Just about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits... Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago... In the 1980s, people would like to go after the products...
- In the 1980s, people would like to go after the products ______
[A] that were most expensive [B] that were up-to-date
[C] that could show their status [D] that were in fashion
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确对比了 80 年代与当下的消费趋势：80 年代营销活动让商家能高价售品，而现在消费者更倾向于 “性价比高的产品”，而非 “几年前渴望的身份象征”。反向推导可知，80 年代人们追捧的是 “能彰显身份地位的产品”，选项 C 精准匹配这一核心逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “最昂贵的产品” 表述绝对化，原文仅强调 “商家高价售品”，未提及 “最昂贵” 是核心追求，语义偏差；
- B “最新款的产品”、D “流行的产品” 均未在原文中提及，属于无中生有，原文核心关键词是 “status symbol（身份象征）”，而非 “新款” 或 “流行”。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “对比类细节题” 需关注 “时间节点 + 核心语义对比”，本题中 “the Eighties” 与 “now” 是关键时间标志，“status symbol” 与 “delivers the most for the money” 是核心语义对比，这类 “时代消费趋势变化” 是学术文本高频主题，需精准捕捉核心特征词。
- This can ______ something that the students may not have comprehended in English.
[A] Signify [B] specify [C] clarify [D] testify
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“clarify” 意为 “阐明、澄清”，侧重 “将模糊、不易理解的内容解释清楚”，与宾语 “学生可能未用英语理解的内容” 形成精准搭配，句意为 “这能阐明学生可能未用英语理解的某些内容”，符合 “解释疑难、辅助理解” 的语境逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “signify” 意为 “象征、意味着”，侧重 “表示某种意义或信号”，如 “Dark clouds signify rain”，与 “解释理解难点” 语义无关；
- B “specify” 意为 “明确说明、具体指明”，侧重 “细化内容或要求”，如 “specify the requirements”，无法与 “未理解的内容” 搭配；
- D “testify” 意为 “作证、证明”，侧重 “通过证据证实事实”，如 “testify to the truth”，语义与语境完全不符。
- 学术扩展：“clarify” 是考博英语高频学术词汇，常用搭配包括 “clarify a concept（阐明概念）”“clarify doubts（澄清疑问）”，在学术写作与阅读中常用于 “解释难点、明确逻辑”，是体现学术表达精准性的核心词汇，需重点掌握其与近义词 “explain”“illustrate” 的语义差异（“clarify” 更侧重 “澄清模糊点”，“explain” 侧重 “全面解释”，“illustrate” 侧重 “举例说明”）。
Human activities have exerted an unprecedented impact on the natural environment, triggering a series of ecological crises such as global warming, biodiversity loss and resource depletion. It is imperative for humanity to re-examine the relationship with nature and pursue a path of sustainable development.
人类活动已对自然环境产生了前所未有的影响，引发了全球变暖、生物多样性丧失、资源枯竭等一系列生态危机。人类亟需重新审视与自然的关系，走可持续发展之路。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 分词结构处理：“triggering a series of ecological crises” 译为 “引发了…… 一系列生态危机”，用逗号衔接主句与结果状语，符合中文 “主句 + 结果” 的表达逻辑；
- 术语精准：“biodiversity loss” 译为 “生物多样性丧失”（学术固定译法），“resource depletion” 译为 “资源枯竭”，“sustainable development” 译为 “可持续发展”，确保学术术语准确性；
- 语义强化：“It is imperative for humanity to...” 译为 “人类亟需……”，比直译 “对人类来说必须……” 更符合中文正式表达习惯，突出紧迫性。
- 语义完整与语境适配
- 无遗漏核心信息：完整保留 “前所未有的影响”“一系列生态危机”“重新审视关系”“可持续发展” 等关键语义；
- 语体一致性：采用学术书面语，契合 “生态环境” 主题的严肃语境，避免口语化表达。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 逻辑连贯：通过 “引发了”“亟需” 等词汇，清晰传递 “问题 - 解决方案” 的逻辑链；
- 语法严谨：准确处理被动语态 “have exerted an unprecedented impact”（译为主动态 “产生了前所未有的影响”），符合中文表达习惯。
Directions: Write a composition of at least 300 words on the topic "The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature".
