海南大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

海南大学博士研究生入学考试自命题英语试题

（初试）（A卷）（2011年）    考试科目代码：1001    考试科目名称：英语
考生注意：1、请在答题纸上答题，在试题上答题不给分。
　　　　　2、试题和答题纸同时交回，否则成绩无效。
　　　　　3、本试题共5大题，总分100分，考试时间为3小时。
一、公共部分（共4大题，满分70分）
Part I Vocabulary (每小题0.5分，共10分)
Directions: In this section, you will read 20 incomplete statements. For each statement, four choices marked A, B, C and D are provided. Choose the one that best completes the statement and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1. An experienced teacher knows the importance of setting top students as examples because their attitude can be ______; their confidence or disbelief in his teaching influences how the whole class responds to him.
A. contagious    B. conclusive
C. controversial    D. conducive
2. Before the construction of the road, it was ______ expensive to transport any fur or fruits across the mountain.
A. extravagantly    B. exaggeratedly
C. prohibitively    D. amazingly
3. Standing on the top of the skyscraper, he looked to the industrial zone in the far east end of the city where countless chimneys were ______ smoke; and he felt that his mind was just as confusing as the black smoke.
A. vomiting    B. erupting
C. igniting    D. emerging
4. Some black people had ______ white masters, so they were seldom tempted to flee the plantations for freedom.
A. lenient    B. intelligent
C. strict    D. sensitive
5. As she walked into the floor her heart was beating fast with excitement but her face was a smiling ______ mask.
A. serene    B. contented
C. feeble    D. circular
6. After work the same evening, my husband and I walked all over the golf course and were eventually rewarded by spotting the dog in the distance, although we failed to ______ her towards us.
A. commence    B. soothe
C. coax    D. commend
7. Women work the same hours, only to rush off afterwards to do childcare, shopping, cooking and cleaning tasks from which men are ______.
A. immune    B. exempt
C. eluded    D. exculpated
8. Other countries' currencies are either fixed in value or ______ against the dollar in the world's foreign exchange markets.
A. regulate    B. fluctuate
C. slump    D. emulate
9. A failure to ______ the legal requirements in contracting a marriage will render that marriage void.
A. cling to    B. conform to
C. hold to    D. subscribe to
10. There was a certain ______ in his manner now, which made them both ill at ease.
A. nuisance    B. suspension
C. constraint    D. reservation
11. His air had been washed in a coconut shampoo and ______ under the light.
A. gleamed    B. glimpsed
C. illuminated    D. bristled
12. Extremes in the weather are nothing new for the British garden and one fair ______ for next year is that the weather will be as unpredictable as ever.
A. spectacle    B. configuration
C. prediction    D. probability
13. Parents will become in a sense ______; the robots will nurse and play with children.
A. unkempt    B. invisible
C. superfluous    D. rudimentary
14. They do not waste energy, as most animals are obliged to do, ______ their prey.
A. in pursuit of    B. on account of
C. for want of    D. in defense of
15. They remain ______ to the task of setting up a group of integrated schools as a sector of education complementary to the existing system.
A. subjected    B. dedicated
C. poised    D. exposed
16. To support the strikers effectively, which is their duty and responsibility, would ______ breaking the law, or at least risk doing so.
A. entail    B. bode
C. menace    D. contemplate
17. He was frequently deceitful, as in his ______ misrepresentations to his crew of the speed of their daily voyage.
A. judicial    B. eerie
C. deliberate    D. superb
18. Jesus, it was awful, and the worst thing about it was, when we arrived the baby was still warm, so we tried to ______ it with mouth to mouth.
A. contrive    B. revive
C. evoke    D. ruffle
19. It is an offence to ______ the police in their efforts to search for evidence of a drug offence.
A. conspire    B. obstruct
C. annihilate    D. strap
20. Future generations are likely to ______ the way current societies are allowing so much of their heritage to be destroyed without record.
A. prune    B. deplore
C. assault    D. mend
Part II Reading Comprehension (每小题2分，共30分)
Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best Choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
German Chancellor (首相) Otto Von Bismarck may be most famous for his military and diplomatic talent, but his legacy (遗产) includes many of today's social insurance programs. During the middle of the 19th century, Germany, along with other European nations, experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization. Motivated in part by Christian compassion (怜悯) for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the world's first worker's compensation law in 1884.
