重庆工商大学考博英语真题,考博英语试题

重庆工商大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试（初试）试题

考试科目：英语
Part I. Vocabulary (10 points)
Section A (5 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: In this section, there are 10 sentences. Each has something missing. After each sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
1. The former leader was today ___ to power in the first elections.
A. restored   B. recovered   C. revived   D. renovated
2. The government's ___ of commitment to the environment.
A. professions   B. occupation   C. responsibility   D. hype
3. Since the championship began in 1987, they have finished ___ in ninth, seventh and fifth position.
A. recessively   B. successively   C. subsequently   D. predominantly
4. She should be intelligent enough not to ___ the impression that we were not interested.
A. transfer   B. convert   C. exchange   D. convey
5. The George Cross is ___ on British civilians for acts of great bravery.
A. endowed   B. bestowed   C. delivered   D. provided
6. She likes to appear as if she knows all about the latest films and art exhibitions, but it's just a ___.
A. sarcasm   B. mockery   C. pose   D. carriage
7. In the early 1980s some members of the British Labour Party ___ to form the Social Democratic Party.
A. broke away   B. broke out   C. broke down   D. broke through
8. We are only interested in the parts of the book that ___ to local issues.
A. adhere   B. correspond   C. pertain   D. discriminate
9. He'd never have managed on his own but I ___ him ___.
A. pulled; over   B. pulled; through   C. pulled; up   D. pulled; back
10. There are at least twenty ___ dialects of the language just in the southern states.
A. discrete   B. distinguished   C. distinguishable   D. object
Section B (5 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: In this section, there are 10 sentences with one word underlined. After each sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
11. He tried not to look conspicuous and moved slowly along the back of the room.
A. prominent   B. eminent   C. imminent   D. excellent
12. Eloquent and humorous as he is, he failed to please his audience in the stuffy hall.
A. equivalent   B. explicit   C. articulate   D. descriptive
13. He was in the unenviable position of having to choose between imprisonment or exile.
A. freedom   B. banishment   C. suspension   D. disperse
14. Since the volcano last erupted, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes.
A. hurled   B. exploded   C. raged   D. fumed
15. She got caught in the rain and was completely soaked to the skin.
A. submerged   B. drenched   C. settled   D. engrossed
16. The programme will occupy the whole of the available airtime.
A. recess   B. space   C. capacity   D. intersection
17. I hear that she's been gazing at him all night at the party.
A. gazing   B. conveying   C. pursuing   D. succeeding
18. Judging by the way he stared at her, he must have been attracted.
A. ate   B. tightened   C. pierced   D. stared
19. To circumvent local sales taxes, shoppers often buy in neighboring communities that do not have such taxes.
A. deny   B. counteract   C. avoid   D. discourage
20. We've discussed this problem intermittently but so far haven't come up with a solution.
A. off and on   B. time and again   C. once upon a time   D. on and after
Part II. Reading Comprehension (50 points, 2 points each)
Directions: There are five reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by four questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
Zubaida's "foster" mother was of Afghan heritage, which was comforting. But Zubaida, still such a young girl, missed her father intensely. Her face-to-face confrontation with American life had been suspended while she was in the hospital, now she was bombarded with heavily accented language, new surroundings, strangers who smiled but who barely seemed real to her. As the summer days of 2002 drifted by, Zubaida experienced mood swings and emotional outbursts that reflected all her frustration and isolation. Nightmares made her cry out in torment. Everyone struggled.
On July 3, she had her third surgery, with Peter working on her skin like a custom tailor building a full-body suit out of living fabric. Skin grafts were taken from other parts of her body and blended into the surrounding skin so they would grow with the rest of her and not betray her by going out of control like the scar tissue from earlier procedures.
Rebecca Grossman, meanwhile, found herself drawn to Zubaida in ways she never had been with any burn center patient. Feeling the girl's loneliness as her own, she talked with Peter and with the hospital staff. They arranged for Zubaida to spend a weekend—just the two of them—at their home in Hidden Hills. They had dogs, horses, a pool, and lots of time to share. The day came, in November of that year, that Zubaida moved in with the Grossmans for the remainder of her time in America.
