- The old farmer ___ his wife, living until 105 years of age.
A. beat
B. survived
C. lasted
D. endured
本题考查动词词义辨析与语境逻辑匹配，核心在于通过 “老农活到 105 岁” 的结果，判断其与 “妻子” 的关系，需精准区分各选项的语义侧重及搭配对象，尤其关注 “生存时间对比” 的隐含逻辑。
- 选项 A（beat）：意为 “打败、敲打”，常用搭配为 “beat sb. in sth.”（在某方面打败某人）或 “beat a drum”（敲鼓），与 “妻子” 搭配时无 “生存时间” 相关语义，且 “beat his wife”（殴打妻子）为负面含义，与 “活到 105 岁” 的积极语境完全相悖，排除。
- 选项 B（survived）：意为 “比…… 活得久；幸存”，常用搭配为 “survive sb.”（比某人活得久）或 “survive an accident/disaster”（从事故 / 灾难中幸存）。代入题干 “老农比妻子活得久，一直活到 105 岁”，完全契合 “生存时间对比” 的逻辑，搭配 “his wife” 语法正确且语义连贯，为正确答案。
- 选项 C（lasted）：意为 “持续、维持”，侧重 “事物或状态的延续”，常用搭配为 “last for + 时间段”（持续…… 时间）或 “last a long time”（持续很久），如 “The meeting lasted two hours”（会议持续了两小时），无法与 “his wife” 搭配表示 “生存时间关系”，排除。
- 选项 D（endured）：意为 “忍受、持续”，侧重 “忍受困难或痛苦”，常用搭配为 “endure hardship/pain”（忍受艰难 / 痛苦），或 “endure for + 时间段”（持续…… 时间），如 “He endured great pain”（他忍受着巨大的痛苦），与 “妻子” 搭配无逻辑，且无 “比…… 活得久” 的含义，排除。
- 高频动词搭配积累（考博重点）：
- survive：核心搭配 “survive sb.”（比某人活得久）、“survive sth.”（从…… 中幸存），如 “Her husband survived her by three years”（她丈夫比她多活了三年）；
- last：仅用于 “事物 / 状态延续”，不可用于 “人与人的生存时间对比”，如 “The tradition has lasted for centuries”（这一传统已延续数百年）；
- endure：强调 “主动忍受”，主语多为 “人”，宾语多为 “负面事物”，如 “endure loneliness”（忍受孤独）。
- 语境逻辑解题技巧：遇到 “人物 + 时间 + 另一人物” 的题干结构，优先考虑 “生存、陪伴、对比” 类动词（如 survive, accompany, outlive），通过结果（如 “活到 105 岁”）反推动作含义，缩小选项范围。
I once married a man I thought was totally unlike my father and I imagined a whole new world of freedom ___. Five years later it was clear even to me -- floating face down in a wash of despair -- that I had simply chosen a(n) ___ of my handsome daddy-true.
- A. character
B. duplicate
C. image
D. devil
本题考查名词词义辨析与上下文语义呼应，核心在于通过 “五年后发现丈夫和父亲本质一样” 的转折逻辑，判断 “丈夫” 与 “父亲” 的关系，需重点关注 “totally unlike”（完全不像）与后文 “本质一致” 的对比，选择体现 “相似性” 的名词。
- 选项 A（character）：意为 “性格、角色”，侧重 “人的内在性格或戏剧 / 文学中的角色”，如 “a man of good character”（品格好的人）、“a leading character”（主角）。代入题干 “选择了父亲的一个性格”，无法体现 “整体上与父亲一致” 的含义，且 “character” 为抽象概念，与后文 “spoke English like an angel but underneath he was my father exactly”（表面不同但本质一致）的 “整体人像” 逻辑不符，排除。
- 选项 B（duplicate）：意为 “复制品、极相似的人（或物）”，侧重 “与原物在外观或本质上高度一致的副本”，如 “a duplicate of the key”（钥匙的复制品）、“He is a duplicate of his father”（他和他父亲长得一模一样）。代入题干 “选择了父亲的一个‘翻版’”，完美承接前文 “totally unlike” 的转折 —— 表面不像但本质是 “复制品”，与后文 “本质和父亲一致” 形成语义闭环，为正确答案。
- 选项 C（image）：意为 “形象、影像”，侧重 “人或事物在他人心中的印象或视觉形象”，如 “public image”（公众形象）、“the image of a hero”（英雄的形象）。“选择了父亲的形象” 仅强调 “外在印象”，无法体现后文 “underneath he was my father exactly”（内在本质一致）的深度，语义片面，排除。
- 选项 D（devil）：意为 “魔鬼、恶棍”，为负面词汇，与前文 “handsome daddy-true”（帅气的父亲）及后文 “wonderful”（人很好）的正面描述完全矛盾，排除。
- 完形 “转折逻辑” 解题技巧：当题干中出现 “but/however/yet” 或时间对比（如 “once...five years later”）时，空格处词汇需与前文形成 “语义对立”，如本题 “totally unlike”（完全不像）与 “duplicate”（复制品）的对立，通过 “转折词” 或 “时间变化” 锁定语义方向。
- 高频名词语义辨析：
