- In the development of heterogeneous catalytic reactions, the ______ of catalyst active sites is critical, as it directly determines the reaction rate and product selectivity.(2008 年中科院考博英语词汇题改编)
A. identification
B. illustration
C. indication
D. imitation
- In the synthesis of solid lubricating materials, researchers need to ______ the compatibility between base materials and additive components—poor compatibility may lead to reduced friction-reducing performance and short service life.(2008 年中科院考博英语完形题改编)
A. evaluate
B. evacuate
C. evaporate
D. elaborate
Passage One
The "green catalytic oxidation technology" has become a key focus in modern chemical engineering, aiming to replace traditional high-pollution, high-energy-consumption oxidation processes with environment-friendly alternatives. Traditional oxidation reactions often rely on strong oxidants (e.g., potassium permanganate) and high-temperature conditions, which generate large amounts of toxic waste and consume excessive energy—this has long been a bottleneck for the sustainable development of fine chemical industries.
Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics recently developed a "metal-organic framework (MOF)-supported single-atom catalyst" for selective oxidation. By anchoring single palladium atoms on the MOF carrier, the catalyst achieves 98% conversion rate of cyclohexane and 95% selectivity for cyclohexanone (a key raw material for nylon production) under mild conditions (80℃, atmospheric pressure). Compared with traditional catalysts, this technology reduces energy consumption by 40% and eliminates toxic waste emissions. This innovation not only solves the pollution problem of traditional oxidation processes but also provides a feasible path for the green transformation of the chemical industry.
- What is the key advantage of the "MOF-supported single-atom catalyst" in selective oxidation?(2008 年中科院考博英语阅读题改编)
A. It lowers the cost of raw materials for cyclohexane production.
B. It improves reaction efficiency and reduces environmental pollution.
C. It simplifies the process of catalyst preparation.
D. It extends the service life of reaction equipment.
(1) The application of ionic liquids in green chemical synthesis is not only conducive to solving the problem of volatile organic solvent pollution but also plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and selectivity of chemical reactions.(2008 年中科院考博英语翻译题改编)
TOPIC: Discuss the role of advanced catalytic materials in promoting the green and low-carbon development of the chemical industry. Please support your argument with specific examples.(2026 年考博英语热点预测题,参照中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所命题规律)
- 考点定位:本题考查名词词义辨析与多相催化反应研究语境适配,核心是 “匹配‘催化剂活性位点’与‘反应效率调控’的逻辑关联”,属于考博英语词汇题中 “学术场景 + 词义精准度” 的典型题型,占词汇部分总分值的 10%(0.5/5 分)。
- 选项拆解与排除:
- A. identification(识别;鉴定):核心含义为 “通过技术手段确认事物的属性或位置”,与 “多相催化研究中识别催化剂活性位点以调控反应速率和选择性” 的专业逻辑完全契合,“identification of catalyst active sites”(催化剂活性位点识别)是催化化学的核心研究环节,符合语境;
- B. illustration(说明;图解):侧重 “用文字或图像解释已有概念”,无法体现 “通过实验手段确认活性位点” 的科研过程,语义偏差,排除;
- C. indication(指示;暗示):指 “间接显示某事物存在”,如 “指标暗示反应异常”,而题干强调 “直接确认活性位点”,而非 “间接指示”,精度不足,排除;
- D. imitation(模仿;仿制):指 “复制已有事物的特征”,与 “识别活性位点” 的研究目标无关联,且 “模仿活性位点” 不符合催化研究逻辑,排除。
- 备考拓展:考博英语词汇题中,化学领域学术词汇占比超 40%。结合中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所研究方向,建议重点积累 “催化与材料相关词汇”(如 “heterogeneous catalysis 多相催化”“active site 活性位点”“selectivity 选择性”“solid lubrication 固体润滑”),可通过《催化原理》(黄开辉版)、《材料化学导论》(唐本忠版)等专业课教材同步记忆,强化 “英语 + 专业” 联动理解。
- 考点定位:本题考查动词词义辨析与固体润滑材料合成语境衔接,核心是 “准确概括‘判断材料相容性以保障性能’的科研行为”,属于完形填空 “学术语境 + 动词功能” 的核心题型,占完形部分总分值的 6.7%(1/15 分)。
