原题文本（Passage 1）
Agricultural science and technology have been playing a crucial role in addressing global food security and environmental sustainability. In recent decades, the development of precision agriculture, which integrates advanced technologies such as GPS, sensors, and data analytics, has revolutionized the way farmers manage their crops and livestock. Unlike traditional agricultural practices that rely on experience and intuition, precision agriculture enables farmers to make data-driven decisions, optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact.
One of the key benefits of precision agriculture is the efficient use of water and fertilizers. Sensors placed in fields can monitor soil moisture, nutrient levels, and crop growth in real-time. This data is then analyzed to determine the exact amount of water and fertilizers needed for each area of the field. As a result, farmers can reduce water waste by up to 30% and cut fertilizer usage by 20%, while increasing crop yields by 15-20%. This not only lowers production costs for farmers but also reduces the risk of water pollution caused by excessive fertilizer runoff.
Another advantage of precision agriculture is its contribution to sustainable livestock farming. With the help of wearable devices for animals, farmers can track the health status, feeding habits, and movement of each individual animal. For example, a sensor attached to a cow can detect early signs of illness, allowing farmers to provide timely treatment and prevent the spread of diseases. Additionally, data collected from these devices can be used to optimize feeding programs, ensuring that animals receive the right nutrients while reducing feed waste.
However, the widespread adoption of precision agriculture still faces several challenges. High initial investment costs for equipment and technology are a major barrier for small-scale farmers, especially in developing countries. Moreover, there is a lack of skilled workers who can operate and maintain the advanced technologies. To overcome these challenges, governments, research institutions, and private companies need to collaborate to provide financial support, training programs, and technical assistance to farmers.
Despite these challenges, the future of precision agriculture looks promising. With continuous advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, the capabilities of precision agriculture systems will continue to improve. In the next decade, we can expect to see more intelligent and automated agricultural equipment, such as self-driving tractors and drones that can perform tasks like planting, spraying, and harvesting with high precision. These innovations will further enhance the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural production, helping to meet the growing global demand for food.
Questions:
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What is the main idea of the passage?
[A] The challenges of traditional agricultural practices.
[B] The development and benefits of precision agriculture.
[C] The role of government in promoting agricultural technology.
[D] The impact of artificial intelligence on livestock farming.
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According to the passage, how can precision agriculture help reduce environmental impact?
[A] By increasing the use of chemical fertilizers.
[B] By minimizing water waste and fertilizer runoff.
[C] By replacing traditional farming equipment.
[D] By expanding the area of farmland.
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What is a major barrier to the widespread adoption of precision agriculture?
[A] Lack of interest among farmers.
[B] High initial investment costs.
[C] Insufficient research on the technology.
[D] Resistance from environmental groups.
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How can wearable devices benefit livestock farming?
[A] By reducing the number of animals on farms.
[B] By increasing the speed of animal growth.
[C] By monitoring animal health and optimizing feeding.
[D] By eliminating the need for manual labor.
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What can be inferred about the future of precision agriculture?
[A] It will focus on traditional farming methods.
[B] It will become more intelligent and automated.
[C] It will be unaffordable for most farmers.
[D] It will have no impact on global food security.
