Yellow fever appeared to be on the way out, at least in the Americas. Then there occurred an outbreak in a country district in Brazil... But there were no city-type mosquitoes, not one... So it was learned that these blue mosquitoes, relatively rare on the floor of the jungle, exist in great numbers in the treetops... If the man bitten by an infected mosquito then returns to a city where there are mosquitoes of the city type, he may start again the pattern of man to mosquito to man.
- An interesting finding in this story is that ______
[A] only one type of mosquitoes carries yellow fever
[B] at least two types of mosquitoes carry yellow fever
[C] any mosquitoes can carry the disease
[D] monkeys are necessary in keeping yellow fever going
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出两类传播黄热病的蚊子:一是 “城市型蚊子”(城市传播链的载体),二是 “蓝色蚊子”(丛林传播链的核心载体,栖息于树冠)。两类蚊子分别参与 “人 - 蚊 - 人” 和 “猴 - 蚊 - 猴”(可交叉感染人类)的传播模式,证明至少有两种蚊子携带黄热病病毒,选项 B 精准匹配这一核心发现。
- 干扰项排除
- A “仅一种蚊子携带” 与原文提及的 “城市型” 和 “蓝色” 两类蚊子矛盾,属于反向干扰;
- C “任何蚊子均可携带” 表述绝对化,原文仅明确两类特定蚊子的传播作用,未提及 “所有蚊子”;
- D “猴子是维持黄热病传播的必要条件” 虽提及猴子是丛林传播链的宿主,但城市传播链可脱离猴子(人 - 蚊 - 人),故 “必要条件” 表述错误。
- 学术扩展:考博英语阅读理解 “医学类文本” 常聚焦 “疾病传播机制”,解题需关注 “分类逻辑 + 传播链”,本题中 “城市型 vs 丛林型蚊子” 的分类是核心线索,这类 “多载体、多传播路径” 的表述是医学学术文本的典型特征,需精准捕捉分类信息。
- A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily ________.
[A] diminished [B] alleviated [C] replaced [D] abolished
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“alleviated” 意为 “减轻、缓解”,侧重 “减轻痛苦、压力等负面感受或状态”,与宾语 “terrible pain”(剧烈疼痛)形成固定搭配,句意为 “晚期喉癌患者承受的剧烈疼痛已无法被满意缓解”,精准契合医学语境中 “疼痛管理” 的核心场景。
- 干扰项排除
- A “diminished” 意为 “减少、降低”,侧重 “数量、规模的缩减”,如 “diminish the risk”,无法与 “疼痛” 搭配;
- C “replaced” 意为 “替代”,疼痛无法被 “替代”,语义逻辑不通;
- D “abolished” 意为 “废除、取消”,多用于 “制度、政策” 等抽象事物,如 “abolish a law”,与 “疼痛” 搭配完全不成立。
- 学术扩展:“alleviate” 是医学英语高频核心词汇,常用搭配包括 “alleviate pain/symptoms/discomfort”(缓解疼痛 / 症状 / 不适),在医学论文、病例报告中高频出现,博士阶段学术写作与阅读需重点掌握这类 “症状干预” 相关词汇。
Among all cancers, lung cancer is the biggest killer: more than 100,000 Americans die of the disease each year. Giving up smoking is one way to reduce the risk, but another answer may lie in the kitchen, according to a report in the British medical journal The Lancet. Since 1957, a team of researchers has monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of 2,000 middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co. in Chicago. The study showed little correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and the consumption of foods containing vitamin A. But the data on carotene intake revealed a significant relationship. Among the 488 men who had the lowest carotene consumption, there were 14 cases of lung cancer; in a group of the same size that ate the most carotene, only two cases developed.
在所有癌症中,肺癌是头号杀手:每年有超过 10 万美国人死于该疾病。根据英国医学期刊《柳叶刀》的一篇报道,戒烟是降低患病风险的一种方式,但另一种解决方案可能藏在日常饮食中。自 1957 年起,一组研究人员对芝加哥西部电气公司的 2000 名中年男性展开追踪,监测他们的饮食习惯与病史。研究表明,肺癌的发病率与含维生素 A 食物的摄入量之间几乎无相关性,但关于胡萝卜素摄入量的数据却揭示了显著关联:在 488 名胡萝卜素摄入量最低的男性中,出现了 14 例肺癌病例;而在规模相同的胡萝卜素摄入量最高的群体中,仅发现 2 例肺癌病例。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 医学术语精准:“biggest killer” 译为 “头号杀手”(符合医学科普文本表达习惯),“incidence” 译为 “发病率”(医学固定术语),“correlation” 译为 “相关性”(统计学术语);
- 长句拆分:将 “Since 1957... in Chicago” 拆分为 “自 1957 年起... 展开追踪,监测他们的饮食习惯与病史”,避免英文长句直译导致的中文表达冗长;
- 数据呈现清晰:用冒号衔接 “关联” 的具体数据,分号分隔两组对比数据,符合中文 “先结论后数据” 的表达逻辑,便于读者理解。
- 语义完整与语境适配
- 无遗漏核心信息:完整保留 “研究时长、研究对象、两组数据对比” 等关键细节,未丢失 “another answer may lie in the kitchen” 的比喻义(译为 “藏在日常饮食中”,贴合中文表达);
- 语体一致性:采用正式书面语,契合医学期刊报道的学术语境,避免口语化表达,如 “giving up smoking” 译为 “戒烟”(而非 “放弃吸烟”),“developed” 译为 “出现 / 发现”(贴合病例表述)。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 逻辑连贯:通过 “但”“而” 等连接词,清晰呈现 “维生素 A 无关联 vs 胡萝卜素有显著关联” 的对比关系;
- 语法严谨:时态转换准确(现在完成时 “has monitored” 译为 “展开追踪”,体现研究的持续性),数据表述精准(“the same size” 译为 “规模相同”)。
Directions: Write a composition not less than 150 words on the topic "Information In the Modern Society" based on the outline: 1) Present situation; 2) Importance of information; 3) Suggestions.