That fall, as she continued to heal, she entered the third-grade class at Round Meadow Elementary in Hidden Hills. Her teacher, Kerie Biensn, asked her class to try to imagine being torn away from everyone they had ever known, without family or friends. "We need to do more than just help her learn things," she told the children. "We need to be like her family and friends because that's what we would want others to do for us."
Though Zubaida was very timid, on her first day the kids argued over who would get to spend time with her. In spite of her poor English, she communicated well enough that she was soon enmeshed in classroom life, as well as the social life of the school.
Then came the holiday season—and the day Zubaida switched from calling Peter by his first name to calling him Dad. Little hairs stood up at the base of his neck as a smile made its way across his face. We watched Zubaida for a change of expression, some acknowledgment that she knew what she'd said. Instead, she just went right on chattering away.
Questions
21. The passage is mainly concerned with ___.
A. Zubaida's life in America   B. Zubaida's skin surgeries
C. how people treated Zubaida   D. Zubaida's schooling
22. At the beginning, the author seems to indicate that Zubaida ___.
A. missed her family very much   B. did not communicate with local people
C. was not accustomed to American life   D. went through sudden emotional bursts
23. All of the following statements are true about Zubaida EXCEPT ___.
A. Zubaida was fostered by a family of Afghan heritage at first in America.
B. In November, Zubaida began to live with the Grossmans.
C. Zubaida was enrolled into the third-grade class.
D. Zubaida will continue to live in America for the rest of her life.
24. Towards Zubaida, teachers and children had a feeling of ___.
A. delight   B. nostalgia   C. warm-heartedness   D. indifference
25. When Zubaida called Peter Dad instead of his first name, he seems to be ___.
A. understandable   B. overjoyed   C. appropriate   D. reflective
Passage 2
There are no oil wells in Kaluga, no gold mines, no rich mineral deposits. In fact, until recently there was very little in this town other than some run-down farms, a distillery that produces mediocre vodka, a big statue of a Soviet rocket scientist, and a war relic—a T-34 tank monument that still bears the inscription "FOR STALIN AND THE MOTHERLAND."
But something is transforming the place. The potholes on Lenin Street are being filled. Soviet-era stores that once sold only basic goods now dish out edible pizza for $1.50 a slice. A new restaurant called Tashir offers wireless Internet access. And then there's the Jackpot, a slot machine arcade that matches Kaluga's top attraction: a newly opened IKEA. "People are coming from hundreds of kilometers away to spend more money," says Alexander Kupsov, manager of Beiisis, the town's biggest hotel. Local businessman Sergei Zuyev sells 500 pairs of shoes a month—far more than he did just a couple of years ago.
With oil prices now more than 70 a barrel, Russia's new wealth is trickling down to ordinary people in ordinary places. For seven consecutive years of economic growth, oil and gas have brought about 60 billion a year in export earnings. The transformation is visible everywhere, bringing signs of prosperity to the once-neglected provinces. Retail sales are booming, stimulated by rising incomes (average monthly wages have more than doubled since 2000, to about $300) and easier credit. Household debt is growing fast, with car loans and mortgages becoming common. Sales of new foreign cars jumped 60% last year. The poverty rate dropped from 41% to 20% from 1999 to 2002, according to the State Statistics Committee, and other studies suggest it is now even lower.
The boom hasn't yet caused Russians to shake their legendary pessimism. Andrei Milekhin, who runs the country's biggest polling organization, says his polls show that most people do not feel better off even though they are consuming more. Everyone grumbles about inflation, currently at about 12%. Apartment prices are soaring faster than in Shanghai or New York City. But for all its uncertainties, the Putin era seems less erratic than the turbulent 1990s.
Questions
26. The passage is mainly concerned with ___.
A. the instability in Russia   B. the changes in Russia's economy
C. the pessimism of Russians   D. the ways to solve Russia's uncertainties
27. We can learn from the first paragraph that Kaluga ___.
A. has produced qualified vodka   B. has many farms
C. has few resources   D. is working for the rocket industry
28. Which of the following is NOT the change in provincial Russia?
A. The stores have been snapped up and remodeled.
B. Waitresses dish out edible pizza for $1.50 a slice.
C. Tashir's new restaurant offers wireless Internet access.
D. People don't have much money.
29. In paragraph 3, the author seems to indicate that Russia has ___.
A. remained unchanged all these years   B. become full of uncertainties
C. undergone drastic changes   D. remained the symbol of democracy
30. The people do not feel better off because of ___.
A. increased consumption   B. inflation
C. soaring apartment prices   D. uncertainties
Passage 3
Whether the cause is maternal or genetic, one thing is clear: the brains of young children with autism tend to be too big for their age. By the time they reach their third birthday, their brains are already the size of a normal 13-year-old's. More recent studies have found that the amygdala, an area associated with social behavior and emotion, is significantly enlarged in autistic children—and this is related to the high levels of anxiety seen in as many as 80% of people with autism.
