- If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to______ rapidly from one source language to another as well as from one subject-matter to another...
[A] change [B] transform [C] turn [D] switch
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“switch” 意为 “切换、转换”，侧重 “在不同事物、状态或方向之间快速切换”，且常与 “from...to...” 搭配，句意为 “如果他主要作为信息翻译员工作（例如在一家工业公司），他应具备灵活的思维，能够快速从一种源语言切换到另一种源语言，同时也能从一个主题切换到另一个主题”，完美契合 “翻译工作中语言与主题快速转换” 的语境逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “change”（改变）语义宽泛，侧重 “本质或状态的改变”，不强调 “快速切换” 的动作；
- B “transform”（转变）侧重 “形态、性质的彻底改变”，如将原材料转化为产品，与 “语言 / 主题转换” 无关；
- C “turn”（转变）虽可与 “from...to...” 搭配，但更侧重 “方向、态度的转变”，如 turn from dislike to like，不适合描述语言与主题的切换。
- 学术扩展：“switch” 是考博英语高频学术与实用场景词汇，常用于描述 “语言、设备、主题、方法” 等的快速切换，常见搭配包括 “switch between...and...”“switch to...”，适配翻译、学术研究等需要多任务切换的场景，需重点记忆其与 “change”“transform” 的语义边界，避免语境误用。
Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher... Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery... According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant... This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.
- The passage answers which of the following questions?
[A] What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?
[B] When do dead cells harm plant growth?
[C] How does water get to the tops of trees?
[D] Why is root pressure weak?
- 主旨定位与逻辑推导
原文核心围绕 “高大植物（如树木）中水分如何运输到顶端” 展开：先提出 “大气压仅能支撑 10 米高水柱，而树木能将水分输送至百米高空” 的疑问，随后否定 “植物细胞泵动”“根压” 等假说，最终提出 “内聚 - 张力理论” 解释水分运输机制，选项 C 精准概括全文核心议题，是文章明确回答的问题。
- 干扰项排除
- A “大气压对树叶的影响” 原文仅提及大气压支撑水柱的高度，未涉及对树叶的具体影响；
- B “死细胞何时损害植物生长” 原文仅提到 “细胞死亡的植物茎干仍能输送水分”，未讨论死细胞对生长的危害；
- D “根压为何微弱” 原文仅指出根压不足以将水分输送至树顶，未解释其微弱的原因。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “主旨问答类” 题目需关注 “提出疑问 - 否定旧假说 - 提出新理论” 的学术文本结构，本题中 “cohesion-tension theory（内聚 - 张力理论）” 是核心学术术语，需重点把握学术文章中 “问题 - 解决方案” 的逻辑链，避免被局部细节误导。
没人否认创造力的重要性。的确，今后当几乎所有的标准程序均由计算机来完成时，创造力会被证明为更重要。然而，创造力与智力不能等同起来。一位专家的聪明才智可 能表现在一个或几个领域，但他对革新不一定感兴趣，或在这方面不一定成功。与此相 似，尽管革新要求一定程度的心智，但我们没有发现智力测试与创造力测试两者之间的 重要联系。的确，创造力好像更依赖于某种气质和个性 - 一敢于冒险，吃苦耐劳，锲而 不舍，但首先要有改变现状，对社会留下深远影响的愿望，而不是提高各种信息处理的 效率。
No one denies the importance of creativity. Indeed, in the future, when almost all standard procedures are completed by computers, creativity will prove to be even more crucial. However, creativity cannot be equated with intelligence. An expert's intellectual ability may manifest in one or several fields, but he may not be interested in innovation or succeed in this regard. Similarly, although innovation requires a certain level of mental capacity, we have not found a significant correlation between intelligence tests and creativity tests. Indeed, creativity seems to rely more on certain temperaments and personalities—daring to take risks, being hardworking and resilient, but above all, having the desire to change the status quo and leave a profound impact on society, rather than merely improving the efficiency of various information processing.