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答案 B（The development and benefits of precision agriculture.）
细节定位与逻辑推导：文章开篇点明农业科技的重要性，随后聚焦精准农业，介绍其技术整合特点、在水肥利用和畜禽养殖中的优势，还提及面临的挑战与未来前景。核心围绕精准农业的发展历程及带来的诸多益处展开，选项 B 精准契合全文主旨。
干扰项排除：A 仅在文中间接对比传统农业，未重点阐述其挑战；C 政府角色仅在解决挑战部分提及，非核心内容；D 人工智能的影响仅为未来发展的一部分，不能概括全文。
学术扩展：考博英语主旨题需把握 “总 - 分 - 总” 或 “引入 - 分析 - 总结” 的文章结构，重点关注首尾段及各段首句的核心观点。
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答案 B（By minimizing water waste and fertilizer runoff.）
细节定位与语义验证：定位原文第二段 “farmers can reduce water waste by up to 30% and cut fertilizer usage by 20%... reducing the risk of water pollution caused by excessive fertilizer runoff”，明确精准农业通过减少水资源浪费和化肥流失来降低环境影响，选项 B 与原文表述一致。
干扰项排除：A 增加化肥使用与原文 “cut fertilizer usage” 矛盾；C 替换传统设备并非降低环境影响的直接原因；D 扩大农田面积原文未提及，属于无中生有。
学术扩展：细节题需通过关键词（如 environmental impact）快速定位原文对应段落，仔细核对选项与原文的语义是否一致，避免被偷换概念的干扰项误导。
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答案 B（High initial investment costs.）
细节定位与逻辑推导：原文第四段明确指出 “High initial investment costs for equipment and technology are a major barrier for small-scale farmers”，直接说明高额初始投资成本是精准农业广泛应用的主要障碍，选项 B 符合原文信息。
干扰项排除：A 农民缺乏兴趣、C 技术研究不足、D 环保组织反对均未在文中提及，属于无关选项。
学术扩展：此类 “问障碍 / 原因” 的细节题，需关注原文中表示因果、转折的逻辑连接词（如 but, however, major barrier），其前后往往是答案所在。
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答案 C（By monitoring animal health and optimizing feeding.）
细节定位与语义验证：第三段提到 “wearable devices for animals, farmers can track the health status... optimize feeding programs”，说明可穿戴设备能监测动物健康状况并优化喂养方案，选项 C 准确概括其作用。
干扰项排除：A 减少动物数量、B 加快动物生长速度、D 无需人工劳动均与原文表述不符，原文未提及这些内容。
学术扩展：解答此类功能类细节题，需聚焦原文中描述设备、技术作用的具体语句，提炼核心功能，排除夸大或无关的干扰项。
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答案 B（It will become more intelligent and automated.）
推理判断与立场推导：原文最后一段 “With continuous advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning... more intelligent and automated agricultural equipment”，可推断出精准农业未来将更智能、自动化程度更高，选项 B 符合原文逻辑。
干扰项排除：A 聚焦传统耕作方式与原文 “future of precision agriculture looks promising” 矛盾；C 大多数农民负担不起与原文 “governments... provide financial support” 的应对措施相悖；D 对全球粮食安全无影响与开篇 “playing a crucial role in addressing global food security” 矛盾。
学术扩展：推理题需基于原文明确信息进行合理推断，不能脱离文本主观臆断，需结合全文逻辑和作者观点进行判断。
原题文本
Agricultural biotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing crop productivity and improving food quality. Through genetic engineering, scientists have developed crop varieties that are resistant to pests, diseases, and adverse environmental conditions such as drought and salinity. These improved crops not only ensure stable yields even in challenging environments but also reduce the need for chemical pesticides and herbicides, which is beneficial to both human health and the ecosystem. Moreover, agricultural biotechnology has the potential to address malnutrition by fortifying crops with essential vitamins and minerals, providing a sustainable solution to food insecurity in developing countries.
参考译文：农业生物技术已成为提高作物产量和改善食品质量的有力工具。通过基因工程，科学家培育出了抗病虫害、耐干旱、耐盐碱等恶劣环境条件的作物品种。这些改良后的作物不仅能在恶劣环境下保证稳定产量，还能减少对化学杀虫剂和除草剂的需求，这对人类健康和生态系统均有益处。此外，农业生物技术有望通过在作物中添加必需维生素和矿物质来解决营养不良问题，为发展中国家的粮食安全提供可持续的解决方案。
翻译要点解析：
- 核心词汇精准翻译：“Agricultural biotechnology” 译为 “农业生物技术”，“genetic engineering” 译为 “基因工程”，“adverse environmental conditions” 译为 “恶劣环境条件”，确保专业术语翻译准确。
- 句式优化调整：将英文长句 “Through genetic engineering, scientists have developed... such as drought and salinity” 拆分为符合中文表达习惯的短句，避免直译导致的生硬感；“which is beneficial to both...” 非限制性定语从句译为独立分句 “这对…… 均有益处”，使语义更清晰。
- 语义完整传递：“fortifying crops with essential vitamins and minerals” 译为 “在作物中添加必需维生素和矿物质”，准确传达 “强化作物营养” 的含义；“sustainable solution” 译为 “可持续的解决方案”，贴合上下文语境。
学术扩展：考博英语翻译注重 “精准性 + 流畅性 + 专业性”，翻译农业、科技类文本时，需积累相关专业词汇，拆分复杂句式，同时保持原文的逻辑关系和学术严谨性。
原题文本
Write an essay of 250-300 words on the topic "The Role of Agricultural Science and Technology in Promoting Rural Revitalization". You should support your views with relevant examples.
