Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he's reimbursed... Combine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.
- Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have ______
[A] increase their income by working overtime
[B] improve their expertise and service
[C] make various deals with specialists
[D] see more patients at the expense of quality
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出：医生的薪酬与提供的医疗服务数量挂钩，“做得越多，报销越多”，而政府威胁无差别削减报销额度，导致医生 “别无选择只能通过增加数量来提高收入”。同时补充说明 “拒绝妥协质量的初级护理医生会被市场淘汰”，反向印证多数医生会选择 “以质量为代价增加患者数量”，选项 D 精准匹配这一核心逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “通过加班增加收入” 原文未提及，原文强调 “增加服务数量” 而非 “延长工作时间”，语义偏差；
- B “提升专业技能与服务” 与 “增加数量以增收” 的核心逻辑相悖，提升质量无法直接应对报销削减带来的收入压力；
- C “与专科医生达成各种交易” 属于无中生有，原文未涉及医生间的交易行为。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “因果逻辑题” 需关注 “事实 + 结果” 的链条，本题中 “薪酬机制 + 政府政策” 是因，“医生选择增加数量牺牲质量” 是果，这类 “制度性因素对个体行为的影响” 是学术文本高频主题，需精准捕捉核心因果关联。
For this reason, they ______ students to meet others with differing ______ and to read widely to ______ their understanding in many fields of study.
45. [A] broaden [B] lengthen [C] enforce [D] specify
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“broaden” 意为 “拓宽、扩大”，侧重 “范围、视野、理解等维度的拓展”，与宾语 “their understanding in many fields of study”（在多个研究领域的理解）形成固定搭配，句意为 “广泛阅读以拓宽在多个研究领域的理解”，语义精准且符合学术语境。
- 干扰项排除
- B “lengthen” 意为 “延长”，侧重 “时间、长度的增加”，无法与 “理解” 搭配；
- C “enforce” 意为 “强制执行、加强”，侧重 “通过压力或手段使某事生效”，如 “enforce laws”，与 “理解” 搭配语义不通；
- D “specify” 意为 “明确、具体说明”，侧重 “细化内容”，如 “specify requirements”，与 “广泛阅读” 带来的 “理解拓展” 逻辑矛盾。
- 学术扩展：“broaden” 是考博英语高频学术词汇，常用搭配包括 “broaden one’s horizons（拓宽视野）”“broaden the scope of research（扩大研究范围）”，在学术写作中常用于描述 “知识、能力、研究领域” 的拓展，是体现学术视野的核心词汇。
Several years ago, a former Saudi oil minister issued what has since become an oft-quoted prophecy: "The Stone Age did not end for lack of stone, and the Oil Age will end long before the world runs out of oil." It was a lament, an acknowledgement that a day of reckoning was coming that would change the global balance of wealth and power. A fluke of geology had made the vast emptiness of the Saudi desert the number one source of the most important commodity on earth. But the good times would not, and could not, last forever, and he knew it.
几年前，沙特前石油部长发表了一则如今被广泛引用的预言：“石器时代的终结并非因为缺乏石头，而石油时代也将在全球石油耗尽之前早早落幕。” 这既是一声哀叹，也承认了清算之日即将到来 —— 这一天将重塑全球财富与权力的平衡。地质上的偶然造就了沙特沙漠这片广袤荒原，使其成为全球最重要大宗商品的第一大供应地。但这位部长深知，这样的美好时光不会、也不可能永远持续下去。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 复合句拆分：将含同位语从句的长句 “It was a lament, an acknowledgement that...” 拆分为 “这既是一声哀叹，也承认了……”，用破折号衔接后续定语从句，避免中文长句堆砌，逻辑更清晰；
- 引语处理：准确传递预言的对比逻辑（“并非因为…… 而……”），保留原文的警示意味；
- 语义补充：“a fluke of geology” 译为 “地质上的偶然”，比直译 “地质的侥幸” 更符合学术表达习惯；“day of reckoning” 译为 “清算之日”，精准传递 “因果报应、终局到来” 的深层含义。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“oft-quoted” 译为 “广泛引用的”（学术固定表达），“commodity” 译为 “大宗商品”（经济类学术术语），“global balance of wealth and power” 译为 “全球财富与权力的平衡”，术语精准且符合文本主题；
- 情感传递：“lament” 译为 “哀叹”，体现部长对石油时代终结的惋惜与无奈，贴合原文情感基调。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合 “能源政策与全球格局” 的学术讨论语境，避免口语化表达；
- 逻辑连贯：通过 “但”“而” 等连接词，自然体现原文的转折与对比逻辑，中文表达流畅且忠实原文。
Directions: Write an essay about 150 words on the following topic. The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1950, 1970 and 1990. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph and giving possible reasons for the change of the modes.