The Relationship Between Humans and Nature: From Confrontation to Harmony
Since the dawn of civilization, humans have maintained a complex and evolving relationship with nature. Nature is the cradle of human survival and development, providing essential resources such as air, water, and minerals. However, with the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, humans have gradually deviated from the path of harmonious coexistence, treating nature as a resource to be exploited rather than a partner to be cherished. This one-sided approach has triggered severe ecological crises, posing a serious threat to both human survival and long-term development.
The history of human development is intertwined with both reliance on and exploitation of nature. In the early stages, humans lived in awe of nature, adapting to its rhythms and surviving by hunting and gathering. With the advancement of science and technology, humans gained the ability to transform nature—building dams to control floods, reclaiming land for cultivation, and developing industries to improve living standards. Yet, excessive exploitation has come at a heavy cost: deforestation has led to soil erosion and desertification, excessive emission of greenhouse gases has caused global warming, and over-extraction of resources has resulted in depletion. The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events and the sharp decline in biodiversity are nature’s warnings to humanity.
To reverse this negative trend, humans must rebuild a harmonious relationship with nature based on mutual respect and sustainable development. Firstly, the concept of "ecological civilization" should be deeply rooted in public awareness, emphasizing that humans are part of nature rather than its dominator. Secondly, governments should formulate and enforce strict environmental protection policies, restricting pollutant emissions and promoting green energy development. For example, many countries have invested heavily in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Thirdly, individuals should participate in environmental protection through daily actions—reducing energy consumption, practicing waste classification, and protecting wildlife. Additionally, international cooperation is crucial, as ecological crises such as global warming transcend national borders and require joint efforts from all countries.
In conclusion, the relationship between humans and nature is a matter of life and death for humanity. From confrontation to harmony, the transformation requires a fundamental shift in concepts, policies, and actions. By respecting nature, protecting nature, and adapting to nature, humans can achieve sustainable development and ensure a livable planet for future generations. The harmony between humans and nature is not only a goal but also the only path for human civilization to thrive.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明核心观点 —— 人类与自然的关系从依赖走向失衡，过度开发引发生态危机，强调重新审视二者关系的紧迫性；
- 主体段：追溯人类与自然关系的演变（早期敬畏 - 科技进步后的过度开发 - 生态危机后果），结合具体生态问题（森林砍伐、温室气体排放）增强说服力；
- 结尾段：提出解决方案 —— 从意识、政策、个人、国际合作四个维度构建和谐关系，升华主题至 “人类文明可持续发展” 的高度。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “intertwined with”“deforestation”“desertification”“sustainable development”“ecological civilization” 等学术与生态类专业词汇，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “However”“Yet”“To reverse this negative trend”“Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Additionally”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “问题 - 分析 - 解决方案” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“which provides essential resources”）、分词结构（“triggering severe ecological crises”）、被动语态（“strict environmental protection policies should be formulated and enforced”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不局限于 “保护环境” 的表层呼吁，而是从 “文明演变”“人类定位” 的深层视角分析，体现博士研究生的系统思维与学术视野。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 350 词左右，论证兼顾历史演变、现实问题与未来路径，无冗余表述，完全契合题目要求。
- 社会趋势类文章需关注 “时间节点 + 核心特征变化”，如本题中 80 年代与当下的消费趋势对比，精准捕捉语义转折与因果关联；
- 针对 “细节题”，重点训练 “关键词定位 + 选项语义匹配” 能力，避免被无依据表述或绝对化选项误导；
- 积累人文社科、生态环境、经济趋势类高频学术词汇，提升文本理解效率。
- 重点积累 “阐明、证实、明确” 等功能类学术词汇（如 clarify、testify、specify），结合真题例句记忆其搭配与语义边界；
- 强化 “近义词辨析” 训练，通过真题语境区分 “clarify/explain/illustrate” 等词汇的使用场景，避免用词偏差；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “学术词汇 + 固定搭配” 考点，结合写作场景深化理解与应用。
- 生态、社会类翻译需确保 “可持续发展、生物多样性” 等学术术语精准，积累相关主题词汇；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分定语从句、分词结构，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 关注被动语态与主动语态的转换，符合中文表达习惯，同时保持学术文本的严谨性。
- 人文社科类写作需结合 “历史演变 - 现实问题 - 未来路径” 的结构，体现思维的深度与广度；
- 论据需结合具体案例（如生态危机实例、政策措施），增强说服力，避免泛泛而谈；
- 运用学术化表达与逻辑连接词，提升文本专业性，结尾段升华至 “文明发展、人类命运” 等宏观视角，符合博士研究生的学术视野与社会关怀。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸中国人民大学博士研究生。
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