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 被动语态转换：“标准程序均由计算机来完成” 译为 “standard procedures are completed by computers”，符合英文被动语态的表达习惯；
- 逻辑连接：“的确” 译为 “Indeed”，“然而” 译为 “However”，“与此相似” 译为 “Similarly”，“的确” 译为 “Indeed”，清晰传递原文的递进、转折、类比逻辑；
- 破折号处理：将中文破折号后的解释内容译为 “—daring to take risks...”，保留解释逻辑，符合英文表达规范。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“创造力” 译为 “creativity”（学术固定表达），“智力” 译为 “intelligence”，“革新” 译为 “innovation”，“智力测试” 译为 “intelligence tests”，“信息处理” 译为 “information processing”，均符合学术文本规范；
- 语义传递：“吃苦耐劳，锲而不舍” 译为 “hardworking and resilient”，精准传递品质内涵；“改变现状” 译为 “change the status quo”，“留下深远影响” 译为 “leave a profound impact”，表达地道。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合 “创造力与智力关系” 的学术讨论语境，避免口语化表达；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “敢于冒险”“改变现状”“信息处理效率” 等核心细节，语义传递全面无偏差。
Directions: Write a passage of about 150 words on the topic "The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens."
The True Strength of a Country Lies in Tolerating Citizens' Challenges
The true strength of a country is not merely reflected in its economic power or military might, but more importantly in its government's willingness to tolerate challenges from citizens. This tolerance embodies a country's confidence and maturity, laying the foundation for long-term stability and progress.
A government that accepts citizens' challenges can better understand public needs and correct its shortcomings. For example, constructive criticisms and rational protests from citizens often reveal social problems that may be overlooked. By listening to these voices, the government can adjust policies to better serve the people. This interactive mechanism not only enhances public trust in the government but also promotes social harmony. Moreover, tolerance of challenges encourages citizens' participation in public affairs, fostering a sense of responsibility and patriotism. When citizens feel their voices are valued, they are more willing to contribute to national development.
In conclusion, a government's tolerance of citizens' challenges is a sign of national strength. It enables the country to identify problems, improve governance, and unite people. Only by embracing different voices can a country achieve sustainable development and truly demonstrate its inherent strength.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确立场 —— 国家的真正实力不仅体现在经济军事，更在于政府容忍公民挑战的意愿，这是国家自信与成熟的体现；
- 主体段：从 “了解民意、完善政策”“鼓励公民参与、凝聚民心” 两个维度论证，结合 “建设性批评揭示社会问题” 的实例，增强说服力；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调容忍挑战对国家治理与团结的重要性，呼应开头核心观点。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “embodies”“constructive criticisms”“interactive mechanism”“governance”“sustainable development” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “For example”“Moreover”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “观点 - 论证 - 总结” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“that may be overlooked”）、状语从句（“When citizens feel their voices are valued”）、被动语态（“are valued”“can be adjusted”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不局限于 “容忍挑战” 的表面意义，深入分析其对 “政策优化、社会团结” 的深层价值，体现博士研究生的思辨深度与社会视野。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 150 词左右，论证兼顾理论与实践，无冗余表述。
- 积累 “from...to...”“switch between...” 等核心固定搭配，结合语境判断词汇适配性；
- 强化 “逻辑连接词 + 语义推导” 能力，通过上下文逻辑（如转折、递进）排除干扰项；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “近义词辨析 + 场景适配” 考点。
- 科普类文章需关注 “提出疑问 - 否定旧说 - 提出新理论” 的学术结构，精准捕捉核心答案；
- 针对植物学、社会学、经济学等主题文章进行专项训练，熟悉相关学术术语与表达逻辑；
- 提升 “关键词定位 + 语义转换” 能力，避免被无关细节误导。
- 思辨类文本翻译需确保 “创造力”“智力测试” 等术语精准，符合学术规范；
- 处理中文长句时，合理拆分逻辑层次，使用英文从句、分词结构优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累 “社会治理、创新发展” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 社会类写作需明确核心立场，避免片面表述，如本题中 “容忍挑战是国家实力的体现”；
- 论据需结合社会现实实例（如政策调整、公民参与），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，关联 “国家治理、可持续发展” 等深层价值，体现学术视野与格局。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中国矿业大学（北京）博士研究生。
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