- The e-government software is part of Microsoft's
A. enterprise software business
B. most profit-making products
C. secure transaction technology
D. most sophisticated technology
- 答案：A
- 考点定位：本题考查对文章细节信息的精准定位与理解，核心考点为微软电子政务软件的业务归属范畴。
- 解题思路：
- 回归原文第三段关键句：“The successful implementation is a coup for Microsoft which is trying to build up its enterprise software business and has targeted e-government”，明确指出微软正着力发展企业软件业务，且将电子政务作为目标领域，直接说明电子政务软件属于企业软件业务的一部分。
- 逐一排除干扰项：B 选项 “最盈利产品” 在原文无相关盈利数据支撑，属于无中生有；C 选项 “安全交易技术” 是该软件的核心技术支撑，而非业务归属类别，混淆了 “技术” 与 “业务” 的概念；D 选项 “最复杂技术” 原文未对该软件技术的复杂程度进行定位，且未与其他技术对比，不符合题意。
- 知识拓展：企业软件业务（enterprise software business）是微软核心业务板块之一，涵盖面向政府、大型企业等机构的定制化软件解决方案，电子政务系统作为政府数字化转型的关键工具，是该业务的重要应用场景。考生需注意区分 “业务范畴”“技术支撑”“产品属性” 等易混淆概念，在阅读时做好关键词标注与逻辑梳理。
- What do we learn about TARP from the first paragraph?
A. It played an important role in combating fear in the financial crisis.
B. It was considered as the last resort used by the federal government.
C. It made more people lose their jobs and more firms go bankrupt.
D. It caused great panic and confusion among the US citizens.
- 答案：A
- 考点定位：本题考查对段落核心信息的概括与推理，涉及对金融救援计划 TARP 的功能定位理解。
- 解题思路：
- 聚焦第一段核心内容：首句点明金融危机的教训 —— 唯有政府能阻止系统崩溃，恐慌是核心问题；第二句明确 “Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) was part of the process by which fear was overcome”，且强调 “it was an essential part”，直接说明 TARP 在对抗金融危机恐慌中起到关键作用，与 A 选项表述一致。
- 排除错误选项：B 选项 “最后手段” 原文未提及，第一段仅强调其 “重要性” 而非 “终极性”；C 选项与原文最后一句 “Without TARP, we'd be worse off today... it certainly wouldn't be 8.9%” 矛盾，TARP 实际缓解了失业问题，而非加剧；D 选项 “引发恐慌” 与原文 “overcome fear” 相悖，属于反向干扰。
- 知识拓展：TARP（问题资产救助计划）是 2008 年美国金融危机期间推出的核心救援措施，其核心目的是通过稳定金融机构、恢复市场信心来遏制恐慌蔓延。考生在备考时需积累此类经济类核心词汇及背景知识，提升对专业题材文章的理解效率，同时注意通过段落逻辑关系（如因果、转折、强调）快速定位关键信息。
(1) Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water.
- 参考译文：文化规范完全环绕着人们，渗透于思想与行动的方方面面，以至于我们从未意识到他们的生活与心智健全所依赖的那些前提假设。正如一位观察者所言，倘若鸟类突然拥有科学探索的好奇心，它们或许会研究许多事物，但天空本身却会被忽略，不被视为合适的研究对象；倘若鱼类对这个世界产生好奇，它们绝不会想到从探究水开始。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 句式处理：原文含 “so...that...” 结果状语从句，翻译时保留 “如此…… 以至于……” 的对应结构，同时将 “so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action” 译为并列短语 “完全环绕着人们，渗透于思想与行动的方方面面”，符合中文表达习惯，避免生硬直译。
- 定语从句翻译：“on which their lives and their sanity rest” 为定语从句修饰 “assumptions”，将其转化为中文偏正结构 “他们的生活与心智健全所依赖的”，前置修饰 “前提假设”，使句子逻辑更紧凑。
- 固定搭配与修辞：“endowed with” 译为 “拥有”，贴合语境且简洁自然；“it would never occur to them” 译为 “绝不会想到”，准确传达原文语义；两个条件句（if 从句）保持句式对称，还原原文的比喻修辞，使译文更具感染力。
- 关键词精准译：“cultural norms” 译为 “文化规范”（而非 “文化标准”），“sanity” 译为 “心智健全”（强调精神层面的正常状态），“overlooked as a suitable subject” 译为 “被忽略，不被视为合适的研究对象”，避免语义偏差。
- 高分技巧：翻译此类学术性文本时，需兼顾准确性与流畅性，既要精准对应原文词汇与句式逻辑，又要符合中文书面语表达习惯；对于比喻修辞，需保留其核心喻义，同时确保译文自然易懂，避免过度直译导致的晦涩。
中国人讲究 "义利相兼，以义为先"。中非关系最大的 "义", 就是用中国发展助力非洲的发展、最终实现互利共赢、共同发展。中方支持非洲人以非洲方式解决非洲问题，主张解决安全问题要标本兼治、综合施策。在工业、基础设施建设、投资和贸易便利化等领域，中非合作将为双方企业投资和贸易提供更多机会，从而提高非洲产业竞争力，弥补非洲基础设施缺口。在现代农业、绿色发展、减贫惠民等方面的合作，将促进中非企业分享先进技术和建立可持续发展模式，增强自主发展能力，提高公共治理水平。
- 参考译文：The Chinese advocate the principle of "balancing righteousness and interests with righteousness as the priority". The greatest "righteousness" in China-Africa relations lies in leveraging China's development to boost Africa's development, and ultimately achieving mutual benefit, win-win results and common development. China supports Africans in solving African issues in an African way, and advocates addressing security challenges through a comprehensive approach that tackles both symptoms and root causes. In fields such as industry, infrastructure construction, investment and trade facilitation, China-Africa cooperation will provide more opportunities for investment and trade between enterprises of both sides, thereby enhancing Africa's industrial competitiveness and filling the gap in its infrastructure. Cooperation in areas like modern agriculture, green development, poverty alleviation and benefit-sharing for the people will promote Chinese and African enterprises to share advanced technologies, establish sustainable development models, strengthen their capacity for independent development, and improve the level of public governance.