By 1908, the United States was the only industrial nation in the world that lacked workers' compensation insurance. America's injured workers could sue for damages in a court of law, but they still faced a number of tough legal barriers. For example, employees had to prove that their injuries directly resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant about potential hazards in the workplace. The first state worker's compensation law in this country passed in 1911, and the program soon spread throughout the nation.
After World War II, benefit payments to American workers did not keep up with the cost of living. In fact, real benefit levels were lower in the 1970s than they were in the 1940s, and in most states the maximum benefit was below the poverty level for a family of four. In 1970, President Richard Nixon set up a national commission to study the problems of workers' compensation. Two years later, the commission issued 19 key recommendations, including one that called for increasing compensation benefit levels to 100 percent of the states' average weekly wages.
In fact, the average compensation benefit in America has climbed from 55 percent of the states' average weekly wages in 1972 to 97 percent today. But, as most studies show, every 10 percent increase in compensation benefits results in a 5 percent increase in the numbers of workers who file for claims. And with so much more money floating in the workers' compensation system, it's not surprising that doctors, and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growing pie.
21. The world's first workers' compensation law was introduced by Bismarck ______.
A. for fear of losing the support of the socialist labor movement    B. out of religious and political considerations
C. to speed up the pace of industrialization    D. to make industrial production safer
22. We learn from the passage that the process of industrialization in Europe ______.
A. met growing resistance from laborers working at machines    B. resulted in the development of popular social insurance programs
C. was accompanied by an increased number of workshop accidents    D. required workers to be aware of the potential dangers at the workplace
23. One of the problems the American injured workers faced in getting compensation in the early 19th century was that ______.
A. they had to produce evidence that their employers were responsible for the accident    B. America's average compensation benefit was much lower than the cost of living
C. different states in the U. S. had totally different compensation programs    D. they had to have the courage to sue for damages in a court of law
24. After 1972, workers' compensation insurance in the U. S. became more favorable to workers so that ______.
A. the poverty level for a family of four went up drastically    B. more money was allocated to their compensation system
C. there were fewer legal barriers when they filed for claims    D. the number of workers suing for damages increased
25. The author ends the passage with the implication that ______.
A. compensation benefits in America are soaring to new heights    B. people from all walks of life can benefit from the compensation system
C. the workers are not the only ones to benefit from the compensation system    D. money floating in the compensation system is a huge drain on the U. S. economy
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
War may be a natural expression of biological instinct and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.
The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a large system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgement and punishment upon the person who committed offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.
The other side of a state apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interest of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individual within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle dispute between states; it is the moment when the state makes most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitment.
26. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that ______.
A. it threatens the existing social systems    B. it is influenced by society
C. it has roots in religious conflicts    D. it is directed against institutions of law
27. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is ______.
A. to control violence within a society    B. to protest the world from chaos
C. to free society from the idea of revenge    D. to give the government absolute power
28. What does the author mean by saying "...legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused." (Line 5-6, para. 2)?
A. legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence    B. offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis
C. Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge    D. punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved
29. The word "allegiance" (Line 5, para. 3) is closest in meaning to ______.
A. loyalty    B. objective
C. survival    D. motive
30. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war    B. In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders
C. In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standard on their people    D. Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interest of the state in times of war
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
There is no question that the old style of air pollution could kill people. In one week following the infamous "peasouper" fog in December 1952, 4,700 people died in London. Most of these people were elderly and already had heart or lung diseases. A series of these killer fogs eventually led to the British passing the Clean Air Act which restricted the burning of coal.
Fortunately the effects of smog on the lungs is not so dramatic. Scientists have now conducted a number of laboratory experiments in which volunteers are exposed to ozone inside steel chamber for a few hours. Even at quite low concentration there is a reversible fall in lung function, an increase in the irritability of the lungs and evidence of airway inflammation. Although irritable and inflamed lungs are particularly seen in people with asthma and other diseases, these effects of ozone also occur in healthy subjects. Similar changes are also seen after exposure to nitrogen dioxide, although there is some disagreement about the concentration at which they occur.
Other studies have found that people living in areas with high levels of pollution have more symptoms and worse lung function than those living in areas with clear air. Groups of children attending school camps show falls in lung function even at quite low concentrations of ozone. There is also a relationship between ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma, both in North America and Australia. It is suspected that long-term exposure to smog may result in chronic bronchitis and emphysema but this has yet to be proven.
