Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Human beings separate themselves from the philosophers and the physician such questions 2 the power of the mind to abstract, to comprehend and to reason, the nature of instinct, the function and interaction of instinct and acquired ideas and emotions. When men think and feel deeply, their normal reaction is to wish to communicate their thoughts and their feelings. The sharing of feelings and ideas is a fundamental human need. Men live in society, they do not normally live in isolation. When one human being wishes to convey his 5 to another, he has to make use of a medium, a bridge. That bridge is language.
The science 6 objects the study of language in all its aspects. Linguistics is concerned with every aspect of this conveying of ideas from one mind to another, with language as a means of intercommunication, whether it be spoken, pictured or written. The more specialized branch of this study which is concerned only with spoken language, more specifically with the sounds used in speech, is known as Phonetics.
Now even in this scientific age, communication is still 7 a primarily auditory system. Since the great majority of information is conveyed by means of the spoken word, it is self-evident that before any language can be written it must be spoken. It is 8 quite possible, as we know from examples up to our own times, to have literature without literacy. The pen and the printing press merely give visual permanence to messages which would otherwise have to be transmitted by the tongue and received by the ear which is, of course, a more rapid means of transmission over distance, a more permanent and reliable storehouse 10 human memory.
- [A] of [B] to [C] for [D] in
- [A] thought [B] thoughts [C] thinking [D] thinkings
- [A] that [B] which [C] whose [D] what
- [A] is [B] are [C] being [D] as
- [A] than [B] as [C] of [D] in
- 固定搭配与语法逻辑
本题考查 “questions of sth.” 的固定搭配，意为 “关于某事的问题”，句意为 “人类与哲学家、医生的区别在于这类关于思维抽象、理解和推理能力的问题”，符合 “问题与主题” 的逻辑关联。
- 干扰项排除
- B “to” 无此搭配，“question to” 通常后接 “sb.”（向某人提问），不接事物；
- C “for” 表示 “为了”，语义与 “问题所属” 不符；
- D “in” 表示 “在…… 方面”，无法体现 “关于” 的核心语义。
- 学术扩展：考博英语完形填空中 “介词 + 名词” 的固定搭配是高频考点，需重点记忆 “questions of”“concerns about”“research on” 等常用组合。
- 名词单复数与语义适配
“thought” 作 “想法、思想” 讲时为可数名词，此处表示 “传达他的想法”，需用复数形式 “thoughts”，体现 “多种想法” 的语义；
- 干扰项排除
- A “thought” 为单数形式，无法表达 “多种想法” 的泛指含义；
- C “thinking” 为不可数名词，侧重 “思考的过程或行为”，而非 “具体想法”；
- D “thinkings” 为错误表达，无此复数形式。
- 学术扩展：可数名词与不可数名词的区分是完形填空常考点，需注意 “thought（具体想法，可数）” 与 “thinking（思考行为，不可数）” 的语义差异。
- 定语从句引导词与语法逻辑
此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为 “The science”，引导词在从句中作主语，故用 “which”；句意为 “研究语言各个方面的学科是语言学”，符合定语从句的语法规则。
- 干扰项排除
- A “that” 不能引导非限制性定语从句；
- C “whose” 在从句中作定语，后需接名词，此处从句缺少主语，语义不符；
- D “what” 不能引导定语从句，常用于名词性从句。
- 学术扩展：考博英语完形填空中定语从句引导词的选择需重点区分 “先行词属性 + 引导词在从句中的成分”，避免混淆关系代词与关系副词的用法。
- 语法结构与语义逻辑
句子主干为 “communication is still a primarily auditory system”，“being” 在此处构成现在分词短语作伴随状语，补充说明 “交流本质上是听觉系统” 的属性；若用 A “is” 或 B “are”，会导致句子出现两个谓语动词，语法错误。
- 干扰项排除
- A “is”、B “are” 会造成主谓结构冗余，违反语法规则；
- D “as” 作为介词时表示 “作为”，此处需体现 “本质属性”，而非 “身份定位”，语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：完形填空中 “be 动词 + 现在分词” 的结构常用来补充说明主语属性，需注意避免句子出现多重谓语。
- 比较级与语义逻辑
前文提及 “文字和印刷术使信息具有视觉持久性”，后文对比 “口语传播” 与 “人类记忆”，强调 “文字是比人类记忆更持久可靠的储存库”，故用比较级连词 “than”。
- 干扰项排除
- B “as” 用于 “as...as...” 同级比较，此处为 “更持久” 的比较级含义，语义不符；
- C “of”、D “in” 无比较含义，无法体现前后语义的对比关系。
- 学术扩展：比较级结构是完形填空的常考点，需关注 “more + 形容词 + than” 的固定搭配，以及比较对象的一致性。
People can be addicted to different things - e.g., alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive, that is, they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders. They feel that they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational - impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.
There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people "look for sales, low prices and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don't need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game. When they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business. They consider people's needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs and opinions and so on in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.
