- The interconnection in the global financial system means that if one nation ______ on its sovereign debt or enters into recession that places some of the external private debt at risk as well, the banking systems of creditor nations face losses.
[A] accounts [B] defaults [C] bailouts [D] switches
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“default on” 为金融领域核心固定搭配，意为 “拖欠、违约”，句意为 “全球金融体系的关联性意味着，若一个国家拖欠主权债务，或陷入衰退导致部分外部私人债务面临风险，债权国的银行体系将面临损失”，完美契合全球金融债务风险的语境逻辑，语义精准且专业。
- 干扰项排除
- A “accounts”（账户、解释），“account on” 无 “债务相关” 语义，搭配与语境均不匹配；
- C “bailouts”（紧急救助）为名词，题干需动词作谓语，词性不符；
- D “switches”（切换、转变），“switch on” 意为 “打开”，与 “主权债务” 搭配语义不通。
- 学术扩展：“default on sovereign debt”（拖欠主权债务）是考博英语高频学术搭配，常用于国际金融、经济学主题文本，需重点记忆其固定搭配关系，类似高频金融术语还包括 “external private debt（外部私人债务）”“creditor nations（债权国）”，适配学术写作中 “全球金融风险” 的论证场景。
Certainly, it would be difficult to deny that industrialism has had a leveling effect... Thus, when intellectuals bewail the sameness of our material goods,they accurately reflect the state of affairs of under-industrialism. In the same breath, however,they reveal shocking ignorance about the character of super-industrialism... for the society of the future will offer no a restite, standardized flow of goods,but the greatest variety of unstandardized goods and services any society has ever seen. We are moving not towards a further extension of material standardization,but towards its dialectical negation.
- To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] People in the future will eventually lose all of their freedom.
[B] The society of the future will become more standardized.
[C] Standardization will take a predominant position in the society of the future.
[D] The society of the future will have a dialectical effect of both standardization and unstandardization.
- 主旨定位与逻辑推导
原文核心观点明确：工业主义带来了标准化效应，但超级工业主义时代的未来社会，将不再是标准化商品的单一流动，而是呈现 “前所未有的非标准化商品与服务多样性”，且明确指出 “我们并非走向物质标准化的进一步延伸，而是走向其辩证否定”。“辩证否定” 意味着未来社会并非完全摒弃标准化，而是标准化与非标准化的辩证统一，选项 D 精准匹配这一核心逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “未来人们将完全失去自由” 与原文 “未来社会提供更多选择” 的观点矛盾；
- B “未来社会将更趋标准化”、C “标准化将在未来社会占主导” 均与原文 “走向标准化的辩证否定”“非标准化多样性” 的表述相反。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “主旨类” 题目需关注 “dialectical negation（辩证否定）” 等学术关键词，本题中作者通过 “工业主义 vs 超级工业主义” 的对比，体现 “否定之否定” 的辩证思维，需避免被单一阶段的观点误导，把握文本的整体逻辑递进。
It is almost a commonplace that successful foreign policy must grow out of domestic political consensus. Certainly this is true in the United States with respect to environmental issues, where virtually every successful international regime has had its roots in U.S. domestic law. The most spectacular success--the Montreal ozone agreement grew out of the U.S. regulation of chlorofluorocarbons, the chief culprit in the destruction of the ozone layer, beginning with a ban on aerosol spray cans in the late 1970s.
成功的外交政策必须源于国内政治共识，这几乎是老生常谈。在美国，环境问题领域的情况无疑正是如此 —— 事实上，几乎每一个成功的国际机制都植根于美国国内法。其中最显著的成功案例便是《蒙特利尔臭氧协定》，该协定源于美国对含氯氟烃的监管 —— 含氯氟烃是破坏臭氧层的罪魁祸首 —— 这一监管始于 20 世纪 70 年代末对气溶胶喷雾罐的禁令。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 同位语处理：“the most spectacular success--the Montreal ozone agreement” 译为 “其中最显著的成功案例便是《蒙特利尔臭氧协定》”，破折号转换为中文逗号，补充 “案例” 使语义更清晰；
- 定语从句转换：“where virtually every successful international regime has had its roots in U.S. domestic law” 译为 “事实上，几乎每一个成功的国际机制都植根于美国国内法”，将地点状语从句拆分为中文短句，避免冗长；
- 术语精准：“domestic political consensus” 译为 “国内政治共识”，“international regime” 译为 “国际机制”，“chlorofluorocarbons” 译为 “含氯氟烃”，“ozone layer” 译为 “臭氧层”，均为政治、环境领域固定译法。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心短语翻译：“grow out of” 译为 “源于、植根于”（比 “产生于” 更贴合 “政策与法律的渊源关系”），“chief culprit” 译为 “罪魁祸首”，生动传递含氯氟烃的危害；“beginning with” 译为 “始于”，体现时间逻辑。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合 “外交政策 + 环境治理” 的学术文本调性；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “对气溶胶喷雾罐的禁令”“20 世纪 70 年代末” 等核心细节，语义传递全面无偏差。
Directions: Write an essay of at least 200 words on the topic "People should never be satisfied with what they have. They should always want something new and something different." Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Use your own reasons and specific examples to support your argument.
