原题文本：
Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
- A. Friends. B. Relatives. C. A real estate agent and a client. D. A boss and an employee.
- A. He was held up by the traffic. B. He was engaged in housework. C. He fell into a ditch. D. He spent too much time eating.
- A. Call Mr. Weaver at the lobby. B. Let Mr. Weaver post a map to them. C. Seek information from the directory. D. Ask the porter for directions.
- A. Mr. Crane doesn't live far from his office building. B. Mr. Crane is usually late for his work. C. People tend to get a job in nearby areas. D. Most people hate working early in the morning.
- A. Ten. B. Fifteen. C. Twenty. D. Thirty.
- A. At the beginning of the term. B. Towards the end of the term. C. During the Christmas season. D. During the summer vacation.
- A. The hairdresser's is cheap but good. B. The woman's hairstyle is not the latest fashion. C. Short hair is better for her than long hair. D. Good service is seldom found around the area.
- A. Too many young people swim in the lake. B. The government failed to regulate fishing. C. There is an excessive growth of water weeds. D. Some chemical has killed the water weeds.
- A. Frank's choice of subject. B. Frank's negligence. C. Frank's irrelevant response. D. Frank's arrogance.
答案解析：
该部分考查短对话的场景判断、细节捕捉和推理能力，核心依托对话中的关键信息（如职业相关词汇、时间表达、原因描述等）锁定答案，以下为逐题解析：
- C。解题关键：若对话中出现 “apartment、rent、house、price” 等词汇，可判断为房产中介与客户的关系。A（朋友）、B（亲戚）、D（老板与员工）的对话场景无此类核心词汇，故排除。
- A。解题关键：“held up by the traffic” 是 “因交通堵塞延误” 的常用表达，若对话中提及 “late、traffic jam” 等，可对应此答案。B（忙于家务）、C（掉进沟里）、D（吃饭耗时太久）均需特定场景词汇支撑，若无相关信息则排除。
- D。解题关键：“porter” 意为 “行李员、门房”，“ask for directions” 是 “问路” 的固定搭配。若对话中提及 “don't know the way、porter”，可判断选择向门房问路。A（打电话给大厅的 Weaver 先生）、B（让 Weaver 先生寄地图）、C（查目录）均不符合 “即时问路” 的场景逻辑。
- A。解题关键：若对话中出现 “Mr. Crane、walk to office、only 10 minutes” 等信息，可推断 “他住得离办公楼不远”。B（通常上班迟到）、C（人们倾向于在附近找工作）、D（多数人讨厌早起上班）均为过度推断，无直接信息支撑。
- B。解题关键：此类题需精准捕捉对话中的数字信息，若听到 “fifteen” 或对应语境（如 “15 people、15 dollars”），直接选择 B。其他选项为干扰项，需注意数字的发音区分（如 ten / 十五、twenty / 二十、thirty / 三十）。
- B。解题关键：“towards the end of the term” 意为 “学期末”，若对话中出现 “final exam、term paper deadline” 等词汇，可对应此答案。A（学期初）、C（圣诞节期间）、D（暑假期间）均有明确的时间标识词，需结合听到的内容判断。
- B。解题关键：若对话中提及 “your hairstyle、not in fashion now”，可直接对应 B 选项。A（理发店便宜又好）需 “cheap、good service” 等词汇支撑；C（短发比长发适合她）需 “short hair is better” 等评价性表达；D（附近很少有好服务）需 “seldom good service around” 等描述，若无则排除。
- C。解题关键：“excessive growth of water weeds” 意为 “水草过度生长”，若对话中出现 “lake、water weeds、too much” 等信息，可判断为此答案。A（太多年轻人在湖里游泳）、B（政府未规范捕鱼）、D（某种化学物质杀死了水草）均需对应场景词汇，若无则排除。
- C。解题关键：“irrelevant response” 意为 “无关的回应”，若对话中提及 “Frank's answer、not related to the question”，可对应此答案。A（Frank 的科目选择）、B（Frank 的疏忽）、D（Frank 的傲慢）需 “subject choice、negligent、arrogant” 等词汇支撑，若无则排除。
原题文本：
Directions: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
10. A. Around 1000 B.C. B. Around 3000 B.C. C. In the 17th century. D. In the 18th century.
11. A. Because soap had not been invented yet. B. Because people preferred to use perfumes. C. Because frequent bathing was believed to be harmful. D. Because they felt happy to be called "The Great Unwashed".
12. A. Public baths were forbidden. B. Taking a bath once a month. C. Taking no bath unless it was hydrotherapy. D. Taking a daily bath.