- duplicate vs. copy：前者强调 “与原物完全一致，可替代”，后者侧重 “模仿的副本，未必完全一致”，如 “a duplicate of the contract”（合同原件的复本，具有法律效力）、“a copy of the book”（书的副本）；
- image vs. character：前者为 “外在形象 / 印象”，后者为 “内在性格”，如 “His image is friendly”（他的形象很友好）、“His character is honest”（他的性格很诚实）。
Most office workers assume that the messages they sent to each other via electronic mail are as private as a telephone call or a face-to-face meeting. That assumption is wrong. Although it is illegal in many areas for an employer to eavesdrop on private conversations or telephone calls-even if they take place on a company-owned telephone-there are no clear rules governing electronic mail. In fact, the question of how private electronic mail transmissions should be has emerged as one of the more complicated legal issues of the electronic age.
- Paragraph 1 mainly tells that ___
A. one's privacy is often invaded by his boss
B. there is barely any private communication
C. private emailing is unlawful in companies
D. emails are not under legal protection
本题考查段落主旨理解，核心在于通过 “转折逻辑”（although...but...）提炼段落核心观点，需区分 “事实陈述” 与 “主旨结论”，避免被细节信息或干扰选项误导。
-
段落核心逻辑梳理：
- 开篇：办公室职员认为 “电子邮件和电话 / 面对面交流一样私密”；
- 转折 1：“That assumption is wrong”（该假设错误）；
- 转折 2：“Although 雇主监听私人通话 / 电话是非法的……there are no clear rules governing electronic mail”（尽管监听私人通话违法，但电子邮件无明确监管规则）；
- 结论：“电子邮件的隐私问题是电子时代复杂的法律议题”。
综上，段落主旨为 “电子邮件缺乏明确的法律保护，隐私无法像电话交流那样得到保障”。
-
选项拆解与排除：
- 选项 A（个人隐私常被老板侵犯）：原文仅提及 “职员假设电子邮件私密”“雇主监听通话违法”，未提及 “隐私常被侵犯” 的事实，属于 “无中生有”，排除；
- 选项 B（几乎没有私密交流）：原文仅讨论 “电子邮件的隐私问题”，未否定 “电话 / 面对面交流的私密性”，“barely any”（几乎没有）表述过于绝对，与原文 “as private as a telephone call”（和电话一样私密）矛盾，排除；
- 选项 C（公司内私人电子邮件是非法的）：原文明确 “雇主监听通话非法”，但 “电子邮件无明确规则”，并非 “电子邮件本身非法”，属于 “偷换概念”，排除；
- 选项 D（电子邮件不受法律保护）：与原文 “there are no clear rules governing electronic mail”（无明确监管电子邮件的规则）及 “复杂的法律议题” 高度契合，“无明确规则” 即 “缺乏法律保护” 的同义表达，准确概括段落主旨，为正确答案。
- 主旨题解题技巧（考博高频）：
- 关注 “转折词”（but/although/however/in fact）后的内容，如本题 “although” 引导让步，“there are no clear rules” 为转折后的核心观点；
- 排除 “细节干扰项”（如 A 选项 “隐私被侵犯” 是可能的结果，而非段落主旨）和 “绝对化表述”（如 B 选项 “barely any”）；
- 主旨句常位于段落开头（总起）或结尾（总结），本题主旨通过 “that assumption is wrong” 和 “in fact” 引导的结论句共同体现。
- 学术阅读高频词汇：
- eavesdrop：偷听、窃听（如 “eavesdrop on a conversation” 偷听对话）；
- govern：监管、支配（如 “rules governing data privacy” 监管数据隐私的规则）；
- transmission：传输、传递（如 “email transmission” 电子邮件传输）。
(5) I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
我愿在工作中离世，只因知道他人会继续完成我无力再做的事业，也因想到力所能及之事皆已完成而心满意足。
本题考查复合句翻译（含分词作状语、宾语从句），核心在于传递 “临终仍愿工作” 的积极人生态度，需精准处理 “while still at work” 的省略结构、“carry on” 的动作延续性，以及 “content in the thought” 的情感表达，确保中文译文既忠实原文，又符合中文 “简洁且富有情感” 的表达习惯。
-
句子结构分析：
- 主句：I should wish to die while still at work（我愿在工作中离世）；
- 省略结构：while still at work = while I am still at work（省略主语和系动词，符合英语简洁表达习惯，翻译时需补充逻辑主语 “我”，避免中文语义模糊）；
- 分词作状语 1：knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do（知道他人会继续完成我无力再做的事业）；