- 翻译要点解析：
- 文化负载词翻译：“义利相兼，以义为先” 译为 “balancing righteousness and interests with righteousness as the priority”，“righteousness” 准确对应 “义” 的道德内涵，“interests” 对应 “利”，通过 “balancing” 和 “as the priority” 体现核心逻辑，避免直译导致的文化失真；“标本兼治” 译为 “tackles both symptoms and root causes”，是国际通用表达，精准传达 “解决表面问题与根本问题” 的含义。
- 句式结构优化：中文多短句并列，英文调整为逻辑清晰的复合句与并列句，如用 “lies in”“thereby”“will promote” 等连接词体现因果、递进关系，使译文符合英文学术写作规范。
- 关键词精准表达：“互利共赢” 译为 “mutual benefit and win-win results”（双重强调，符合外交语境），“贸易便利化” 译为 “trade facilitation”（固定术语），“自主发展能力” 译为 “capacity for independent development”，“公共治理水平” 译为 “level of public governance”，均为国际通用且符合原文语义的表达。
- 语义完整性：完整保留原文所有核心信息，无遗漏或增删，如 “以非洲方式解决非洲问题” 译为 “solving African issues in an African way”，准确传达中方尊重非洲主权的立场；“减贫惠民” 译为 “poverty alleviation and benefit-sharing for the people”，兼顾 “减贫” 与 “惠民” 两层含义。
Directions: You are to write a composition of no less than 200 words with the following information and do your composition on the ANSWER SHEET. You are to come up with the title for the essay.
Nowadays, more and more Chinese can afford to travel abroad. However, during the travel, some uncivilized behaviors happen from time to time. Please make comment on the phenomena.
With the improvement of living standards and the convenience of international transportation, overseas travel has become increasingly accessible to Chinese citizens. It not only broadens people's horizons but also promotes cultural exchanges between China and the world. Unfortunately, occasional uncivilized behaviors such as littering, speaking loudly in public places, and ignoring local customs have cast a shadow on this positive trend, triggering widespread attention and reflection.
The root causes of these uncivilized behaviors are multifaceted. On one hand, some travelers lack awareness of cultural differences and international etiquette, failing to realize that their personal actions represent the image of the Chinese nation. On the other hand, inadequate pre-travel education and the lack of effective restraint mechanisms also contribute to the problem. These behaviors not only affect the travel experience of others but also damage China's national image, hindering the smooth progress of cross-cultural communication.
To address this issue, joint efforts are needed from individuals, society, and the government. Firstly, travelers should take the initiative to learn about the cultural norms and etiquette of their destination countries before traveling, enhancing their sense of civilized travel. Secondly, media and travel agencies should strengthen publicity and guidance, spreading the concept of civilized travel and setting positive examples. Finally, relevant departments can formulate appropriate regulations to restrain uncivilized behaviors and promote the formation of a good social atmosphere.
In conclusion, civilized travel abroad is not only a personal quality but also a responsibility to safeguard the national image. Every Chinese traveler should strive to be a respectful and responsible cultural messenger, contributing to the establishment of a positive international image of China and facilitating harmonious cross-cultural exchanges.
- 主题与结构：标题 “Civilized Travel Abroad: A Mirror of National Image” 点明核心论点，将出境旅游文明与国家形象关联，立意深刻；文章采用 “现象描述 — 原因分析 — 解决方案 — 总结升华” 的经典议论文结构，逻辑清晰，层次分明，符合博士英语写作的学术规范。
- 语言表达：
- 词汇层面：使用 “accessible”“triggering widespread attention”“multifaceted”“restraint mechanisms”“facilitating” 等学术性词汇，避免口语化表达，体现语言专业性；
- 句式层面：灵活运用定语从句、状语从句、并列结构等复杂句式，如 “With the improvement of...” 介词短语作状语，“not only... but also... ” 并列结构，“To address this issue... ” 目的状语引导段落，使文章句式多样，表达严谨；
- 衔接层面：使用 “Unfortunately”“On one hand... On the other hand... ”“Firstly... Secondly... Finally... ”“In conclusion” 等逻辑连接词，确保段落间、句子间过渡自然，逻辑连贯。
- 内容深度：原因分析兼顾个人意识与社会机制，解决方案涵盖个人、社会、政府三个维度，全面且具有可行性；结尾升华主题，将个人行为与国家形象、跨文化交流结合，提升文章思想高度，符合博士研究生应具备的思辨能力与视野。
备考过程中，建议考生以历年真题为核心，深入分析考点规律，总结解题技巧；同时注重积累学术词汇与专业题材阅读素材，提升翻译的准确性与写作的深度。通过系统训练与真题演练，助力考生在 2026 年考博英语考试中取得优异成绩。
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