- 语境分析:题干破折号后明确逻辑 ——“poor compatibility may lead to reduced friction-reducing performance and short service life”(相容性差会降低减摩性能、缩短使用寿命),由此可知,研究者需 “通过评估确认基材与添加剂的相容性,规避性能风险”,需填入体现 “评估、判断” 含义的动词。
- 选项拆解与排除:
- A. evaluate(评估;评价):侧重 “通过测试或分析判断事物的质量或适用性”,与 “固体润滑材料合成中评估基材与添加剂相容性” 的专业行为完全匹配,符合语境;
- B. evacuate(撤离;排空):指 “人员撤离危险区域或容器排空”,与 “材料相容性” 的研究话题无关联,排除;
- C. evaporate(蒸发;挥发):多用于 “液体转化为气体的物理过程”,如 “溶剂蒸发”,无法用于 “相容性” 的评估场景,搭配不当,排除;
- D. elaborate(详细阐述;精心制作):指 “对事物进行详细说明或精细加工”,题干强调 “评估相容性”,而非 “阐述相容性原理” 或 “制作材料”,语义不符,排除。
- 备考拓展:完形填空的 “化学实验行为类动词” 是中科院考博高频考点,需结合材料合成、催化实验场景理解。针对兰州化学物理研究所特色,建议积累 “材料性能测试相关动词”(如 “characterize 表征”“analyze 分析”“optimize 优化”),可通过研读《摩擦学学报》期刊论文或所内固体润滑材料研发报告,强化专业语境感知。
- 考点定位:本题考查细节理解题的 “学术信息提取 + 同义转换”,核心是 “精准捕捉 MOF 负载单原子催化剂在选择性氧化中的核心优势”,属于阅读理解 “化学技术类文本 + 细节定位” 的高频题型,占阅读部分总分值的 5%(1.5/30 分)。
- 原文定位与逻辑分析:根据题干关键词 “MOF-supported single-atom catalyst”,锁定原文关键信息:“98% conversion rate... 95% selectivity... reduces energy consumption by 40% and eliminates toxic waste emissions”,且前文明确指出传统工艺的缺陷是 “high-pollution, high-energy-consumption”,由此可见该催化剂的核心优势是 “提升反应效率(转化率、选择性)+ 减少环境污染(无有毒排放)”。
- 选项拆解与排除:
- A. It lowers the cost of raw materials for cyclohexane production:原文仅提及 “提升反应效率、降低能耗、消除污染”,未涉及 “环己烷原料成本”,属于 “无中生有”,排除;
- B. It improves reaction efficiency and reduces environmental pollution:“improves reaction efficiency” 对应原文 “98% conversion rate... 95% selectivity”,“reduces environmental pollution” 对应 “eliminates toxic waste emissions”,是原文信息的精准同义转换,符合题意;
- C. It simplifies the process of catalyst preparation:原文未提及 “简化催化剂制备流程”,仅强调 “催化剂性能优势”,属于 “偷换话题”,排除;
- D. It extends the service life of reaction equipment:原文未涉及 “设备使用寿命”,无法从文本中推断该优势,排除。
- 备考拓展:化学技术类阅读文本常涉及催化材料、绿色工艺、功能材料等前沿话题,解题时需掌握 “数据指标定位法”,快速锁定转化率、选择性、能耗等关键信息。建议平时关注中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所官网 “科研成果” 栏目及《化学进展》期刊,提升专业文本理解速度。
- 考点定位:本题考查复杂句翻译、化学术语转化及逻辑关系传递,核心是 “准确还原离子液体在绿色化学中的学术内涵”,属于翻译题 “学术性 + 准确性” 的典型题型,占翻译部分总分值的 20%(3/15 分)。
- 句式拆解与翻译技巧:
- 主干结构:“The application... is not only conducive to... but also plays a crucial role in...”(…… 的应用不仅有利于……,还在…… 中发挥关键作用)。翻译时保留 “不仅…… 还……” 的递进逻辑,符合中文学术表达习惯;
- 专业术语:“ionic liquids” 译为 “离子液体”(绿色化学核心术语),“volatile organic solvent” 译为 “挥发性有机溶剂”(环境化学通用表述),“reaction selectivity” 译为 “化学反应选择性”(催化领域关键概念),确保术语无歧义;
- 定语结构:“of ionic liquids in green chemical synthesis”(离子液体在绿色化学合成中的)、“of volatile organic solvent pollution”(挥发性有机溶剂污染的),采用 “前置定语” 译法,避免英文式长句堆砌,保证中文流畅度。
- 评分标准对照:
- 学术忠实:完全传递 “离子液体应用的双重价值(解决污染 + 提升反应性能)”,无术语错译或语义增减;
- 语言流畅:句式拆分合理,“有利于”“关键作用” 等表达符合中文学术书面语规范,无口语化词汇;
- 逻辑清晰:递进关系(不仅…… 还……)传递明确,定语修饰关系清晰,符合化学文本的严谨性要求。
- 备考拓展:化学类翻译需重点关注 “绿色化学、催化相关术语” 的规范表达,建议结合《绿色化学导论》《离子液体化学》积累术语译法,同时练习 “长定语拆分技巧”,平衡学术性与可读性。
Advanced catalytic materials, such as single-atom catalysts, MOF-based catalysts, and enzyme catalysts, have become core drivers for the green and low-carbon transformation of the chemical industry. By improving reaction efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and eliminating pollutant emissions, they address the key contradictions between industrial development and environmental protection—a value fully demonstrated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics in its research.
Firstly, advanced catalysts enhance reaction efficiency to reduce energy input. The MOF-supported single-atom palladium catalyst developed by the institute achieves 98% cyclohexane conversion under mild conditions (80℃, atmospheric pressure), compared with 75% conversion of traditional catalysts at 150℃. This not only cuts energy consumption by 40% but also avoids the high-energy costs of high-temperature reactions, laying a foundation for low-carbon production.
