- It was a depressed and divided country, accustomed to failure and ___ of change.
A. definite
B. curious
C. suspicious
D. anxious
本题考查形容词词义辨析与语境逻辑匹配，核心在于通过上下文语义（“沮丧分裂的国家”“习惯失败”）判断对 “变革” 的态度，同时需掌握各选项的固定搭配与情感倾向。
- 选项 A（definite）：意为 “明确的、确定的”，常用搭配为 “definite answer/plan”（明确的答案 / 计划）。代入题干 “accustomed to failure and definite of change”，语义逻辑矛盾 ——“习惯失败” 与 “对变革态度明确” 无关联，且 “definite of” 非正确搭配（正确搭配为 “definite about”），排除。
- 选项 B（curious）：意为 “好奇的”，固定搭配为 “curious about”（对…… 好奇），情感倾向中性偏积极。但题干中 “depressed and divided”“accustomed to failure” 均体现负面状态，“对变革好奇” 与整体消极语境不符，且 “curious of” 搭配错误，排除。
- 选项 C（suspicious）：意为 “怀疑的、不信任的”，固定搭配为 “suspicious of”（对…… 怀疑）。代入题干后，“习惯失败且对变革持怀疑态度” 完全契合 “沮丧分裂国家” 的行为逻辑 —— 长期失败会导致对变革的不信任，搭配正确且语义连贯，为正确答案。
- 选项 D（anxious）：意为 “焦虑的、渴望的”，既可用 “anxious about”（对…… 焦虑）表负面情绪，也可用 “anxious for”（渴望……）表积极倾向，语义存在歧义。且 “对变革焦虑” 虽符合部分负面语境，但 “accustomed to failure” 更强调 “长期习惯后的不信任”，而非 “短期焦虑”，情感深度不及 “suspicious”，排除。
- 高频固定搭配积累：
- suspicious of（怀疑……）：如 “She was suspicious of his motives.”（她怀疑他的动机）；
- anxious about（为…… 焦虑）：如 “He is anxious about his exam results.”（他为考试成绩焦虑）；
- curious about（对…… 好奇）：如 “Children are curious about everything around them.”（孩子对周围一切都好奇）。
- 语境逻辑解题技巧：考博词汇题常通过 “逗号、and/or” 连接并列语义，如本题中 “depressed and divided”“accustomed to failure and ___ of change” 均为并列结构，可通过前半部分的情感倾向（负面）锁定后半部分的选项态度，减少干扰。
Most people I know have at one time or another been ___ up by their childhood hobbies. Patterns tend to sink into the unconscious only to ___ disguised, unseen, like marionette (牵线木偶) strings, pulling us this way or that.
- A. drawn
B. pulled
C. messed
D. laid
本题考查动词固定搭配与上下文语义呼应，核心在于通过后文 “like marionette strings, pulling us” 的比喻，判断前文与 “pull” 的语义关联，同时需掌握 “动词 + up” 的短语含义。
- 选项 A（drawn up）：“draw up” 意为 “起草（文件）、拟定（计划）” 或 “（车辆）停下”，如 “draw up a contract”（起草合同）。代入题干 “been drawn up by their childhood hobbies”，语义完全不通 ——“被童年爱好起草 / 停下” 不符合逻辑，排除。
- 选项 B（pulled up）：“pull up” 此处取 “被拉扯、被影响” 的引申义（结合后文 “marionette strings, pulling us” 的比喻），代入题干 “been pulled up by their childhood hobbies”，意为 “曾被童年爱好所牵引”，与后文 “像牵线木偶一样被拉扯” 形成完美语义呼应，搭配合理且逻辑连贯，为正确答案。
- 选项 C（messed up）：“mess up” 意为 “搞砸、弄乱”，如 “He messed up the project.”（他搞砸了这个项目），情感倾向负面。但题干中 “childhood hobbies” 无负面属性，且 “被童年爱好搞砸” 与后文 “牵线木偶” 的中性描述不符，排除。
- 选项 D（laid up）：“lay up” 意为 “（因伤病）卧床休息” 或 “储存”，如 “She was laid up with a fever.”（她因发烧卧床），代入题干 “been laid up by their childhood hobbies”，语义完全无关，排除。
- “动词 + up” 短语辨析（考博完形高频考点）：
- pull up：①（车辆）停下；②（引申）牵引、影响；
- mess up：搞砸、弄乱；
- lay up：卧床休息、储存；
- take up：占据（时间 / 空间）、开始学习。
- 比喻修辞解题技巧：完形填空中若出现 “like/as” 引导的比喻（如本题 “like marionette strings”），后文的比喻内容往往是前文空格的 “语义提示”，需通过比喻对象的动作（pulling）锁定前文对应的动词（pulled）。
The calm of a few months without a major attack of a computer worm or virus was rattled hard recently. So dangerous is the latest problem that the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) warned that quick action by network users was crucial to avoiding serious Internet disruption.
