- A ______ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.
[A] generous [B] spiteful [C] ruthless [D] humane
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“ruthless” 意为 “冷酷无情的、不择手段的”，侧重 “为达成目标不顾他人利益，毫无怜悯之心”，句意为 “冷酷无情的商人会不惜摧毁竞争对手”，精准契合 “摧毁竞争对手” 所体现的极端商业竞争逻辑，语义与语境高度匹配。
- 干扰项排除
- A “generous”（慷慨的）与 “摧毁竞争对手” 的行为逻辑完全相反，属于反向干扰；
- B “spiteful”（恶意的、怀恨的）侧重 “因怨恨而故意加害他人”，而题干强调 “商业竞争中的目标导向型冷酷”，并非个人怨恨驱动；
- D “humane”（人道的）与题干语义矛盾，人道的商人不会采取 “摧毁竞争对手” 的极端手段。
- 学术扩展：“ruthless” 是考博英语高频学术与实用场景词汇，常用于描述商业竞争、政治博弈等语境，需重点区分其与 “spiteful”“cruel” 的语义边界 ——“ruthless” 强调 “目标导向的冷酷”，“spiteful” 强调 “怨恨驱动的恶意”，“cruel” 侧重 “对他人痛苦的漠视”。
A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.
- According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.
[A] rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spending
[B] try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend money
[C] carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes and money spending motives
[D] do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出：“要预测消费者的消费方式，必须研究消费者行为，同时获取消费者资源与消费动机相关数据”。选项 C 是对这一核心表述的精准概括，既包含 “研究消费者行为”，又涵盖 “获取收入与动机数据”，完全契合原文逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “依赖传统假设” 与原文后文 “传统假设并非总是可靠” 的表述矛盾，属于反向干扰；
- B “鼓励或阻止消费者消费” 是 “影响消费” 的行为，而非 “预测消费方式” 的方法，语义偏差；
- D “在实验室进行经济心理学研究” 原文未提及，实验室研究与 “研究消费者行为、获取实际数据” 的核心要求不符，属于无中生有。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “细节题” 需关注 “必要条件类” 表述（如 must），本题中 “must study...”“must obtain...” 是解题关键信号，需精准捕捉 “预测消费方式” 的核心前提，避免被无关选项误导。
If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient.
倘若我能重返少年时光，我会更常锤炼坚韧不拔的品格，绝不因事情艰难或麻烦而轻言放弃。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 虚拟语气转换：“If I were a boy again” 译为 “倘若我能重返少年时光”，将英文虚拟语气转化为中文符合语境的假设表达，自然流畅；
- 词汇精准：“practice perseverance” 译为 “锤炼坚韧不拔的品格”，比直译 “练习坚持” 更贴合中文表达习惯，“hard or inconvenient” 译为 “艰难或麻烦”，精准传递两层语义；
- 逻辑强化：“never give up a thing because...” 译为 “绝不因…… 而轻言放弃”，通过 “轻言” 增强语气，体现对 “放弃” 的否定态度。
- 语义完整与语体适配
- 无遗漏核心语义：完整保留 “重返少年、锤炼坚持、不因艰难 / 麻烦放弃” 等关键信息；
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合原文 “人生感悟” 的语境，避免口语化表达。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语法严谨：准确传递虚拟语气的假设含义，语义无偏差；
- 表达流畅：符合中文 “假设 + 行动 + 态度” 的表达逻辑，读起来自然连贯。
Directions: It is more and more difficult for university graduates to find satisfying jobs. Thus government is encouraging the graduates to create their own career: establishing small companies, opening mini-stores and so on, and giving them favorable bank loans. What is your comment on the government’s policy? And Give more suggestions to the graduates. Please write an essay in no less than 200 words.
Government’s Entrepreneurship Policy for Graduates: A Valuable Boost to Employment
In recent years, the increasingly fierce job market has made it a great challenge for university graduates to secure satisfying jobs. In response, the government’s policy of encouraging graduates to start their own businesses—supported by favorable bank loans—has emerged as a pragmatic and effective measure to alleviate employment pressure, which deserves full recognition.
This policy brings multiple benefits. Firstly, it provides graduates with more career choices beyond traditional employment, allowing them to turn their innovative ideas into practical careers. For example, many tech-savvy graduates have established small digital companies or online stores, leveraging their professional skills to create value. Secondly, entrepreneurship drives economic vitality, as new businesses can create job opportunities for other graduates and promote industrial innovation. The favorable loan policy also reduces the financial burden on graduates, lowering the threshold for starting a business.
However, graduates need to make thorough preparations to succeed in entrepreneurship. Firstly, they should accumulate professional knowledge and practical experience during their studies, such as participating in internships or entrepreneurship training programs. Secondly, conducting in-depth market research is essential to understand market demand and avoid blind investment. Thirdly, graduates should enhance their comprehensive abilities, including management, communication, and risk-taking. Additionally, seeking guidance from experienced entrepreneurs or experts can help them navigate potential challenges.
In conclusion, the government’s entrepreneurship policy is a positive response to the employment dilemma of graduates. It not only eases employment pressure but also fosters innovation and economic development. Graduates should seize this opportunity, make adequate preparations, and bravely pursue entrepreneurship. With the combination of government support and personal efforts, more graduates will achieve success in their entrepreneurial careers.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明就业现状与政府政策，明确立场 —— 政策务实有效，值得肯定；
- 主体段：先分析政策优势（拓展就业选择、驱动经济活力、降低创业门槛），结合实例；再给毕业生提建议（积累知识经验、开展市场调研、提升综合能力、寻求指导），逻辑清晰；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调政策价值与毕业生个人努力的结合，呼应开头。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “alleviate employment pressure”“pragmatic and effective”“leverage professional skills”“navigate potential challenges” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Firstly/Secondly/Additionally”“However”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “政策评价 - 建议” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“which deserves full recognition”）、状语从句（“as new businesses can create...”）、分词结构（“leveraging their professional skills”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：既肯定政策价值，又不忽视毕业生创业需具备的条件，体现辩证思维与现实关怀。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 220 词左右，论证兼顾政策分析与实践建议，无冗余表述。
- 积累商业、经济、心理类高频词汇（如 ruthless、perseverance、entrepreneurship），重点记忆其语义与场景适配性；
- 强化 “近义词辨析”，结合真题语境区分 “冷酷的、恶意的、人道的” 等语义差异，避免用词偏差；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “形容词 + 名词” 固定搭配与学术场景化应用。
- 经济、心理类文章需关注 “研究方法 - 核心结论 - 数据支撑” 的逻辑链，精准捕捉关键信息；
- 针对商业竞争、消费者行为、就业政策等主题文章进行专项训练，熟悉相关学术术语与表达逻辑；
- 提升 “题干关键词定位 + 选项排除” 能力，区分 “必要条件与充分条件”“原文表述与过度延伸”。
- 人生感悟、政策类翻译需确保 “虚拟语气、并列结构” 的精准转换，积累 “锤炼品格、轻言放弃” 等中文地道表达；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分逻辑层次，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累 “人生哲理、社会政策” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 社会热点类写作需遵循 “现状 - 政策评价 - 建议” 的结构，观点明确，论证充分；
- 论据需结合实例（如毕业生创业案例），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，关联 “经济发展、个人成长” 等深层价值，体现学术视野与社会责任感。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中央财经大学博士研究生。
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