- Psychologists have long argued about the relative importance of genetics and environment in determining human intelligence --- an issue that is sometimes referred to as the "nature" vs. ______ debate.
[A] "nurture" [B] "growth" [C] "promotion" [D] "creation"
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“nature vs. nurture” 是学术领域固定术语，译为 “先天 vs. 后天”，其中 “nature” 指遗传、先天因素，“nurture” 指环境、后天培养，完美契合题干 “遗传学与环境对智力的影响” 的核心议题，是心理学、社会学等学科的经典辩论主题。
- 干扰项排除
- B “growth”（成长）、C “promotion”（促进）、D “creation”（创造）均无法与 “nature” 构成学术上的对立概念，语义与 “先天 - 后天” 的辩论逻辑无关。
- 学术扩展：“nature vs. nurture” 是考博英语高频学术搭配，常用于讨论 “先天遗传与后天环境对人类特质（智力、性格等）的影响”，需重点记忆其固定搭配关系，类似学术对立术语还包括 “innate vs. acquired（先天的 vs. 习得的）”，适配学术写作中 “双因素影响” 的论证场景。
However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. ... Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form. ... More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth.
- The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with ______
[A] deep skepticism [B] strong indignation [C] marked indifference [D] moderate amusement
- 态度定位与逻辑推导
原文明确表达核心态度：“the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts”（将 “非凡创造力超越既定界限” 的观点应用于艺术领域是具有误导性的），随后进一步论证 “极具创造力的艺术作品是拓展而非超越现有形式的界限”，可见作者对 “所有极具创造力的艺术活动都超越界限” 这一观点持强烈怀疑态度，选项 A 精准匹配。
- 干扰项排除
- B “强烈愤慨” 语义过重，原文仅为客观学术质疑，无情绪愤慨；
- C “明显漠视” 与原文 “详细论证观点的误导性” 矛盾，作者并非漠视该观点；
- D “适度娱乐” 与原文严肃的学术讨论语境不符，无娱乐意味。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “态度类” 题目需关注 “misleading”“however” 等信号词引导的语义转折，本题中作者通过 “科学与艺术的创造力差异” 展开论证，体现学术文本中 “分领域辩证分析” 的逻辑，需避免被单一领域的观点误导。
为了对历史负责，对中华民族负责，对包括西藏人民在内的十三亿中国人民负责，中央政府在维护祖国统一这个基本问题上决不会有丝毫让步。企图依靠外国势力达到 "西藏独立"、分裂祖国的活动是背叛祖国、背叛包括藏族在内的整个中华民族的可耻行径，中央政府坚决加以谴责，决不允许其得逞。任何破坏西藏安定团结的活动，任何制造骚乱、策动闹事的违法行为，必将受到严厉的打击。
To be responsible to history, to the Chinese nation, and to the 1.3 billion Chinese people including Tibetans, the Central Government will never make the slightest concession on the fundamental issue of safeguarding national reunification. Attempts to achieve "Tibet independence" and split the motherland by relying on foreign forces are shameful acts of betraying the motherland and the entire Chinese nation including Tibetans, which the Central Government firmly condemns and will never allow to succeed. Any activity that undermines the stability and unity of Tibet, and any illegal act that incites riots or instigates disturbances, will surely be severely cracked down on.
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 排比结构处理：“对历史负责、对中华民族负责、对…… 中国人民负责” 译为 “To be responsible to history, to the Chinese nation, and to...”，保持排比结构，符合英文表达习惯；
- 定语从句转换：“背叛祖国…… 的可耻行径” 译为 “shameful acts of betraying... which the Central Government firmly condemns...”，用定语从句衔接，避免句子冗长；
- 术语精准：“维护祖国统一” 译为 “safeguarding national reunification”（官方固定译法），“分裂祖国” 译为 “split the motherland”，“安定团结” 译为 “stability and unity”，“严厉的打击” 译为 “severely cracked down on”，均符合政治类文本规范。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心短语翻译：“决不会有丝毫让步” 译为 “will never make the slightest concession”，“依靠外国势力” 译为 “by relying on foreign forces”，“决不允许其得逞” 译为 “will never allow to succeed”，“策动闹事” 译为 “instigates disturbances”，语义精准且语气坚定，契合原文立场；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “包括西藏人民在内”“违法行为” 等核心信息，指代明确（“which” 指代分裂行径）。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式政治类书面语，避免口语化表达，契合文本的严肃性；
- 时态统一：描述政府立场用一般将来时，表述客观事实用一般现在时，语法严谨。
Directions: Some people place a high value on loyalty to the employer. To others, it is perfectly acceptable to change jobs every few years to build a career. Discuss the two positions. Then indicate which position you agree with and why. (About 250 words)
Loyalty to Employer vs. Career Mobility: A Balanced Perspective
In the modern workplace, there is a heated debate over whether to prioritize loyalty to one employer or to pursue career mobility by changing jobs regularly. Some people advocate for lifelong loyalty to an employer, believing it fosters trust and long-term development, while others argue that job hopping is essential for career growth. From my perspective, both positions have merit, but career mobility, when guided by clear goals, is more conducive to personal and professional development in today’s dynamic job market.
