- Those who got angry and crazy set fire to cars and shops in the Paris suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois, then the problems ___.
A. evolved
B. evaporated
C. escalated
D. exalted
本题考查动词词义辨析与语境逻辑匹配，核心在于通过前文 “愤怒人群纵火” 的负面场景，判断 “问题” 的发展趋势，同时需掌握各选项的语义侧重与使用场景。
- 选项 A（evolved）：意为 “进化、演变”，侧重 “事物在长期过程中逐渐发展、完善”，如 “species evolved over millions of years”（物种历经数百万年进化），语义中性偏积极，与 “纵火引发问题” 的负面语境不符，排除。
- 选项 B（evaporated）：意为 “蒸发、消失”，侧重 “事物因自然或抽象原因逐渐消散”，如 “the mist evaporated”（雾气消散），若代入题干 “问题消失”，与前文 “纵火” 的破坏性逻辑矛盾，排除。
- 选项 C（escalated）：意为 “升级、恶化”，侧重 “问题、冲突等在程度或规模上逐渐加剧”，如 “tensions escalated between the two countries”（两国紧张局势升级）。代入题干后，“愤怒人群纵火后问题升级” 完全契合负面事件的发展逻辑，语义连贯且场景匹配，为正确答案。
- 选项 D（exalted）：意为 “推崇、高举”，侧重 “对人或事物的高度赞扬或提升地位”，如 “he was exalted for his contributions”（他因贡献被推崇），语义积极，与 “问题” 搭配不当，排除。
- 高频动词语义辨析（考博重点）：
- escalate vs. evolve：前者强调 “负面事物升级”，后者强调 “中性 / 积极事物演变”；
- evaporate vs. disappear：前者侧重 “渐进式消失”，后者为通用词，无 “渐进” 含义。
- 语境联想解题技巧：遇到描述 “冲突、灾害、危机” 等负面场景的题目，优先考虑 “escalate（升级）、worsen（恶化）、aggravate（加剧）” 等具有负面倾向的动词，缩小选项范围。
Patterns tend to sink into the unconscious only to ___ disguised, unseen, like marionette (牵线木偶) strings, pulling us this way or that. Whatever ails people -- keep them up at night, tossing and ___ -- also ails...
- A. occur
B. hide
C. gather
D. reappear
本题考查动词词义辨析与上下文语义呼应，核心在于通过 “only to”（表转折，意为 “却、反而”）的逻辑关系，结合后文 “像牵线木偶一样拉扯” 的比喻，判断 “模式” 在 “沉入潜意识” 后的状态。
- 选项 A（occur）：意为 “发生、出现”，侧重 “首次出现”，如 “an accident occurred”（发生事故）。但前文 “Patterns tend to sink into the unconscious”（模式倾向于沉入潜意识）表明 “模式已存在”，而非 “首次发生”，语义矛盾，排除。
- 选项 B（hide）：意为 “隐藏”，若代入 “沉入潜意识却隐藏”，则 “sink into the unconscious” 与 “hide” 语义重复（潜意识本身即 “隐藏的意识层面”），逻辑冗余，排除。
- 选项 C（gather）：意为 “聚集、集合”，侧重 “数量上的积累”，如 “crowds gathered”（人群聚集），与 “模式（抽象概念）” 搭配不当，且无法与后文 “拉扯” 的动作形成关联，排除。
- 选项 D（reappear）：意为 “重新出现”，“only to reappear disguised”（却以伪装的形式重新出现）完美承接前文 “沉入潜意识” 的转折逻辑 —— 模式虽暂时隐藏，却以 “看不见的牵线木偶线” 形式重现并影响人，与后文 “pulling us this way or that” 形成语义闭环，为正确答案。
- “only to” 逻辑结构用法：考博完形中 “only to do” 常表 “出乎意料的转折”，如 “He hurried to the station only to find the train had left”（他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已开走），解题时需重点关注 “前文动作” 与 “后文结果” 的反向关系。
- 抽象名词搭配积累：与 “pattern（模式）” 搭配的动词常见有 “sink（沉入）、reappear（重现）、form（形成）、break（打破）”，需结合语境选择符合 “抽象事物状态变化” 的词汇。
The problem with altruism is that it's in short supply because it has to compete with a balancing force in human nature -- selfishness -- or what we might more charitably describe as the will to survive and prosper. Do you remember the old comic strips where the hero has a little angel and a little devil hovering around giving him conflicting advice? Manichean oversimplification perhaps, but not too bad a representation of what actually goes on in our minds when we face choices between being nice to others and seeking immediate gratification.
