Section A Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.
21. No merchandise is currently in short supply thanks to the market economy.
[A] businessman [B] commodity [C] substance [D] stuff
23. The earthquake took a heavy toll when most of the local residents were sound asleep.
[A] was minor in intensity [B] occurred suddenly [C] brought about much confusion [D] caused a serious loss
26. What players and coaches fear most is the partiality on the part of referees in a game.
[A] justice [B] bias [C] participation [D] realization
Section B Fill in the gap with one word or phrase from the alternatives given.
32. The new secretary has written a remarkably ______ report within a few hundred words but with all the important details included.
[A] concise [B] precise [C] brisk [D] elaborate
36. The ______ of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in understanding the universe.
[A] content [B] essence [C] context [D] phase
- 词汇辨析与语义匹配
“merchandise” 意为 “商品、货物”，特指用于销售的各类物品；“commodity” 同样指 “商品、大宗商品”，二者语义高度一致，符合 “市场经济下无商品短缺” 的语境。
- 干扰项排除
- A “businessman”（商人）为人物指代，与 “商品” 语义无关；
- C “substance”（物质）侧重 “构成事物的基本材料”，不强调 “用于销售” 属性；
- D “stuff”（东西）为口语化表达，语义宽泛，无 “商品” 的明确指向。
- 学术扩展：考博英语常考查 “商业类词汇” 辨析，需区分 “merchandise（集合名词，无复数）”“commodity（可数名词，侧重具体商品）”“goods（复数形式，泛指货物）” 的用法差异。
- 固定短语与语义推导
“take a heavy toll” 为固定短语，意为 “造成重大损失、付出沉重代价”，结合 “地震发生时居民熟睡” 的背景，特指人员或财产的严重损失，选项 D 精准契合短语含义。
- 干扰项排除
- A “强度轻微” 与 “heavy toll” 体现的 “严重后果” 矛盾；
- B “突然发生” 仅描述地震的发生特征，未体现 “损失” 核心语义；
- C “造成极大混乱” 是地震可能引发的后果之一，但未涵盖 “人员伤亡、财产损失” 等核心含义，语义片面。
- 学术扩展：考博英语高频短语需重点记忆 “take a toll” 的搭配（后接 on sb./sth.），如 “The disaster took a heavy toll on local economy”（灾难给当地经济造成重创）。
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“partiality” 意为 “偏袒、偏心”，特指对一方的不公平倾向；“bias” 意为 “偏见、偏袒”，二者语义完全一致，符合 “运动员和教练担心裁判不公” 的语境。
- 干扰项排除
- A “justice”（公正）与 “partiality” 语义相反；
- C “participation”（参与）、D “realization”（实现）均与 “裁判的态度” 无关，语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：“partiality” 与 “bias” 的区别在于语体 ——“partiality” 更正式，“bias” 可用于正式或非正式场合，考博英语学术写作中二者可互换。
- 词汇辨析与语境逻辑
“concise” 意为 “简洁的、简明的”，侧重 “用少量文字表达核心信息”，结合 “几百字却包含所有重要细节” 的描述，完美契合语境；
- 干扰项排除
- B “precise”（精确的）侧重 “数据、表述准确”，不强调 “篇幅简短”；
- C “brisk”（轻快的、敏捷的）用于描述动作或语气，与 “报告” 搭配不当；
- D “elaborate”（详尽的）与 “几百字” 体现的 “简短” 语义矛盾。
- 学术扩展：考博英语写作中常用 “concise and clear”（简洁明了）描述报告、论文等文体，需掌握其与 “precise”“brief” 等近义词的语义边界。
- 词汇辨析与语义提炼
“essence” 意为 “本质、精髓”，特指事物最核心的属性，句意为 “科学态度的精髓在于人类思维能够成功理解宇宙”，符合 “核心属性” 的语义指向；
- 干扰项排除
- A “content”（内容）侧重 “包含的信息”，不强调 “核心本质”；
- C “context”（语境、背景）与 “科学态度的属性” 无关；
- D “phase”（阶段）语义与语境完全不符。
- 学术扩展：“the essence of...” 为考博英语高频表达，用于提炼事物核心，如 “the essence of education”（教育的本质）。
Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by the society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
Humans are the only animals that are definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.
Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more like tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.
Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion would contain no such substance.
Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.
At Tulane University's Tear Analysis Lab Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication (药物), whether a contact lens fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable, to study the cause of "dry eye" syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure the exposure to environmental pollutants.
At Columbia University Dr. Linsy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.
Questions:
41. It is known from the paragraph that ______
[A] shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to Americans
[B] crying may often irritate people or even result in tragedy
[C] crying usually wins sympathy from other people
[D] one who shed tears in public will be blamed
42. What does "both those responses to tears" (Line 8, Para.1) refer to?
[A] Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.
[B] The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.
[C] The tear shedder's apology and the observer's effort to stop the crying.
[D] Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.
43. "Counterproductive" (Line 9, Para.1) very probably means ______
[A] having no effect at all [B] leading to tension [C] producing disastrous impact [D] harmful to health
44. What does the author say about crying?
[A] It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.
[B] It must have a role to play in man's survival.
[C] It meant to get attention and assistance.
[D] It usually produces the desired effect.
45. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?
[A] Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.
[B] Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.
[C] Emotional tears can give rise to "dry eye" syndrome in some cases.
[D] Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.
- 细节定位与语义验证
原文首句明确指出：“Tears... typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed”（眼泪通常会让美国人感到不适和尴尬），选项 A 与原文表述完全一致，精准捕捉核心信息。
- 干扰项排除
- B “哭泣可能激怒他人甚至引发悲剧” 原文未提及 “激怒” 或 “悲剧”，无中生有；
- C “哭泣通常能赢得他人同情” 与原文 “观察者会尽力阻止情绪宣泄” 矛盾；
- D “在公共场合流泪会被指责” 原文仅说 “流泪者可能会道歉”，未提及 “被指责”，语义夸大。
- 学术扩展：细节题需关注 “典型群体 + 核心感受” 的对应关系，本题中 “Americans”“uncomfortable and embarrassed” 是关键信息，避免被无依据的语义延伸干扰。
- 积累学术类高频词汇（如 essence、manifestation、sustainable），重点区分近义词（如 partiality/bias、concise/precise）的语义与用法；
- 记忆固定短语与搭配（如 take a heavy toll、it goes without saying that），结合真题语境强化应用；
- 针对词汇错题进行分类整理，重点突破薄弱环节（如商业类、学术类词汇）。
- 细节题通过 “关键词定位法” 锁定原文，验证选项与原文的语义一致性，警惕语义夸大、无中生有等干扰项；
- 指代题遵循 “就近原则”，定位指代内容前的核心名词或动作；
- 推理题基于原文细节进行合理推导，避免过度延伸，重点关注作者观点句（如 therefore、it is logical to assume that）。
- 英译汉时，拆分英文长句，优化中文语序，传递原文语气（如反讽、批判），补充隐含语义；
- 汉译英时，使用学术规范表达，确保术语精准，搭建清晰的逻辑链，避免直译生硬；
- 积累文化类、学术类翻译高频词汇与句式，提升译文的专业性与流畅度。
- 名言类写作题先精准解读名言含义，提炼核心论点；
- 选用真实、具体的案例支撑论点，案例需覆盖不同场景，增强说服力；
- 结尾升华主题，将具体案例上升到普遍规律，体现博士研究生的思辨深度。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸西安建筑科技大学博士研究生。
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