Harvard pediatric neurologist Dr. Martha Herbert reported last year that the white matter in autistic brains has a specific signature: local connections are overdeveloped, but links between more distant regions of the brain are weak. The brain's right and left hemispheres are also poorly connected. "It's as if there are too many competing local services but no long-distance carriers," she says.
This observation jibes neatly with imaging studies that look at live brain activity in autistic people. Studies using functional MRI show a lack of coordination among brain regions, says Marcel Just, director of Carnegie Mellon's Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging in Pittsburgh, Pa. Just has scanned dozens of 15-to-35-year-old autistic people with IQs in the normal range, giving them thinking tasks as he monitors their brain activity. "One thing you see," says Just, "is that activity in different areas is not going up and down at the same time. There's a lack of synchronization—sort of like the difference between an orchestra that's in tune and one that's not, where each area does its own thing."
What remains unclear is whether the interconnectivity problem is the result of autism or its cause. "It's impossible to tell which comes first," says Just. Some studies have shown that autistic people use their brains in unusual ways. For example, they often rely on the visual parts of the brain to process language, rather than the areas that normally handle speech. They also tend to look at the mouth instead of the eyes of someone who is speaking. Their focus is on the physical aspects of communication—a mouth that moves—rather than the social cues in facial expressions.
Questions
31. The best title for the passage is ___.
A. The Brain Interconnectivity   B. The Cause of Autism
C. The Autism Brain   D. The Symptom of Autism
32. Which part is related to human anxiety?
A. Brain   B. Lobe   C. Heart   D. Amygdala
33. Which is one of the characteristics of the autistic brain?
A. Local areas tend to be somewhat connected.
B. Links between more distant regions of the brain are weak.
C. The brain's right and left hemispheres are well connected.
D. The white matter spreads all over the brain.
34. According to the passage, autistic people tend to do all the following EXCEPT ___.
A. They memorize language through visual processing.
B. They tend to use the visual part of the brain for language.
C. They often look at the mouth instead of the eyes when someone is speaking.
D. Their focus is on the expression of communicators.
35. In discussing Just's research, the author's tone is ___.
A. skeptical   B. matter-of-fact   C. indifferent   D. positive
Passage 4
Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner in a relationship or as a colleague at work to rely solely on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words.
We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don't mean anything except "I'm letting off some steam" or "I'm just saying something to fill the air." What we mean often lies beyond the words themselves. "I'm letting off some steam" might mean "I'm upset about something and I need to express it." A person wanting to purchase a house might say to the owner, "The step needs fixing," and the owner might reply, "It's been like that for years," but the unspoken message might be "I don't want to fix it" or "Are you trying to negotiate the price down because of this?" The search for a more expanded view of meaning can be developed by examining a message in terms of who said it, when it was said, where it was said, and under what circumstances it was said.
When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. A couple might have a heated argument and then say "I love you" to each other. The same words spoken at different times can have very different meanings. The frequency of a message can also convey meaning. For example, saying "I love you" once or twice a day might express sincere affection, but saying it hundreds of times a day might suggest insincerity. Sometimes it is not what is said but how often it is said that matters. And sometimes the more we say something, the less importance it assumes.
Questions
36. Effective communication is rendered possible between two people if ___.
A. they use proper words to carry their ideas.
B. they both speak truly of their own feelings.
C. they try to understand each other's ideas beyond words.
D. they are capable of associating meaning with their words.
37. "I'm letting off some steam" in paragraph 1 means ___.
A. I'm just calling your attention.   B. I'm just kidding.
C. I'm just saying the opposite.   D. I'm just expressing my anger.
38. The house-owner's example shows that he actually means ___.
A. the step has been like that for years.
B. he doesn't think it necessary to fix the step.
C. the condition of the step is only a minor fault.
D. the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.
39. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if ___.
A. linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.
B. seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior.
C. taken as part of a specific context.
D. expressed in response to a series of charges.
40. The word "ritualistically" in the last paragraph equals something done ___.
A. without true intention.   B. light-heartedly.
C. in a routine way.   D. with less emphasis.
Passage 5
Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people's. In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught—such as walking, running, climbing, riding a bicycle—compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.
But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means, what the answer to that problem is, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.
If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer. Let's end all this nonsense of grades, exams, and marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated people must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.
Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, "But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get on in the world?" Don't worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.
Questions
41. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?
A. By copying what other people do.
B. By making mistakes and having them corrected.
C. By listening to explanations from skilled people.
D. By asking a great many questions.
42. What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?
A. They give children correct answers.
B. They point out children's mistakes to them.
C. They allow children to mark their own work.
D. They encourage children to copy from one another.
43. The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are ___.
A. not really important skills.
B. more important than other skills.
C. basically different from learning adult skills.
D. basically the same as learning other skills.
44. Exams, grades, and marks should be abolished because children's progress should be estimated by ___.
A. educated persons.   B. the children themselves.
C. teachers.   D. parents.
45. The author fears that children will grow up into adults who are ___.
A. too independent of others.   B. too critical of themselves.
C. incapable of thinking for themselves.   D. incapable of using basic skills.
Part III. Cloze (10 points, 1 point each)
Directions: There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose one word or phrase that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a square bar across the brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
A telephone survey was conducted twenty years ago. More than 2000 adults were asked if they believed the sun revolved around the earth—or didn't know which revolved around which. I have no doubt that 46 all of these people were taught in school that the earth revolves around the sun. 47, they never changed their incorrect mental models of planetary 49 because their everyday observations didn't support what their teachers told them: people see the sun "rise" in the morning and "set" at night, and the earth seems stationary while the sun moves across the sky.
Students can learn the right answers by heart in class, but they never truly understand the concepts because the answers don't fit with their working models of the world. The 51 personal understanding of the world can 52 side by side, each unaffected by the other.
Outside of class, the students continue to use the 53 model because it has always worked well in that circumstance. Unless professors address 54 errors in students' personal models of the world, students are not 55 to replace them with the correct one.
46. A. excessive   B. extra   C. additional   D. virtually
47. A. ideally   B. remarkably   C. preferably   D. however
48. A. formed   B. altered   C. believed   D. adjusted
49. A. operation   B. position   C. motion   D. location
50. A. since   B. as   C. while   D. for
51. A. adult's   B. teacher's   C. scientist's   D. student's
52. A. exist   B. occur   C. survive   D. maintain
53. A. private   B. individual   C. personal   D. own
54. A. general   B. natural   C. similar   D. specific
55. A. obliged to   B. set to   C. in for   D. in a position
Part Ⅳ. Translation (15 points, 3 points each)
Directions: In this section, translate the first two sentences into English, and then the next three into Chinese. Write your translated sentences on your answering sheet against the corresponding question numbers on Paper One.
56. 天津历来被视为重要经济城市；而北京除作为政治中心外，还被鼓励加强它中国文化中心的吸引力。
57. 根据对农产品品质安全的要求，以及与其配套的因素的考虑，例如农产品多种品种的特性和生产区域大气、土壤、水体中有毒有害物质状况等因素，应该提出禁止生产的区域。
58. Last week those fragile fortifications failed, as the darkest part of the modern world--its violence--tore through a one-room schoolhouse in a spray of bullets that killed at least five girls.
59. If they fully understood the harm their government has done them, they could see firsthand the living standards enjoyed in South Korea and Japan, and could communicate more freely in the regime.
60. On Mars, the Opportunity Rover, which has been tooling across the landscape for more than 10 times its originally designed lifetime of 90 days, began taking close-ups from the edge of Victoria Crater.
Part V. Writing (15 points)
Directions: Write an essay with at least 300 English words on the given topic below. You should have your own point of view and it should be developed with sufficient supporting points. Write it on Paper Two.
61. The increase of divorced families leads to an increasing number of children from a single parent family. Society has paid more attention to those children and helps are often given to them. What do you think of the education and care of the children from those families? Give your opinions.