Satisfaction and Aspiration: A Balanced View of Human Progress
The view that people should never be satisfied with what they have and should constantly pursue something new and different has sparked widespread debate. Some argue that dissatisfaction is the driving force of human progress, while others contend that excessive pursuit leads to endless anxiety. From my perspective, a balanced attitude is essential: we should cherish what we have while maintaining reasonable aspirations for new things, as this balance fuels both personal growth and social advancement.
Reasonable dissatisfaction with the status quo is indeed the catalyst for progress. Throughout history, human civilization has advanced precisely because of the desire to transcend existing limitations. For example, scientists were not satisfied with the limitations of traditional communication methods, leading to the invention of the telephone, the Internet, and other revolutionary technologies that have transformed global interaction. Similarly, artists are never content with existing artistic forms, constantly exploring new expressions and styles that enrich human culture. For individuals, dissatisfaction with one’s current capabilities motivates self-improvement—whether learning a new skill, pursuing a higher degree, or achieving career breakthroughs. This kind of positive dissatisfaction pushes people to tap into their potential and achieve greater heights.
However, blind pursuit of "something new and different" without cherishing what we have can lead to negative consequences. In modern society, many people are trapped in the "hedonic treadmill"—constantly chasing new possessions, higher social status, or fleeting trends, yet never feeling truly fulfilled. For instance, some individuals change jobs frequently in pursuit of higher salaries, neglecting the accumulation of professional experience and stable relationships. Others indulge in excessive consumption, buying unnecessary goods to satisfy temporary desires, resulting in financial burdens and environmental problems. This kind of endless pursuit breeds anxiety, greed, and a lack of contentment, undermining mental well-being and social harmony.
In conclusion, human progress requires both satisfaction and aspiration. We should appreciate the value of what we have—whether family bonds, personal achievements, or social stability—while maintaining a healthy desire for innovation and improvement. By balancing gratitude with ambition, we can achieve sustainable personal growth without falling into the trap of endless greed. This balanced attitude not only brings inner peace but also drives meaningful progress for individuals and society alike.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确立场 —— 应平衡 “珍惜现有” 与 “追求新知”，既不满足于现状，也不盲目追求新奇，这种平衡是个人与社会进步的关键；
- 主体段：先论证 “合理不满” 的积极意义（推动科技、文化进步，促进个人成长），结合科学家、艺术家的实例；再分析 “盲目追求” 的负面影响（享乐跑步机、职业浮躁、过度消费），体现辩证思维；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调 “感恩与抱负的平衡”，呼应开头的核心观点。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “catalyst for progress”“transcend existing limitations”“hedonic treadmill”“sustainable personal growth” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Similarly”“However”“For instance”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “观点 - 论证 - 总结” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“that have transformed global interaction”）、状语从句（“whether learning a new skill...”）、分词结构（“leading to the invention...”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不片面肯定或否定 “不满”，而是区分 “合理不满” 与 “盲目追求”，体现博士研究生的辩证思维与人文关怀。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 250 词左右，论证兼顾历史案例与现实场景，无冗余表述。
- 积累国际金融、政治、环境类高频学术词汇（如 default on、international regime、ozone layer），重点记忆固定搭配与术语译法；
- 强化 “动词 + 介词” 核心搭配（如 account for、default on、grow out of），结合真题语境深化理解；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “词性辨析 + 语义精准性” 考点。
- 辩证类文章需把握 “否定之否定”“对立统一” 等逻辑，关注 “dialectical negation” 等学术关键词；
- 主旨题采用 “段落核心句串联法”，避免被单一细节误导，把握文本整体逻辑递进；
- 针对科技、社会、政治类主题文章进行专项训练，熟悉相关学术术语与表达逻辑。
- 政治、环境类文本翻译需确保 “国际机制”“主权债务” 等术语精准，符合官方译法；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分定语从句、同位语，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累 “外交政策、环境治理” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 思辨类写作需明确 “二元平衡” 立场，避免片面表述；
- 论据需结合 “历史案例 + 现实场景”（如科学家创新、现代社会享乐主义），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，关联 “个人成长 + 社会进步”，体现学术视野与人文关怀。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中央党校博士研究生。
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