- 宾语从句：what I can no longer do（我无力再做的事），译为 “我无力再做的事业”，“事业” 比 “事情” 更能体现 “长期投入的工作”，契合 “临终仍牵挂” 的语境；
- 分词作状语 2：content in the thought that what was possible has been done（因想到力所能及之事皆已完成而心满意足）；
- 形容词作状语：content（心满意足的），译为 “因…… 而心满意足”，补充 “因” 字体现因果逻辑；
- 宾语从句：what was possible has been done（力所能及之事皆已完成），“what was possible” 译为 “力所能及之事”，比 “可能做到的事” 更具人文温度，贴合原文情感。
-
关键短语与情感传递：
- “carry on”：译为 “继续完成”，而非 “继续”，补充 “完成” 体现 “事业的延续性”，呼应 “我无力再做” 的遗憾与 “他人接续” 的希望；
- “content in the thought”：译为 “因想到…… 而心满意足”，“心满意足” 直接传递原文积极情感，避免直译 “在想法中满足” 的生硬；
- 整体语气：通过 “只因”“也因” 的递进连接，体现 “工作至死” 的两个核心原因 —— 对事业的牵挂、对人生的满足，符合中文 “重情感、重逻辑” 的表达特点。
- 省略结构翻译原则：
英语中 “while/when/if” 引导的状语从句，若主语与主句一致且含系动词，常省略 “主语 + 系动词”（如 while still at work = while I am still at work），翻译时需根据中文语境补充省略成分，避免语义断裂。
- 考博翻译情感传递技巧：
遇到表达人生态度、情感的句子（如本题 “临终愿望”），需通过 “愿”“只因”“心满意足” 等情感词汇，还原原文的人文温度，避免机械直译，如 “die while still at work” 译为 “在工作中离世” 比 “仍在工作时死亡” 更具尊重与情感。
TOPIC: What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to support your argument.
Holding the Olympic Games is not merely a global sports event for China, but a catalyst for national progress that spans cultural, economic, and social dimensions. From the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics to the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, China has not only showcased its comprehensive strength to the world but also accumulated tangible and intangible gains that lay a solid foundation for long-term development—especially in promoting green development, cultural confidence, and public health, which align with the global trend of sustainable growth.
Firstly, the Olympic Games has driven China's practice of green development and set a model for "eco-friendly events." For the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China launched the "Green Olympics" initiative: more than 80% of competition venues used renewable energy (such as solar power for the Water Cube), and 90% of construction waste was recycled. The Olympic Forest Park, built for the Games, has since become a "green lung" for Beijing, covering an area of 680 hectares and purifying 500,000 tons of air annually. For the 2022 Winter Olympics, China went further in green innovation: the "Ice Ribbon" National Speed Skating Oval adopted CO₂ cross-critical refrigeration technology—the first time this technology has been used in a winter Olympic venue—reducing carbon emissions by 30% compared to traditional refrigeration. Additionally, all competition venues were powered by "green electricity" (from wind and solar energy), and the medals were made from recycled metals. These practices not only supported the Games' operation but also promoted the popularization of "low-carbon development" concepts in China, driving the growth of renewable energy industries.