Recently an association has been found between the levels of particles in the air and death rate in North America cities. The reason for this association is not understood and as yet there is no evidence this occurs in Australia. However, we do know that hazy days are associated with some asthma attacks in children.
31. Which of the following is NOT the result of laboratory experiments?
A. low concentrations    B. fall in lung function
C. Irritability of the lungs    D. Airway inflammation
32. Irritable and inflamed lungs are also seen in people with ______.
A. asthma    B. lung diseases
C. good health    D. weak health
33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of lung diseases?
A. The burning of coal    B. Long-term exposure to smog
C. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide    D. Attending school camps
34. The relationship between exposure to ______ has not yet been determined.
A. ozone and fall in lung function    B. ozone and lung diseases such as asthma
C. nitrogen dioxide and lung function    D. smog and chronic bronchitis and emphysema
35. The association between ______ has not yet found in Australia.
A. ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma    B. hazy days and more asthma attacks in children
C. the levels of particles in the air and death rate    D. high levels of pollution and more symptoms
Part III Short Answer Questions (每小题2分，共10分)
Directions: In this section there is a passage followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Go through the passage to answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on the ANSWER SHEET.
For many women choosing whether to work or not to work outside their home is a luxury; they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.
Perhaps the easiest choice has to do with economics. One husband said, "Marge and I decided after careful consideration that for her to go back to work at this moment was an extravagance we couldn't afford." With two preschool children, it soon became clear in their figuring that with babysitters, transpoortation, and increased taxes, rather than having more money, they might actually end up with less.
Economic factors are usually the first to be considered, but they are not the most important. The most important aspects of the decision have to do with the emotional needs of each member of the family. It is in this area that husbands and wives find themselves having to face many confusing and conflicting feelings.
There are many women who find that homemaking is boring or who feel imprisoned if they have to stay home with a young child or several children. On the other hand, there are women who think that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.
For my own experience, I would like to suggest that sometimes the decision to go back to work is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now regret more. I wasn't mature enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl's eyes.
36. Which word in the first two paragraphs best explains why many women have to work?
37. Why did Marge and her husband think it an extravagance for Marge to go back to work?
38. What are the two major considerations in deciding whether women should go out to work?
39. Some women would rather do housework and take care of their children than pursue a career because they feel ______.
40. If given a second chance, the writer would probably choose to ______.
Part IV Writing (共20分)
Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the following topic. You should base your composition on the outline below given in Chinese and you should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
41. A Successful Career Contributes to Happiness
1. 人们通过各种途径寻求幸福
2. 成功的事业能够带来幸福感
3. 事业成功需要付出巨大努力
二、专业部分（共1大题，满分30分）
将下列段落翻译成中文（共30分，4小题）
1. Ever the most conservative estimates of resources in the seabed stagger the imagination. In the millions of miles of ocean that touch a hundred nations live four out five living things on earth. In the seabed, minerals and oil have been proved to exist in lavish supply. The ocean are a source of pure water and food protein; of drugs and building materials, they are even possibly a habitat for man himself and a key to survival for the doubling population on the land. （7分）
2. The DNA in each chromosome constitutes many genes (as well as vast stretches of noncoding DNA, the function of which is unknown). A gene is any given segment along the DNA that encodes instructions that allow a cell to produce a specific product — typically, a protein such as an enzyme — that initiates one specific action. There are between 50,000 and 100,000 genes in Human cells, and every gene is made up of thousands, even hundreds of thousands, of chemical bases. （7分）
3. Several hundred thousand tons of dangerous, useless pesticides currently plague several countries around the globe, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. No one wants to pay good money to burn old chemicals. They would much rather give development aid to build hospitals, roads and schools and fund other sustainable development options. What they overlook is that as long as the toxic legacy of obsolete pesticides remains, sustainable development is effectively impossible because water, soil and air continue to be poisoned. （8分）
4. Organic farming is basically a holistic management system which promotes and improves the health of agro-ecosystem related to biodiversity, nutrient biocycles, soil microbial and bio-chemical activities. It emphasizes management practices involving substantial use of organic manures, green manuring and management of pests and diseases through the use of non-synthetic pesticides and practices. Thus, organic farming prohibits the use of harmful chemicals and promotes the use of renewable organic resources to maintain the soil productivity and to control the crop diseases and pests. （8分）