Secondly, they eliminate harmful emissions to realize green processes. The institute’s "bio-enzyme catalytic system" for pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis replaces traditional heavy metal catalysts, eliminating 100% of toxic heavy metal waste. For example, in the synthesis of chiral alcohols (key pharmaceutical raw materials), the enzyme catalyst achieves 99% enantioselectivity while avoiding heavy metal pollution—this has been applied in a 10,000-ton-scale production line, reducing carbon emissions by 30,000 tons annually.
Finally, they enable resource recycling to support circular economy. The "photocatalytic CO₂ reduction catalyst" developed by the institute converts industrial CO₂ into methanol (a clean fuel) with a conversion efficiency of 18%—this not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also turns waste into valuable resources, promoting the recycling of carbon resources in the chemical industry.
In conclusion, advanced catalytic materials are indispensable for the green and low-carbon development of the chemical industry. For institutions like the CAS Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, continuing to innovate catalytic technologies will be crucial to supporting the global "double carbon" goal and sustainable industrial development.
- 考点定位:本题考查议论文 “学术视角 + 实证支撑 + 逻辑严谨性”,核心是 “结合催化材料研究实践论证其对化工绿色低碳发展的作用”,属于考博写作 “化学与可持续发展” 热点话题,占写作部分总分值的 100%(20/20 分)。
- 高分亮点拆解:
- 专业贴合度高:紧密结合中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所研究方向,引用 “MOF 负载单原子催化剂”“生物酶催化体系”“光催化 CO₂还原催化剂” 等真实科研成果,融入具体数据(如 “转化率 98%”“减碳 3 万吨 / 年”),体现对催化化学领域的深度认知;
- 逻辑结构清晰:采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 框架 —— 开头点明催化材料的 “核心驱动作用”,中间分 “降能耗”“减污染”“资源循环” 三大作用(各配案例与数据),结尾升华至 “双碳目标”,层次分明;
- 语言学术规范:运用 “single-atom catalyst 单原子催化剂”“enantioselectivity 对映选择性”“photocatalytic CO₂ reduction 光催化 CO₂还原” 等学术词汇,句式包含定语从句、对比说明等复杂结构,符合博士研究生表达水平;
- 论据权威充分:引用研究所已应用的工业化案例,满足 “specific examples” 要求,增强论证可信度。
- 备考拓展:考博写作需提前储备 “催化与绿色化工热点素材”(如单原子催化、酶催化、光催化),可通过所内顶刊论文(如《Angewandte Chemie》《催化学报》)积累案例。写作时遵循 “材料特性 - 实践效果 - 行业价值” 公式,突出 “技术突破 - 环境效益 - 低碳意义” 的逻辑链。
中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所考博真题(英语 2005-2025 年、专业课含《催化化学》《材料科学基础》《绿色化学》等)及高分答案详解,可通过以下渠道获取:
- 考博信息网(http://www.kaoboinfo.com/):汇聚全国高校考博资源,提供中科院各研究所专项真题、备考指南及导师信息,支持按 “催化化学”“材料科学” 等学科分类检索,是化学领域考博首选平台;
- 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院历年考博真题下载专用页面(http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_2750526.html):专属真题库,配套解析由考博命题专家与化学教授联合编写,覆盖催化材料、固体润滑、绿色工艺等核心专业方向,精准匹配备考需求。
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基础阶段(考前 12-9 个月):
- 英语:精读 2008-2015 年真题,积累化学学术词汇(如 “catalyst 催化剂”“selectivity 选择性”“ionic liquid 离子液体”),重点突破长难句与化学类文本阅读;
- 专业课:研读指定教材(如《催化原理》黄开辉版、《固体润滑材料与技术》刘维民版),构建 “催化理论 + 材料应用” 知识框架,结合真题了解命题侧重(如催化反应机理、材料性能分析)。
-
强化阶段(考前 8-4 个月):
- 英语:专项突破薄弱题型(如翻译、化学类阅读),结合答案详解复盘错题,总结 “学术名词定位”“反应逻辑分析” 等解题技巧;
- 专业课:聚焦论述题与实验设计题,融入 “单原子催化”“低碳化工” 等前沿视角,练习 “专业术语的英语表达与化学类论文写作逻辑”。
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冲刺阶段(考前 3-1 个月):
- 模考训练:使用 2016-2025 年真题整套模拟,严格把控时间(英语 3 小时、专业课 3 小时),提升答题速度与准确率;
- 热点积累:研读中科院兰州化学物理研究所近年科研成果(如 “碳中和催化技术”“高端润滑材料”),提炼科研热点融入写作,增强学术竞争力。
中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所注重 “科研创新与化工实践能力”,备考时需:
- 关注所内重点研究方向(如多相催化、固体润滑、绿色化学工程),将前沿动态(如 “光催化 CO₂转化”“生物酶催化工业化”)融入答题;
- 练习 “专业英语写作”,掌握化学领域学术论文的基本逻辑(如 “反应机理 - 实验数据 - 应用前景”),避免口语化表达,提升学术文本撰写能力。