Information In the Modern Society
In today’s world, information has become an indispensable resource, permeating every aspect of social life. With the rapid development of the Internet, big data, and artificial intelligence, information dissemination has achieved unprecedented speed and scope. People can access global news, academic research, and daily services with just a few clicks on electronic devices. However, the information explosion also brings challenges: false information spreads rapidly, information overload causes decision fatigue, and data security risks threaten personal and public interests. This dual situation defines the current information landscape.
The importance of information cannot be overstated, especially in academic and professional fields. For medical researchers, timely access to the latest clinical trials and research findings is crucial for advancing disease treatment and drug development. For doctors, accurate patient information and medical guidelines directly affect diagnosis and treatment outcomes. In social governance, information transparency enhances public trust, while efficient information sharing improves emergency response capabilities—such as the role of epidemic data in fighting public health crises. In essence, information has become a core driver of progress in science, medicine, and society.
To maximize the value of information and address its challenges, targeted measures are needed. Firstly, individuals should cultivate media literacy, learning to distinguish true from false information and avoid being misled. Secondly, governments and relevant institutions should strengthen information regulation, crack down on false information, and improve data security protection systems. Thirdly, academic and professional communities should promote open and standardized information sharing, ensuring that valuable data and research results are accessible to those in need. By building a healthy information ecosystem, we can fully leverage the power of information to promote individual development and social progress.
- 结构框架
- 开头段:描绘信息时代的现状 —— 信息渗透生活、传播高效,但伴随虚假信息、过载、安全风险等挑战,体现辩证视角;
- 主体段:聚焦信息的核心重要性,结合医学科研、临床诊疗、社会治理实例,突出其在专业领域的不可替代性;
- 结尾段:从个人、政府、专业社群三个维度提出建议,构建 “问题 - 解决方案” 的完整逻辑,呼应开头的挑战。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇:使用 “indispensable”“permeating”“dissemination”“epidemic data”“ecosystem” 等学术表达,贴合博士阶段学术写作要求;
- 逻辑衔接:通过 “However”“Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly”“By building” 等连接词,构建清晰的 “现状 - 重要性 - 建议” 逻辑链;
- 实例适配:结合医学领域(临床研究、诊疗、疫情防控)实例,贴合重庆医科大学考博的专业背景,体现学术针对性;
- 观点深刻:不局限于泛泛谈信息重要性,而是结合专业场景与现实挑战,提出可落地的解决方案,展现思辨深度。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求,字数控制在 180 词左右,论证兼顾理论与实例,无冗余表述,完全契合题目要求。
- 医学类文章需关注 “疾病机制、研究方法、数据结论” 的核心逻辑链,精准捕捉 “分类、对比、因果” 等学术文本特征;
- 针对 “医学研究、公共卫生、健康科普” 等主题进行专项训练,积累相关学术术语(如 incidence、correlation、epidemic);
- 提升 “数据类细节题” 的解题能力,重点关注研究对象、样本量、对比结果等关键信息,避免被干扰项误导。
- 重点积累 “症状描述、治疗干预、研究统计” 类医学高频词汇(如 alleviate、incidence、diagnosis),结合真题例句记忆搭配;
- 强化 “动词 + 名词” 固定搭配训练(如 alleviate pain、monitor habits、promote sharing),避免语法错误;
- 建立词汇错题本,重点突破 “近义词辨析”(如 alleviate/diminish/abolish),结合医学语境深化理解。
- 医学类翻译需确保 “术语精准 + 数据清晰”,积累 “发病率、临床试验、数据相关性” 等固定译法;
- 处理英文长句时,合理拆分 “研究背景 - 方法 - 结果” 的逻辑层次,使用中文短句优化表达,保持学术严谨性;
- 关注医学文本的 “客观陈述” 特征,避免主观情感色彩,确保译文忠实原文。
- 社会热点类写作需结合医学专业背景(如信息在医疗、科研中的应用),体现专业视野与针对性;
- 遵循 “现状 - 重要性 - 建议” 的结构,建议部分分维度展开,确保逻辑清晰、可落地;
- 运用学术化表达与逻辑连接词,提升文本专业性,符合博士研究生的学术写作规范。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法,考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力,助力顺利上岸重庆医科大学博士研究生。