- Altruism is rare because ___
A. people can't survive with it
B. it is strongly opposed by selfishness
C. people think highly of themselves
D. it doesn't exist in human nature
本题考查细节理解题，核心在于精准定位原文中 “利他主义稀缺” 的原因，需区分 “直接原因” 与 “干扰项中的片面表述”，避免被偷换概念的选项误导。
- 原文关键信息定位：第一段首句 “The problem with altruism is that it's in short supply because it has to compete with a balancing force in human nature -- selfishness -- or what we might more charitably describe as the will to survive and prosper” 明确指出 —— 利他主义稀缺的原因是 “需与人性中的平衡力量（自私）竞争”。
- 选项拆解与排除：
- 选项 A（人们靠利他主义无法生存）：原文提及 “selfishness” 可描述为 “the will to survive and prosper”（生存与发展的意愿），但未说 “利他主义使人无法生存”，属于 “过度推断”，排除。
- 选项 B（利他主义受到自私的强烈反对）：与原文 “it has to compete with a balancing force in human nature -- selfishness” 完全对应，“compete with”（与…… 竞争）即 “被…… 反对” 的同义表达，准确概括原因，为正确答案。
- 选项 C（人们高估自己）：原文未提及 “自我认知” 相关内容，属于 “无中生有”，排除。
- 选项 D（利他主义不存在于人性中）：原文明确提到利他主义是 “与自私并存的人性力量”（compete with a balancing force），并非 “不存在”，与原文语义相反，排除。
- 细节题 “因果关系” 解题技巧：
① 题干中出现 “because”“reason” 等词时，优先在原文中寻找 “because”“since”“for” 等因果连词；
② 注意 “同义替换”（如 “compete with”→“opposed by”），避免因字面差异错过正确选项；
③ 排除 “过度推断”（如 A 选项 “无法生存”）和 “无中生有”（如 C 选项 “高估自己”）的干扰项。
- 学术阅读高频词汇：
- altruism：利他主义（反义词：selfishness 自私）；
- balancing force：平衡力量；
- Manichean：摩尼教的（此处指 “二元对立的”，如 “善与恶对立”）。
(4) The best way to overcome it is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.
克服这种恐惧的最佳方法，是逐渐拓宽自己的兴趣范围，减少个人色彩，直到自我的壁垒一点点消退，你的生命也逐渐融入更广阔的普世生命之中。
本题考查复合句翻译（含不定式作表语、时间状语从句），核心在于处理 “抽象概念”（如 “walls of the ego”“universal life”）的中文表达，同时需保持 “gradually”“bit by bit” 等副词体现的 “渐进感”，确保译文逻辑流畅、语义精准。
-
句子结构分析：
主句：The best way to overcome it is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal（克服这种恐惧的最佳方法，是逐渐拓宽自己的兴趣范围，减少个人色彩）；
时间状语从句：until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life（直到自我的壁垒一点点消退，你的生命也逐渐融入更广阔的普世生命之中）。
-
关键概念与副词翻译技巧：
- “walls of the ego”：直译 “自我的墙” 生硬，结合语境译为 “自我的壁垒”，既保留 “阻隔” 的含义，又符合中文抽象概念表达习惯；
- “universal life”：译为 “普世生命”，而非 “普遍生命”，“普世” 更能体现 “超越个体、涵盖广泛” 的内涵，契合原文哲学意味；
- “gradually”“bit by bit”：通过 “逐渐”“一点点” 的重复表述，传递 “渐进式变化” 的语义，避免中文译文丢失原文的过程感。
- 抽象概念翻译原则：
- 避免直译：如 “ego” 译为 “自我” 而非 “本我”（“本我” 为心理学专用术语，此处不适用），“merged” 译为 “融入” 而非 “合并”（“合并” 侧重 “实体结合”，“融入” 侧重 “抽象融合”）；
- 结合语境补充语义：如 “overcome it” 中的 “it”，前文指代 “the fear of death”（对死亡的恐惧），译文中明确补充 “这种恐惧”，避免指代模糊。
- 考博翻译高频结构：
- “the best way to do sth. is to do sth.”：译为 “做某事的最佳方法是做某事”，保持句式简洁；
- “until” 引导的时间状语从句：中文常用 “直到……”“直至……” 开头，确保逻辑连贯。
TOPIC: What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to support your argument.