Secondly, hosting the Olympics has enhanced China's cultural confidence and promoted cross-cultural dialogue. The 2008 Beijing Olympics opening ceremony was a "cultural feast" for the world: the performance of "Four Great Inventions" (papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass) showcased China's ancient wisdom, while the 2008 drummers' rhythmic beats reflected the vitality of traditional culture. During the Games, Chinese-style souvenirs (such as jade carvings and silk scarves) became popular among international athletes, allowing the world to experience the charm of Chinese craftsmanship. The 2022 Winter Olympics further integrated traditional culture with winter sports: the mascot "Bing Dwen Dwen" combined the image of a panda (a national symbol) with ice crystal elements, and the award ceremony used "Ruyi" (a traditional Chinese artifact symbolizing good luck) as the podium. These cultural expressions not only strengthened Chinese people's recognition of their own culture but also let the international community understand China's "harmony between man and nature" concept, breaking cultural barriers and building a bridge of mutual trust.
Finally, the Olympic Games has boosted public health awareness and promoted the national fitness campaign. The 2008 Summer Olympics inspired a "sports craze" across China: more than 12,000 community sports centers were built, and the participation rate of regular physical exercise increased from 31.2% in 2007 to 33.9% in 2008. The 2022 Winter Olympics further advanced the "300 Million People Participating in Winter Sports" initiative: ski resorts in Hebei, Jilin, and other provinces launched affordable public courses, and primary and secondary schools added ice and snow sports to their PE curricula. According to data from the General Administration of Sport, by 2022, the number of Chinese people participating in winter sports had exceeded 300 million, and the incidence of chronic diseases among participants decreased by 15% compared to non-participants. These achievements not only improved the physical fitness of Chinese citizens but also laid a solid foundation for building a "Healthy China."
In conclusion, holding the Olympic Games has brought China invaluable gains in green development, cultural confidence, and public health. These gains not only reflect China's commitment to sustainable growth and cultural inheritance but also contribute to its goal of building a modern socialist country. As China continues to deepen its opening-up and participate in global governance, the positive legacy of the Olympic Games will continue to play an important role in promoting global sustainable development and cultural diversity.
- 开头段：开篇点明 “奥运会是中国多维度发展的催化剂”，以 2008/2022 两届奥运会为案例引子，总领 “绿色发展、文化自信、公共健康” 三个分论点，同时关联 “全球可持续发展” 趋势，立意高远，适配中国科学院植物研究所 “关注生态与可持续发展” 的学科属性。
- 主体段：每个分论点采用 “主题句 + 具体案例 + 数据支撑 + 效果分析” 结构，案例兼具 “生态属性”（如绿色奥运技术、低碳场馆）、“文化属性”（如传统元素展示）与 “社会属性”（如全民健身数据），严格呼应题干 “specific examples” 要求，且贴合植物研究所对 “生态、环境” 的研究方向，论证针对性强。
- 结尾段：总结全文收益，升华主题 —— 将奥运会的影响与 “国家现代化建设”“全球可持续发展” 关联，体现博士研究生的宏观视野与跨学科思维，符合考博写作 “立意深度” 的要求。
- 学科属性适配：结合中国科学院植物研究所 “植物生态、可持续发展” 的研究方向，在 “绿色发展” 分论点中重点阐述 “可再生能源、低碳技术、生态场馆”，体现对报考专业的认知，增强文章针对性，避免泛泛而谈。
- 案例与数据结合：选取 “CO₂制冷技术、300 万冰雪运动参与者、15% 慢性病发病率下降” 等具体数据，搭配 “冰丝带、奥运森林公园” 等具象案例，论证严谨且有说服力，符合博士研究生 “重实证” 的学术思维。
- 语言学术性：运用 “catalyst”“comprehensive strength”“sustainable growth”“cultural diversity” 等考博高频学术词汇，句式多样（如定语从句 “which align with...”、分词结构 “reducing carbon emissions...”），符合英语学术写作的正式语境，同时通过 “不仅…… 而且……”“这些实践……” 等逻辑连接词，确保中文表达流畅。
- 题干回应技巧：针对 “specific examples” 要求，需结合 “具体技术 / 项目 + 数据 + 效果”，如提及 “绿色发展” 时，不仅说明 “绿色奥运”，还需补充 “CO₂技术、绿色电力、碳减排比例” 等细节，让论证更具象。
- 学科适配技巧：报考中国科学院植物研究所的考生，写作时可适当关联 “生态、环境、可持续发展” 等领域（如文中 “低碳发展、可再生能源、生态场馆”），体现对报考专业的理解，让文章更具竞争力。
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