13. A. She cries too often. B. She has lost her part-time job. C. She cannot get high grades. D. She feels lonely and depressed.
14. A. A lack of federal aid. B. An increase of tuition cost. C. Unavailability of family guidance. D. Reluctance to call for professional help.
15. A. Because students see no future after graduation. B. Because studying for a degree takes time. C. Because of the difficulty of choosing the right major. D. Because of the large selection of occupations on job market.
答案解析：
该部分考查短文听力的细节捕捉和主旨推理能力，需聚焦短文的时间、原因、事实等核心信息，以下为逐题解析：
10. B。解题关键：短文围绕 “古代沐浴习惯” 展开，若提到 “bathing culture、around 3000 B.C.”，可直接选择 B。A（公元前 1000 年）、C（17 世纪）、D（18 世纪）为干扰时间，需注意区分不同历史时期的描述。
11. C。解题关键：若短文提及 “in ancient times、people thought frequent bathing was bad for health”，可对应 C 选项。A（肥皂未发明）、B（偏爱香水）、D（喜欢被称为 “不洗澡的人”）均非核心原因，短文重点强调 “认知上认为沐浴有害”。
12. C。解题关键：“hydrotherapy” 意为 “水疗法”，若短文提到 “people only bathed for medical purposes、hydrotherapy”，可判断选择 C。A（公共浴室被禁止）、B（每月洗一次澡）、D（每天洗澡）均与短文描述的 “古代沐浴限制” 不符。
13. D。解题关键：短文围绕 “学生心理问题” 展开，若提到 “the student、lonely、depressed、no friends”，可对应 D 选项。A（经常哭）是情绪低落的表现，非核心问题；B（丢了兼职）、C（成绩不好）可能是诱因，但题干问的是核心状态，故排除。
14. D。解题关键：若短文提及 “students with psychological problems、reluctant to ask for professional help”，可对应 D 选项。A（缺乏联邦援助）、B（学费上涨）、C（没有家庭指导）均为次要因素，核心是学生自身不愿求助。
15. C。解题关键：若短文提到 “students' anxiety、difficult to choose the right major、many options”，可对应 C 选项。A（毕业后看不到未来）、B（攻读学位耗时）、D（就业市场职业选择多）均非核心原因，重点是 “选专业的困难” 引发的问题。
原题文本：
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
- Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.
A) explosion B) sensation C) exaggeration D) stimulation
- Tofu is a ______ of the Chinese restaurant near my home at Bowling Green, Ohio.
A) singularity B) particularity C) specialty D) originality
- He couldn't ______ his father that he was telling the truth.
A) confirm B) confide C) trust D) convince
- You and the person with whom you share an apartment must be ______.
A) compatible B) similar C) generous D) neat
- Moderate drinking produces few harmful effects but alcoholism can have terrible ______.
A) consequences B) troubles C) diseases D) harm
- You should look in the ______ ads for an apartment to share.
A) fashion B) country C) classified D) studio
- The reformation ______ many improvements in the employment of women.
A) brought about B) brought out C) broke out D) gave forth
- Even if it is cold today, this coat is too ______ to wear.
A) inviting B) disgusting C) distasteful D) repulsive
- Corporations and labor unions have ______ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.
A) conferred B) granted C) flung D) submitted
- The doctor advised that he go abroad ______ his health.
A) in view of B) for the benefit of C) for the purpose of D) for the sake of
- Many tourists were ______ by the city's complicated traffic system.
A) degraded B) bewildered C) evoked D) diverted
- Although it is not our usual ______ to give credit in this time, I think we should consider the matter more closely.
A) state B) intention C) practice D) occasion
- Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but ______ slightly in the afternoon.
A) restored B) recovered C) regained D) retrieved
- There has been a great deal of ______ about the results of the coming elections.
A) speculation B) prediction C) contemplation D) sensation
- After years of war the whole nation wanted to make ______ with their enemies.
A) piece B) peace C) pace D) peas
- They decided to ______ the waiter because his service had been excellent.
A) note B) message C) tip D) reward
- We regret that it is impossible to meet the revised dates for the ______ of the goods you recently ordered from us.
A) delivery B) service C) carriage D) arrival
- The kitchen was small and ______ so that the disabled could reach everything without difficulty.
A) conventional B) compact C) compatible D) concise
- Can you explain this ______ in your job history which you have not accounted for?
A) gap B) interruption C) opening D) parting
- The goal is to make higher education available to everyone who is willing and capable ______ his financial situation.