This time the problem is with routers, the appliances that push traffic around the Internet. Routers have been exposed as having two separate security holes that could allow easy access for hackers to do their worst. It's another reminder that security threats are not likely to go away anytime soon. It also reminds us of the fragility of a world whose technology is so intertwined that a breach in one place can be exploited to bring down thousands or millions of systems around the world.
- The recent problem of the net security threat is in ___
A. the routers' failure to do their tasks
B. the improper use of routers by users
C. the easy attack of routers by hackers
D. the intertwined working systems of routers
本题考查细节理解题，核心在于精准定位原文中 “网络安全威胁的核心问题”，需区分 “问题表象” 与 “问题本质”，避免被干扰选项中的 “相关信息” 误导。
- 原文关键信息定位：第二段首句 “This time the problem is with routers...” 明确问题核心与 “路由器” 相关；第二句 “Routers have been exposed as having two separate security holes that could allow easy access for hackers to do their worst” 进一步说明 —— 路由器存在安全漏洞，导致黑客可轻易入侵。
- 选项拆解与排除：
- 选项 A（路由器无法完成任务）：原文仅提及路由器 “存在安全漏洞”，未提及 “无法完成推送网络流量的任务”（“push traffic around the Internet” 是路由器的正常功能，未被否定），属于 “无中生有”，排除。
- 选项 B（用户不当使用路由器）：原文未提及 “用户使用方式”，问题根源在于路由器自身的 “security holes”（安全漏洞），而非用户操作，排除。
- 选项 C（黑客可轻易攻击路由器）：与原文 “two separate security holes that could allow easy access for hackers” 完全对应，“easy access” 即 “easy attack” 的同义替换，准确概括问题本质，为正确答案。
- 选项 D（路由器的互联工作系统）：原文提及 “technology is so intertwined”（技术相互关联）是 “漏洞影响范围广” 的原因，而非 “安全威胁的核心问题”，属于 “因果混淆”，排除。
- 细节题解题步骤：
① 题干关键词定位（如本题 “recent problem”“net security threat”）；
② 原文中寻找 “问题本质” 的描述（而非 “相关背景 / 结果”）；
③ 选项与原文进行 “同义替换” 匹配（如 “easy access”→“easy attack”），排除 “无中生有”“因果混淆”“偷换概念” 的干扰项。
- 科技类阅读高频词汇：
- router：路由器；
- security hole：安全漏洞；
- hacker：黑客；
- disruption：中断（如 “Internet disruption” 网络中断）；
- intertwined：相互交织的。
(3) Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter at the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
有理由担心自己会在战场上阵亡的年轻人，想到自己被剥夺了生命所能给予的最美好的事物，产生怨恨之情是情有可原的。
本题考查复合句翻译（含定语从句、宾语从句），核心在于处理 “多层从句嵌套” 的逻辑关系，同时需准确传递 “justifiably”（情有可原）的情感倾向，确保中文表达流畅自然。
-
句子结构分析：
主句：Young men... may justifiably feel bitter（年轻人…… 产生怨恨之情是情有可原的）；
定语从句 1：who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle（修饰 young men，“有理由担心自己会在战场上阵亡的”）；
宾语从句 1：that they will be killed in battle（作 fear 的宾语，“自己会在战场上阵亡”）；
介词短语作状语：at the thought that...（“想到……”）；
宾语从句 2：that they have been cheated of the best things（作 thought 的宾语，“自己被剥夺了最美好的事物”）；
定语从句 2：that life has to offer（修饰 the best things，“生命所能给予的”）。
-
翻译技巧应用：
- 从句嵌套处理：中文多用短句，将英文的 “多层从句” 拆分为 “主谓结构 + 修饰成分”，如将 “who have reason to fear that...” 译为前置定语 “有理由担心自己会在战场上阵亡的”，避免中文长句的晦涩；
- 固定搭配精准翻译：“be cheated of” 意为 “被剥夺……”，而非字面的 “被欺骗”，结合 “the best things that life has to offer”（生命最美好的事物），传递 “失去宝贵机会” 的含义；
- 情感副词 “justifiably” 的处理：译为 “是情有可原的”，置于句末，符合中文 “先陈述事实，后表明态度” 的表达习惯，比 “有理由地感到怨恨” 更自然。
- 复合句翻译原则：
- 定语从句：短定语前置（如 “the best things that life has to offer”→“生命所能给予的最美好的事物”），长定语独立成句；
- 宾语从句：若引导词 “that” 无实际意义，可省略不译（如 “fear that they will be killed”→“担心自己会阵亡”）；
- 情感副词：如 “justifiably”“undoubtedly”，需结合语境译为 “情有可原的”“毋庸置疑的”，避免直译 “有理由地”“无疑地” 导致生硬。
- 高频固定搭配：
- be cheated of：被剥夺……（如 “He was cheated of his right to education.”→“他被剥夺了受教育的权利”）；
- have reason to do：有理由做……（如 “We have reason to believe his honesty.”→“我们有理由相信他的诚实”）。
TOPIC: What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to support your argument.
