样解释：自动化是一种理念，通过对机器系统的运行状态进行充分测量、观测与控制，使该系统以最高效率运转。它要求对系统的运行机制具备详尽且持续的了解，以便在需要时能立即采取最优纠正措施。唯有充分利用 “通信（Communication）、计算（Computation）、控制（Control）” 这三大核心要素（即 “3C”），才能真正实现自动化的全部价值。我认为，我们迫切需要认识到并理解 “3C” 协同作用给社会带来的部分影响 —— 至少是其中一些关键影响。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 术语精准化与语境适配：“Automation” 译为 “自动化”（工业与科技领域核心术语），“machine-system” 译为 “机器系统”（避免直译 “机械系统”，更符合自动化技术场景）；“three Cs” 采用 “中文全称 + 英文缩写” 的学术表达形式（通信、计算、控制 ——3C），既准确又便于读者理解术语关联。
- 复杂句式逻辑拆分：原文 “through which...” 定语从句译为 “通过... 使...” 的中文主动句式，避免 “通过该理念，机器系统被使... 运转” 的被动语态晦涩感；“so that...” 目的状语从句译为 “以便...”，清晰体现 “了解系统运行→及时采取措施” 的逻辑关系；破折号后的 “the three Cs” 补充译为 “即‘3C’”，符合中文 “解释说明” 的表达习惯。
- 语义强化与学术严谨性：“greatly misused” 译为 “严重误用”，比 “误用” 更突出程度；“maximum efficiency” 译为 “最高效率”（而非 “最大效率”），更符合工程学术语习惯；“brought to full fruition” 译为 “实现全部价值”（比 “取得成果” 更精准，体现自动化技术的应用目标）；“in combination” 译为 “协同作用”，突出 “3C” 要素的联动关系，符合学术文本对 “系统要素” 的表述要求。
- 语气与逻辑连贯：“if not a definition” 译为 “无法为其下一个严格定义，但可以尝试...”，补充 “严格”“但可以尝试” 使语义更委婉，贴合原文 “尝试解释而非定义” 的语气；“at any rate” 译为 “至少是其中一些关键影响”，避免 “无论如何” 的生硬，同时保留 “部分影响需优先关注” 的核心语义。
Directions: Write in about 250 words a short essay on the topic "In Many Cases, Perseverance Is Important". You should clearly state your argument, support your argument and draw a natural conclusion.
In Many Cases, Perseverance Is Important
Perseverance, defined as the ability to persist in pursuit of a goal despite obstacles, stands as a cornerstone of success in academic research, professional practice, and personal growth—fields central to a doctoral candidate’s journey. Unlike momentary passion or talent, perseverance transforms long-term challenges into achievable milestones, making it indispensable in scenarios where progress relies on cumulative efforts.
In academic research, perseverance is the driving force behind breakthroughs. For instance, Marie Curie spent eight years extracting radium from tons of pitchblende, facing resource shortages and health risks. Her unwavering commitment not only led to the discovery of a new element but also laid the foundation for modern nuclear physics. Similarly, in doctoral studies, researchers often encounter failed experiments, rejected manuscripts, or theoretical dead-ends. It is perseverance that enables them to revise hypotheses, refine methodologies, and eventually contribute original insights to their fields. Without this quality, even the most promising research projects risk being abandoned at the first setback.
Professionally, perseverance distinguishes those who achieve long-term excellence from those who settle for mediocrity. Consider forestry engineers working on ecological restoration: restoring a degraded forest ecosystem takes decades, requiring consistent monitoring, adaptive management, and resistance to short-term pressures for quick results. Their perseverance ensures that initiatives like reforestation or biodiversity conservation deliver lasting environmental benefits, aligning with the sustainable development goals that 南京林业大学等院校倡导.
In conclusion, perseverance is not merely a personal trait but a strategic asset. It bridges the gap between ambition and achievement, turning potential into tangible outcomes. For doctoral candidates, cultivating perseverance is as critical as mastering academic knowledge—both are essential for navigating the complexities of research and making meaningful contributions to society.
- 论点明确且学术化：开篇定义 “perseverance” 为 “克服障碍追求目标的能力”，并关联 “博士研究生核心领域（学术、职业、个人成长）”，避免泛泛而谈，体现 “针对性”；核心论点 “perseverance 是成功基石” 贯穿全文，逻辑连贯。
- 论据专业且贴合院校特色：学术案例选用 “居里夫人发现镭”（体现科研韧性），职业案例选用 “林业工程师生态修复”（贴合南京林业大学 “林业、生态” 优势学科），案例兼具权威性与针对性，避免论据空洞；同时通过 “博士研究中的实验失败、论文拒稿” 等场景，增强与考生身份的共鸣。
- 结构严谨且层次清晰：采用 “总（论点）- 分（学术 + 职业场景）- 总（结论升华）” 框架，每个分论点均包含 “观点 + 案例 + 分析”，如 “生态修复案例” 中补充 “数十年周期、可持续发展目标”，体现 “长期主义” 与 “社会价值”，符合博士研究生 “学术深度 + 社会责任感” 的写作要求。
- 语言正式且学术化：使用 “cornerstone of success”“cumulative efforts”“theoretical dead-ends”“adaptive management” 等学术词汇，避免口语化表达；句式上采用 “Unlike... ”“It is... that... ”“Without... ” 等复杂结构，体现语言驾驭能力，符合考博英语写作的高阶要求。
南京林业大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如学术阅读、科技类翻译、议论文写作）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 南京林业大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_2723626.html
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英语备考：
- 阅读：聚焦 “社会经济、生态环境、学术科研” 等与南京林业大学优势学科（如林业、生态、园林）相关的话题，训练 “定位学术观点→分析案例支撑→总结结论” 的能力，关注 “however”“but” 等转折词后的核心观点，区分 “传统认知与新研究结论”（如本文 “GNP 与幸福的关系”）；
- 翻译：积累 “科技、生态、社会” 领域术语（如 automation, ecological restoration, sustainable development），练习 “长句拆分” 与 “学术化表达”，确保译文准确且符合中文逻辑，避免逐字直译；
- 写作：构建 “论点 + 专业案例 + 分析” 的高分框架，案例选择可结合南京林业大学学科特色（如林业工程、园林设计、生态保护），增强针对性；同时注重学术词汇的使用（如 perseverance, cumulative efforts, adaptive management），提升文本正式性。
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专业课备考：
- 结合南京林业大学 “林业科学、园林学、生态学” 等优势学科，重点掌握核心理论（如绿地系统规划原理、植物生理生态、水土保持技术），关注 “理论 + 实践案例” 的结合（如城市绿地系统规划中的生态韧性设计、退化森林生态系统的修复技术）；
- 通过真题练习，总结专业课论述题的答题框架（如 “原理阐述 + 案例分析 + 政策建议”），提升学术表达的条理性与深度，符合博士研究生对 “理论应用与创新” 的专业要求。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸南京林业大学博士研究生。
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