参考范文：
The Role of Agricultural Science and Technology in Promoting Rural Revitalization
Rural revitalization has become a key strategy for promoting balanced development between urban and rural areas, and agricultural science and technology is undoubtedly the core driving force behind this process. It plays a vital role in improving agricultural productivity, enhancing farmers' income, and building a beautiful countryside.
Firstly, advanced agricultural technologies boost production efficiency. Precision agriculture, for instance, integrates GPS and sensor technologies to optimize the use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides. This not only increases crop yields by 15-20% but also reduces production costs, helping farmers achieve higher economic benefits. Secondly, agricultural science and technology promotes industrial upgrading. The development of agricultural product processing technology has extended the industrial chain, turning raw agricultural products into high-value processed goods. For example, deep processing of grains into nutritious snacks and functional foods has created more job opportunities in rural areas and increased farmers' income.
Moreover, technological innovations contribute to ecological protection in rural areas. Water-saving irrigation technologies and organic farming techniques reduce environmental pollution, while renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind power improve the living environment of rural residents. In conclusion, agricultural science and technology is indispensable for rural revitalization. Governments and research institutions should continue to increase investment in agricultural R&D and strengthen technology promotion, enabling more farmers to benefit from technological progress and accelerating the realization of rural revitalization.
写作思路解析：
- 结构框架：采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，开篇点明农业科技在乡村振兴中的核心地位，中间从生产效率、产业升级、生态保护三个维度展开论述，每个维度搭配具体例子支撑观点，结尾总结并提出建议。
- 论点支撑：选取精准农业、农产品加工技术、节水灌溉技术等典型案例，使论点更具说服力；结合数据（如产量提升 15 - 20%）增强文章的专业性和可信度。
- 语言表达：使用学术化表达（如 core driving force, industrial upgrading, ecological protection），句式多样，逻辑连接词（firstly, secondly, moreover）的运用使文章结构清晰、过渡自然。
学术扩展：考博英语写作需紧扣主题，结合专业领域相关案例和数据支撑观点，构建 “观点 - 例证 - 分析” 的论证逻辑，同时控制字数在要求范围内，确保语言简洁、严谨、有深度。
吉林农业大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如农业相关主题阅读、专业术语翻译、思辨性写作）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 聚焦农业、科技、环境等考博高频主题，积累相关词汇和背景知识，提升阅读速度。
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，快速锁定原文对应信息，仔细比对选项与原文的差异，避免语义偷换。
- 推理题基于原文核心观点，结合上下文逻辑进行合理推断，不脱离文本主观臆断。
- 积累农业科学、生物技术等领域的专业术语，确保翻译准确性。
- 拆分英文长句，按照中文 “短句多、逻辑清” 的特点重构句式，避免直译导致的表达生硬。
- 翻译时兼顾语义完整性和语境适配性，确保译文符合中文表达习惯。
- 针对农业、乡村发展、科技应用等主题，积累典型案例和数据，丰富写作素材库。
- 采用 “总论点 - 分论点 - 例证 - 总结” 的结构，分论点之间逻辑清晰，例证贴合论点。
- 每周仿写 1 - 2 篇真题作文，重点优化语言表达，减少语法错误，提升学术写作的规范性和思辨性。
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