Holding the Olympic Games is not merely a global sports feast for China, but a strategic opportunity to boost national development in multiple dimensions. From the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics to the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, China has reaped profound gains in national image shaping, infrastructure upgrading, and cultural soft power enhancement, leaving a lasting legacy for long-term progress.
Firstly, the Olympic Games has helped China build a more open and dynamic national image. In 2008, the Beijing Summer Olympics amazed the world with its grand opening ceremony—where traditional Chinese elements like the "Four Great Inventions" and scroll paintings were displayed alongside modern technology. This not only showcased China's long-standing cultural heritage but also demonstrated its ability to integrate tradition with modernity. During the 2022 Winter Olympics, the "Ice Ribbon" (National Speed Skating Oval) and smart venues equipped with 5G and AI technologies further highlighted China's scientific and technological strength. Such displays have dispelled outdated stereotypes about China and enabled the international community to recognize its development achievements and inclusive attitude.
Secondly, hosting the Olympics has driven large-scale infrastructure upgrading that benefits both the event and long-term public life. For the 2008 Olympics, Beijing built or renovated 31 competition venues, including the iconic Bird's Nest and Water Cube, which later became popular tourist attractions and public sports facilities. More importantly, the event accelerated the construction of urban transportation networks—such as the Beijing Subway Line 10 and the airport expressway—greatly improving the city's traffic efficiency. For the 2022 Winter Olympics, China invested in the construction of high-speed rail lines connecting Beijing, Zhangjiakou, and Yanqing, shortening the travel time between Beijing and Zhangjiakou to just 47 minutes. These infrastructure projects not only supported the smooth operation of the Olympics but also laid a solid foundation for regional economic development and residents' daily lives.
Finally, the Olympic Games has served as a bridge to enhance China's cultural soft power through cross-cultural exchanges. During both Olympics, China organized a series of cultural activities—such as Peking Opera performances, tea-tasting sessions, and traditional handicraft exhibitions—allowing international athletes and tourists to experience the charm of Chinese culture firsthand. Meanwhile, Chinese athletes' excellent performances—like Gu Ailing's gold medals in freestyle skiing and Su Bingtian's breakthrough in track and field—have inspired global audiences and showcased the spirit of "higher, faster, stronger, together." Such exchanges have promoted mutual understanding between China and the world, helping Chinese culture gain wider recognition and laying the groundwork for deeper international cooperation.
In conclusion, holding the Olympic Games has brought China invaluable gains in national image, infrastructure, and cultural soft power. These achievements not only boost national confidence but also provide strong impetus for China's sustainable development. As China continues to engage with the world, the positive impact of the Olympic Games will continue to unfold, contributing to both domestic progress and global harmony.
- 开头段：开篇点明主旨 —— 奥运会是中国多维度发展的战略机遇，以 2008 夏奥、2022 冬奥为案例引子，总领全文三个分论点（国家形象、基础设施、文化软实力）。
- 主体段：每个分论点采用 “主题句 + 具体案例 + 效果分析” 结构，案例兼具 “时效性”（2008/2022 冬奥）与 “细节性”（如 “冰丝带”“京张高铁”），避免空泛论述。
- 结尾段：总结全文收益，升华主题 —— 奥运会的影响不仅限于当下，更助力中国长期发展与全球合作，符合博士研究生写作的 “深度立意” 要求。
- 案例精准性：选取 “冰丝带”“京张高铁”“谷爱凌 / 苏炳添” 等具体案例，既贴合 “Olympic Games” 主题，又体现 “specific examples” 的题干要求，增强论证说服力。
- 逻辑连贯性：使用 “Firstly/Secondly/Finally”“Meanwhile”“In conclusion” 等逻辑连接词，段落间过渡自然；每个分论点内部 “案例→效果” 的推导清晰，如 “基础设施建设→支撑赛事 + 惠及民生”，逻辑链条完整。
- 语言学术性：运用 “strategic opportunity”“cultural soft power”“sustainable development” 等高频学术词汇，句式多样（如定语从句 “which later became...”、分词结构 “allowing international athletes...”），符合博士研究生英语写作的语言规范。
- 题干回应技巧：题干要求 “specific examples”，需避免 “泛泛而谈”，应选取 “具体事件 + 数据 / 名称”（如 “京张高铁 47 分钟车程”），使论证更具可信度。
- 主题升华技巧：结尾段需跳出 “体育赛事” 本身，关联 “国家发展”“全球合作” 等宏观话题，体现博士研究生的 “全局视野”。
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