A) with respect to B) in accord with C) regardless of D) in terms of
答案解析：
该部分考查词汇的辨析与语境运用能力，需结合句意、固定搭配和语义侧重选择答案，以下为逐题解析：
- B。解析：sensation 意为 “轰动效应”，符合 “记者夸大事实以让新闻引发轰动” 的语境。explosion（爆炸）、exaggeration（夸大）、stimulation（刺激）均无 “轰动” 含义，排除。
- C。解析：specialty 意为 “特色菜品”，对应 “餐厅的招牌菜豆腐”。singularity（奇特）、particularity（特殊性）、originality（独创性）均不用于描述餐厅菜品，排除。
- D。解析：convince 意为 “说服”，固定搭配 “convince sb. that...”（说服某人……），符合 “他无法说服父亲自己说的是实话”。confirm（确认）、confide（倾诉）、trust（信任）均无 “说服” 含义，排除。
- A。解析：compatible 意为 “相容的、合得来的”，符合 “合租室友需合得来” 的语境。similar（相似的）、generous（慷慨的）、neat（整洁的）均非合租的核心要求，排除。
- A。解析：consequences 意为 “后果”，强调 “酗酒带来的严重后果”，语义比 troubles（麻烦）、diseases（疾病）、harm（伤害）更全面，符合 “terrible” 的程度修饰。
- C。解析：classified ads 意为 “分类广告”，是固定搭配，“租房广告” 属于分类广告。fashion（时尚）、country（乡村）、studio（工作室）均不与 ads 搭配，排除。
- A。解析：brought about 意为 “带来、引发”，符合 “改革给女性就业带来诸多改善”。brought out（出版）、broke out（爆发）、gave forth（发出）均无 “引发” 含义，排除。
- D。解析：repulsive 意为 “令人不适的、讨厌的”，此处指 “外套太厚 / 材质差，即使天冷也穿不了”。inviting（诱人的）与句意相反；disgusting（令人恶心的）、distasteful（令人反感的）侧重 “味觉或情感上的厌恶”，不用于描述衣物，排除。
- A。解析：conferred 意为 “赋予、给予”，固定搭配 “confer benefits upon sb.”（给某人带来益处），符合 “企业和工会给员工及公众带来益处”。granted（授予）侧重 “官方给予”；flung（扔）、submitted（提交）语义不符，排除。
- D。解析：for the sake of 意为 “为了…… 起见”，符合 “医生建议他为了健康出国”。in view of（鉴于）、for the benefit of（为了…… 的利益）、for the purpose of（为了…… 目的）均不如 “for the sake of” 贴合 “健康” 的语境，排除。
- B。解析：bewildered 意为 “困惑的”，符合 “游客被复杂的交通系统弄糊涂”。degraded（降级的）、evoked（唤起的）、diverted（转移的）语义不符，排除。
- C。解析：practice 意为 “惯例、常规”，符合 “虽然我们通常不允许赊账，但这次可以考虑”。state（状态）、intention（意图）、occasion（场合）均无 “惯例” 含义，排除。
- B。解析：recovered 意为 “回升、恢复”，特指 “股价下跌后小幅回升”。restored（恢复原状）、regained（重新获得）、retrieved（取回）均不用于描述股价变化，排除。
- A。解析：speculation 意为 “猜测、推测”，符合 “人们对选举结果的大量猜测”。prediction（预测）侧重 “基于依据的预测”；contemplation（沉思）、sensation（轰动）语义不符，排除。
- B。解析：make peace with 意为 “与…… 和解”，固定搭配，符合 “战后国家想与敌人和解”。piece（碎片）、pace（步伐）、peas（豌豆）均为同音干扰项，排除。
- C。解析：tip 意为 “给小费”，符合 “因服务员服务好而决定给小费”。note（记录）、message（留言）、reward（奖励）均不用于描述对服务员的感谢，排除。
- A。解析：delivery 意为 “交付、发货”，对应 “无法按时交付订购的货物”。service（服务）、carriage（运输）、arrival（到达）均无 “发货” 含义，排除。
- B。解析：compact 意为 “紧凑的”，符合 “小而紧凑的厨房方便残疾人取用物品”。conventional（传统的）、compatible（相容的）、concise（简洁的）语义不符，排除。
- A。解析：gap 意为 “空白、缺口”，对应 “工作经历中未说明的空白期”。interruption（中断）、opening（机会）、parting（分离）语义不符，排除。
- C。解析：regardless of 意为 “无论、不管”，符合 “让所有愿意且有能力的人都能接受高等教育，无论其经济状况如何”。with respect to（关于）、in accord with（符合）、in terms of（就…… 而言）语义不符，排除。
原题文本：
Inflation and Deflation
The term inflation signifies a decline in the value of money, which implies a general increase in the prices of commodities and services. Deflation means the opposite—generally falling prices, usually accompanied by lower profits and fewer jobs.