Although behavior has many causes, most scientists seek to isolate single causes. This makes the scientific study of behavior hard. Many researchers in psychology use controlled experiments in which they can examine the effect of one factor at a time in a particular kind of behavior. Some investigators design experiments to test the behavioral effects of several factors in various combinations. Still other researchers study behavior in the real world by observing people in their daily activities. Observing behavior outside controlled experiments cannot prove that one thing causes another. But studying people in the real world often helps scientists see the ways in which causes identified in experiments actually operate in people's daily lives.
Questions:
11. According to the psychologists, compulsive spenders are people whose spending is ______
[A] and takes great pleasure from what he or she buys
[B] in order to satisfy his or her basic needs in life
[C] just to meet his or her strong psychological need
[D] entirely with an irrational plan of his incomes
12. According to the writer, compulsive bargain hunters are in constant search of the lowest possible prices ______
[A] because they want to save money to help their budgets
[B] because they want to win over others in getting things for less money
[C] and will not have money problems if they can keep to their budget
[D] but they never feel satisfied after they get things for less than others
13. The article is mainly about ______
[A] the psychology of money-spending habits
[B] the living habits of compulsive spenders
[C] a special psychology of bargain hunting
[D] the use of the psychology of spending habits in business
14. From the passage we may safely conclude that compulsive spenders or compulsive bargain hunters ______
[A] are really unreasonable
[B] need special treatment
[C] are really beyond remedies
[D] can never get any help to solve their problems with money
15. From the passage, we know that scientific study of behavior is ______
[A] difficult
[B] easy
[C] interesting
[D] extremely useful
- 细节定位与语义验证
原文明确指出：“they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders. They feel that they must spend money”（他们有强烈的心理需求必须满足，心理学家认为，强迫性消费者就是这类人，他们觉得必须花钱），直接印证选项 C 正确。
- 干扰项排除
- A “从所购物品中获得极大乐趣” 与原文 “Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure from the things they buy”（花钱的乐趣比物品本身的乐趣更大）矛盾；
- B “为了满足基本生活需求” 原文未提及，强迫性消费是心理需求而非基本需求；
- D “完全基于不合理的收入规划” 原文强调 “消费行为不合理”，而非 “收入规划”，语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：细节题需精准捕捉 “核心需求 + 行为动机” 的对应关系，避免被次要语义干扰。
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文提及：“When they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning”（当他们能以比别人更低的价格买到东西时，会觉得自己赢了），明确强迫性 bargain hunters 追求低价的核心动机是 “超越他人、获得胜利感”，选项 B 符合语义。
- 干扰项排除
- A “为了省钱补贴预算” 是他们自我欺骗的理由，原文强调 “实则在玩刺激的游戏”，非真实动机；
- C “遵守预算就不会有财务问题” 原文未提及，无依据；
- D “买到低价物品后从不满足” 原文未涉及 “满足感” 的后续状态，无中生有。
- 学术扩展：推理题需区分 “表面理由” 与 “真实动机”，本题中 “help their budgets” 是表面借口，“winning” 才是核心动机。
- 主旨定位与逻辑梳理
文章开篇介绍 “强迫性消费” 的心理机制，接着分析 “ bargain hunting 的特殊心理”，随后提及 “商家利用消费心理促销” 及 “心理学家的干预方法”，全文围绕 “消费习惯背后的心理学” 展开，选项 A 精准涵盖核心主题。
- 干扰项排除
- B “强迫性消费者的生活习惯” 仅为文章部分内容，语义片面；
- C “bargain hunting 的特殊心理” 是消费心理的其中一个分支，无法概括全文；
- D “消费心理在商业中的应用” 仅为最后两段的内容，非核心主题。
- 学术扩展：主旨题需把握 “总 - 分” 结构，优先选择涵盖 “核心领域 + 核心研究对象” 的选项，避免被局部细节误导。
- 积累高频固定搭配（如 “questions of”“be related to”）和形近词辨析（如 thought/thinking），结合真题语境强化记忆；
- 重点突破定语从句、主谓一致、比较级等语法考点，避免语法错误；
- 做题时先通读全文把握主旨，再逐空分析，结合上下文语义排除干扰项。
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，精准捕捉原文核心信息，验证选项与原文的语义一致性；
- 推理题基于原文细节进行合理推导，区分 “表面理由” 与 “真实动机”，避免过度延伸；
- 主旨题关注 “开篇论点 + 分论点支撑” 的结构，优先选择涵盖 “核心领域 + 核心研究对象” 的选项。
- 学术翻译需积累专业术语（如环境、管理、医学领域），确保术语翻译规范；
- 汉译英时拆分长句，合理使用被动语态和连接词；英译汉时转换被动语态，补充隐含语义，使表达自然；
- 保持逻辑连贯，使用 “Moreover”“Therefore” 等连接词明确语义关系。
- 明确立场后，从 “职业发展、个人价值、社会需求” 等多维度论证，每个论点搭配具体例子；
- 使用学术词汇和多样句式，提升文章专业性；
- 结尾升华主题，将具体选择上升到 “长期投资”“价值追求” 的高度，体现思辨深度。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸西安交通大学博士研究生。
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