Those who value employer loyalty emphasize its long-term benefits. Firstly, loyal employees are more likely to gain the trust of managers, leading to more opportunities for promotion and training. For example, employees who stay with a company for years often have access to core projects and leadership roles, which deepens their professional expertise. Secondly, long-term employment fosters a sense of belonging and stability, reducing the stress of job hunting and adapting to new environments. Additionally, loyalty contributes to a harmonious workplace culture, which benefits both the company and employees.
However, career mobility offers unique advantages that align with the needs of modern career development. Firstly, changing jobs allows individuals to acquire diverse skills and experiences. For instance, a marketing professional who works in different industries can gain a broader perspective and adapt to various market conditions. Secondly, job hopping often leads to better compensation and career advancement. In competitive fields such as technology and finance, moving to a new company can provide higher salaries and more challenging roles. Moreover, regular job changes help individuals avoid professional stagnation, keeping them motivated and updated with industry trends.
In conclusion, while employer loyalty has its merits, career mobility is more suitable for today’s rapidly changing job market. It enables individuals to expand their skills, pursue better opportunities, and avoid stagnation. However, job changes should be strategic rather than impulsive, based on clear career goals and self-assessment. By balancing mobility with professionalism, individuals can achieve sustainable career growth and maximize their potential.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确立场 —— 忠诚于雇主与职业流动各有优势，但有目标的职业流动更利于现代职场中的个人发展；
- 主体段：先阐述雇主忠诚的益处（获得信任与机会、稳定感、和谐职场文化），再论证职业流动的核心优势（多元技能、更好待遇、避免停滞），结合具体职业案例，体现辩证思维；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调职业流动需 “战略性” 而非 “冲动性”，呼应开头的平衡视角。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “career mobility”“professional development”“stagnation”“sustainable career growth”“strategic” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Firstly/Secondly/Additionally”“However”“Moreover”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “辩论 - 论证 - 总结” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“who stay with a company for years”）、状语从句（“while employer loyalty has its merits”）、被动语态（“are more likely to be gained”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不片面肯定某一方，而是强调 “有目标的职业流动”，体现博士研究生的辩证思维与职场洞察力。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 260 词左右，论证兼顾正反两方，无冗余表述。
- 积累心理学、社会学等主题高频学术搭配（如 nature vs. nurture），重点记忆固定术语的英文表达；
- 强化 “对立概念词汇” 的辨析与搭配，适配学术写作中 “双因素对比” 的论证场景；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破高频易错学术词汇的用法。
- 态度类题目关注 “misleading”“however” 等信号词，区分 “客观质疑” 与 “主观情绪”；
- 针对学术辩论类文章进行专项训练，熟悉 “分领域论证” 的逻辑结构；
- 提升 “细节定位 + 语义转换” 能力，精准匹配题干与原文的核心观点。
- 政治类文本翻译需确保 “维护祖国统一”“分裂祖国” 等术语的官方译法，保持语气坚定；
- 处理中文排比句时，保持英文句式对称，使用连接词优化逻辑；
- 积累 “政治、外交” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 辩论类写作需先客观阐述双方观点，再明确个人立场，避免片面表述；
- 论据需结合具体职业场景（如营销人员跨行业流动），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，强调 “平衡”“战略性” 等核心，体现学术视野与职场格局。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸郑州大学博士研究生。
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