Holding the Olympic Games has long been a landmark event for China, marking not only its integration into the global sports community but also its leap forward in national development. From the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics to the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, China has accumulated profound gains in cultural communication, urban construction, and public health, creating a lasting positive impact on both the country and its people.
Firstly, the Olympic Games has become a powerful platform for China to promote cultural exchange and enhance national soft power. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the opening ceremony presented traditional Chinese culture to the world through vivid displays—such as the "Big Footprint" fireworks representing the evolution of human civilization, and the performance of Confucian scholars reciting classic verses. These elements not only showcased China's 5,000-year cultural heritage but also let the world understand the connotation of "harmony" in Chinese culture. In the 2022 Winter Olympics, the "Ice and Snow Rendezvous" theme and the use of traditional patterns (like cloud and dragon motifs) on athletes' uniforms further blended Chinese aesthetics with Olympic spirit. Through these cultural expressions, China has broken down cultural barriers and built a bridge of mutual understanding with other countries.
Secondly, hosting the Olympics has driven the upgrading of urban infrastructure and regional economic development. For the 2008 Olympics, Beijing invested in the construction of key projects such as the National Stadium (Bird's Nest), the National Aquatics Center (Water Cube), and the Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3. These facilities not only met the needs of the event but also became iconic urban landmarks, attracting millions of tourists each year. For the 2022 Winter Olympics, China built the world's first high-speed rail line dedicated to winter sports (connecting Beijing, Zhangjiakou, and Yanqing), which not only shortened the travel time between cities but also promoted the development of the "Beijing-Zhangjiakou Integrated Economic Circle." Additionally, the renovation of old communities and the improvement of public transportation in host cities have directly enhanced the quality of life of local residents.
Finally, the Olympic Games has boosted the popularity of sports and improved public health awareness. The 2008 Summer Olympics inspired a nationwide sports craze—more parks and community sports facilities were built, and participation in sports like basketball, swimming, and running increased significantly. The 2022 Winter Olympics further promoted the "300 Million People Participating in Winter Sports" initiative: ski resorts in Zhangjiakou, Changchun, and other cities saw a surge in visitors, and winter sports such as ice skating and snowboarding became popular among young people. This not only improved the physical fitness of the Chinese people but also laid a solid foundation for the development of China's sports industry.
In conclusion, holding the Olympic Games has brought China invaluable gains in cultural exchange, urban construction, and public health. These achievements not only reflect China's development strength but also contribute to its long-term progress in building a modern and harmonious society. As China continues to deepen its opening-up policy, the positive legacy of the Olympic Games will continue to play an important role in promoting global cooperation and common development.
- 开头段：开篇点明 “奥运会是中国发展的里程碑”，以 2008/2022 两届奥运会为案例切入点，总领 “文化交流、城市建设、公共健康” 三个分论点，立意明确。
- 主体段：每个分论点采用 “主题句 + 具体案例 + 效果分析” 结构，案例兼具 “具象化”（如 “大脚印烟花”“京张高铁”）与 “数据支撑”（如 “3 亿人参与冰雪运动”），避免空泛论述，符合 “specific examples” 的题干要求。
- 结尾段：总结全文收益，升华主题 —— 将奥运会的影响与 “国家现代化建设”“全球合作” 关联，体现博士研究生的宏观视野与深度思考。
- 案例针对性：选取 “文化展示（大脚印烟花）、基础设施（京张高铁）、公共健康（3 亿人冰雪运动）” 等案例，精准对应分论点，且覆盖 “夏奥 + 冬奥”，论证全面。
- 语言学术性：运用 “landmark event”“national soft power”“integrated economic circle” 等考博高频学术词汇，句式多样（如定语从句 “which not only...but also...”、分词结构 “representing...”），符合博士研究生英语写作规范。
- 逻辑连贯性：通过 “Firstly/Secondly/Finally”“Additionally”“In conclusion” 等逻辑连接词，段落间过渡自然；每个分论点内部 “案例→效果” 的推导清晰，如 “京张高铁→缩短通勤 + 促进经济圈发展”，逻辑链条完整。
- 题干回应技巧：针对 “give specific examples” 要求，避免使用 “many people”“some cities” 等模糊表述，需明确 “具体事物 / 数据 / 名称”（如 “京张高铁”“3 亿人”），增强论证可信度。
- 主题升华技巧：结尾段需跳出 “体育赛事” 本身，关联 “国家战略”（如 “开放政策”“现代化建设”）或 “全球议题”（如 “国际合作”），体现写作的深度与高度。
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