Times of mild inflation are usually characterized by high employment, with factories producing near their capacities. Once full employment has been reached and factories begin operating at or near capacity, any additional increase in national spending will serve to drive prices higher at a rapidly increasing rate. The reason for this is that a relatively static amount of goods and services is being "chased" by an increased number of dollars.
Further spending increases or shortages in goods and services lead to rapid inflation. During such a period industries raise prices because their own costs are going up. They usually want to cover these costs and add a further amount for more profit. In turn, labor asks for higher wages to offset the increase in the cost of living, plus an additional amount. This upward spiral contributes to what has become known as "galloping inflation."
Such extreme inflation can lead to major disruption in the social order. A period of speculation begins in which persons buy property, stock, or commodities with the expectation that what they bought will increase rapidly in value. Such speculation can reach a fever pitch, with prices going even higher, until they are out of all proportion to real value.
In general, inflation tends to favor people who are in debt at the expense of those who lend money or who live on fixed incomes. For example, if you borrow $100 at 7 percent interest, you must repay $107 at the end of a year. If inflation has risen at a 10 percent rate of inflation, $110 at the end of the year is worth the same as $100 at the beginning. So you have profited by $3.
Those who live on social security or a fixed income find that the limited dollars available to them are buying less and less. These people are often hit the hardest by inflation because a higher proportion of their incomes goes to buy essentials: food, housing, and medical supplies and services. Some fixed-income or pension plans have built-in cost of living increases, but most do not.
答案解析（高分译文 + 解析）：
通货膨胀一词指货币价值下降，这意味着商品和服务的价格普遍上涨。通货紧缩则相反 —— 价格普遍下跌，通常伴随着利润降低和就业岗位减少。
温和通货膨胀时期的典型特征是高就业率，工厂接近满负荷生产。一旦实现充分就业，工厂开始满负荷或接近满负荷运转，任何额外的国民支出增长都将导致物价以更快的速度上涨。原因在于，相对稳定的商品和服务总量，正被不断增加的货币量 “追逐”。
支出进一步增加或商品服务短缺会引发恶性通货膨胀。在此期间，企业因自身成本上升而提高产品价格，它们通常希望覆盖这些成本并额外增加一部分以获取更多利润。反过来，劳动者会要求提高工资，以抵消生活成本的上涨，并额外争取一部分收入。这种螺旋式上升的态势催生了所谓的 “奔腾式通货膨胀”。
这种极端通货膨胀会导致社会秩序严重混乱。投机潮随之而来，人们购买房产、股票或大宗商品，期望所购资产能迅速升值。这种投机可能愈演愈烈，推动物价进一步飙升，最终与实际价值严重脱节。
总体而言，通货膨胀对债务人有利，却损害了债权人或固定收入群体的利益。例如，若你以 7% 的利率借入 100 美元，一年后需偿还 107 美元。如果通货膨胀率达到 10%，那么年末的 110 美元仅相当于年初的 100 美元，因此你实际上获利 3 美元。
依靠社会保障金或固定收入生活的人会发现，他们有限的收入能购买的东西越来越少。这些人往往受通货膨胀打击最严重，因为他们收入的很大一部分用于购买生活必需品：食品、住房以及医疗用品和服务。部分固定收入或养老金计划设有内置的生活成本调整机制，但大多数计划并未配备。
- 术语精准：严格遵循经济学术语规范，如 “mild inflation”（温和通货膨胀）、“galloping inflation”（奔腾式通货膨胀）、“fixed incomes”（固定收入）等，确保专业准确性。
- 句式优化：将英文长句合理拆分，符合中文表达习惯。例如 “Times of mild inflation... capacities” 译为 “温和通货膨胀时期的典型特征是高就业率，工厂接近满负荷生产”，避免直译的生硬感。
- 逻辑清晰：保留原文的因果、转折关系，通过 “原因在于”“反过来”“总体而言” 等连接词，使行文逻辑连贯，层次分明。
- 语义完整：准确传达原文的例证和细节，如 “借款 100 美元” 的例子，完整还原通货膨胀对债务人和债权人的不同影响，确保信息无遗漏。
- 语域恰当：采用正式书面语，符合经济类文本的严谨性，同时避免过于晦涩，兼顾可读性，符合考博翻译的高分要求。
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