Changes in Modes of Transport for Commuting in a European City (1950-1990)
The graph illustrates the variations in commuting transport modes in a European city over three decades (1950, 1970, 1990). Overall, significant shifts are observed: the use of buses and bicycles declined sharply, while car usage surged dramatically, and walking remained relatively stable.
In 1950, buses were the dominant transport mode, accounting for around 40% of commutes, followed by bicycles (30%) and walking (25%), with cars used by merely 5% of people. By 1970, car usage had risen to 25%, while bus and bicycle use dropped to 30% and 20% respectively. By 1990, cars became the most popular choice, representing over 45% of commutes, whereas buses and bicycles further decreased to 20% and 10% respectively.
Several factors contribute to these changes. Firstly, economic growth in Europe during this period enabled more households to afford cars, making private transport more convenient. Secondly, urban expansion led to longer commuting distances, which made bicycles and walking less practical. Finally, the development of road infrastructure and the lack of efficient public transport improvement also promoted car usage. These shifts reflect the impact of economic development and urbanization on people’s travel choices.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：总述图表核心信息 ——1950-1990 年该欧洲城市通勤方式的显著变化（公交、自行车下降，汽车激增，步行稳定）；
- 主体段：分阶段描述数据变化，通过具体比例对比（1950 年公交占比 40% vs 1990 年汽车占比 45%），清晰呈现趋势；
- 结尾段：从经济增长、城市扩张、基础设施发展三个维度分析变化原因，体现 “数据 - 原因” 的逻辑关联。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “illustrates”“variations”“dominant”“surged”“urban expansion”“infrastructure” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 数据表达：通过 “accounting for”“followed by”“rose to”“decreased to” 等短语精准描述数据，避免重复；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Overall”“By 1970”“By 1990”“Firstly/Secondly/Finally” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “总 - 分 - 总” 逻辑链；
- 观点深刻：结合经济、城市、基础设施等宏观因素分析变化，体现博士研究生对 “社会现象与深层原因” 的关联思考。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语图表作文 “数据描述准确、逻辑清晰、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 155 词左右，无冗余表述，完全契合题目要求。
- 经济、社会类文章需关注 “制度 - 行为 - 结果” 的逻辑链，精准捕捉核心因果关系；
- 针对数据类、观点类文本进行专项训练，熟悉学术文本的表达逻辑与信号词（如 however、therefore、as a result）；
- 提升 “选项与原文语义匹配” 能力，区分 “事实表述与过度延伸”，避免主观臆断。
- 积累经济、科技、教育类高频学术词汇（如 broaden、commodity、infrastructure），重点记忆其搭配与语境适配性；
- 强化 “动词 + 名词” 固定搭配训练（如 broaden understanding、enforce laws），避免语法错误；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “近义词辨析” 与 “学术场景化应用” 考点。
- 经济、能源类翻译需确保 “大宗商品”“基础设施” 等术语精准，积累相关主题词汇；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分复合句，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 关注引语翻译的准确性，既要传递字面含义，也要还原原文的情感与语气。
- 图表作文需遵循 “总述趋势 - 分述数据 - 分析原因” 的结构，数据描述精准且简洁；
- 原因分析需结合宏观因素（经济、社会、政策），体现思维的深度与广度；
- 运用学术化表达与逻辑连接词，提升文本的专业性与流畅度，符合博士研究生的学术写作要求。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸重庆大学博士研究生。
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