A) take over B) carry over C) turn over D) come over
答案解析：
答案选 B。
- 选项辨析：A) take over 意为 “接管；接替”，侧重权力、责任的转移，如 “The new manager took over the department.”；B) carry over 意为 “延续；转移”，指某种技能、态度等从一个领域延伸到另一个领域，符合题意，如 “Her leadership skills carried over from her work to her personal life.”；C) turn over 意为 “翻转；移交”，或 “营业额达到”，如 “The company turns over millions a year.”；D) come over 意为 “过来；顺便拜访”，或 “突然感到”，如 “A sudden dizziness came over her.”。
- 语境分析：句意为 “他们的研究表明运动技能会延续到个人生活中”，强调技能的跨场景延伸，故 B 项正确。
A) subordination B) participation C) impact D) assumption
答案解析：
答案选 B。
- 选项辨析：A) subordination 意为 “从属；服从”，强调层级关系，如 “the subordination of individual interests to the group”；B) participation 意为 “参与；参与度”，“participation of A to B” 表示 “A 与 B 的参与比例 / 情况”，符合语境；C) impact 意为 “影响”，常用搭配为 “impact on”，如 “the impact of technology on society”；D) assumption 意为 “假设；假定”，如 “the assumption that all students are equally capable”。
- 语境分析：句意为 “近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上，观察到女生与男生相似的参与情况”，侧重学生在课堂中的参与表现，故 B 项正确。
A) construct B) assign C) constitute D) approve
答案解析：
答案选 C。
- 选项辨析：A) construct 意为 “构建；建造”，侧重主动创造抽象事物，如 “construct a theory”；B) assign 意为 “分配；指派”，如 “assign tasks to students”；C) constitute 意为 “构成；组成”，强调事物的基本成分，“constitute being masculine and feminine” 表示 “构成男性化和女性化的特质”，符合题意；D) approve 意为 “批准；认可”，常用搭配为 “approve of”，如 “approve of the plan”。
- 语境分析：句意为 “无数次证明，构成男性化和女性化的各种行为、情绪和兴趣类型，都是由遗传和文化共同塑造的”，强调这些特质的组成要素，故 C 项正确。
A）complimentary B）complimented C）complementary D）complement
答案解析：
答案选 A。
- 选项辨析：A) complimentary 意为 “赞美的；免费的”，此处取 “赞美的” 之意，修饰 things，符合语境；B) complimented 为动词过去式或过去分词，意为 “赞美”，不能直接修饰名词；C) complementary 意为 “互补的”，如 “complementary colors”（互补色）；D) complement 可作名词 “补充物” 或动词 “补充”，如 “a complement to the main course”。
- 语境分析：句意为 “我们的客人对我做的饭说了些非常赞美的话”，需形容词修饰 things，故 A 项正确。
A) vulgar B) vague C) delicate D) subtle
答案解析：
答案选 B。
- 选项辨析：A) vulgar 意为 “粗俗的；庸俗的”，如 “vulgar language”；B) vague 意为 “模糊的；不明确的”，与 “nothing specific”（没有具体的内容）形成对应，符合题意；C) delicate 意为 “精致的；易碎的”，或 “微妙的”，如 “a delicate balance”；D) subtle 意为 “微妙的；敏锐的”，如 “subtle differences”。
- 语境分析：句意为 “他对要做什么有一些模糊的想法，但没有具体的内容”，“模糊的” 与 “具体的” 形成对比，故 B 项正确。
A) clap B) hit C) pat D) pad
答案解析：
答案选 C。
- 选项辨析：A) clap 意为 “鼓掌；拍手”，常用搭配为 “give a clap”；B) hit 意为 “击打；碰撞”，侧重用力撞击，语气较激烈；C) pat 意为 “轻拍”，“give sb. a pat on the back” 为固定搭配，意为 “表扬某人；鼓励某人”，符合语境；D) pad 意为 “垫子；衬垫”，或动词 “填塞”。
- 语境分析：句意为 “老师因为我考试得了 A，拍了拍我的背表示表扬”，固定搭配决定 C 项正确。
A) He tried to break in. B) He was shot dead.
C) He was a neighbor of Mr. Newbery. D) He lived on pension.
答案解析：
答案选 A。
- 定位依据：文章第二段 “Mark Revill, 28, was hit in the chest and arm by 50 shotgun pellets as he and another man tried to smash their way into the shed.”（28 岁的马克・雷维尔和另一名男子试图强行闯入小屋时，胸部和手臂被 50 颗猎枪子弹击中）。
- 选项分析：A 项 “他试图闯入” 与原文 “tried to smash their way into the shed” 一致，正确；B 项 “他被打死” 与原文 “lost two fingers, and has partially lost the use of one arm”（失去两根手指，一只手臂部分丧失功能）矛盾，错误；C 项 “他是纽伯里先生的邻居” 原文未提及，无依据；D 项 “他靠养老金生活”，原文提到 “the pensioner”（领取养老金的人）指的是纽伯里先生，而非雷维尔，错误。
A) out of panic B) through the window
C) to frighten him away D) because he was angry with him
答案解析：
答案选 A。
- 定位依据：文章第三段 “He was absolutely terrified, and fired the gun in self-defense.”（他极度恐惧，出于自卫开了枪）。
- 选项分析：A 项 “出于恐慌” 与 “absolutely terrified”（极度恐惧）相符，正确；B 项 “通过窗户” 与原文 “fired through a hole in the door”（通过门上的洞开枪）矛盾，错误；C 项 “为了吓跑他” 和 D 项 “因为他对他生气”，原文均未提及，原文明确是 “自卫” 且因 “恐惧”，故错误。
A) It was Mr. Revill's own fault if he was injured.
B) Mr. Newbery had planned the shooting.
C) Mr. Newbery should have been sent to prison for what he did.
D) A home owner is entitled to shoot a burglar under any circumstances.
答案解析：
答案选 B。
- 定位依据：文章第四段 “Mr. Justice Rougier ruled that Mr. Newbery had acted out of all proportion to the threat. He had not acted in panic, but had planned his response in advance...”（鲁杰尔法官裁定，纽伯里先生的行为与所面临的威胁不成比例。他并非出于恐慌行事，而是提前策划了应对措施……）。
- 选项分析：B 项 “纽伯里先生策划了这次枪击” 与 “had planned his response in advance” 一致，正确；A 项 “雷维尔先生受伤是他自己的错”，法院裁定纽伯里行为过度，并未认定雷维尔全责，错误；C 项 “纽伯里先生应为此入狱”，原文仅提到 “ordered to pay him £4000 damages”（被判赔偿 4000 英镑），未提及入狱，错误；D 项 “房主有权在任何情况下枪击窃贼” 与法院认为 “行为过度” 矛盾，错误。
China's reform has entered a critical stage and a deep water zone. We must rely fully on the people, break mental shackles and vested interests with great determination. We will expand the rebuilding of rundown urban areas so that cities will take on a new look instead of having stretches of rundown areas existing side by side with high-rise buildings. We will strengthen comprehensive maintenance of public order, crack down hard on violent crimes of terrorism, safeguard China's national security, create good public order, and work together to ensure public security in China. The people are the foundation of a nation, and a nation can enjoy peace only when its foundation is strong. The fundamental goal of a government's work is to ensure that everyone lives a good life. We will continue to build institutions, improve weak links, help those in need of subsistence assistance, ensure everyone has access to basic necessities, and improve people's living standards and quality of life. We will declare war against pollution and fight it with the same determination we battled poverty. We will fully implement the basic strategy of law-based governance, act in accordance with the law in all our government work, and be guided by law in both thinking and action in performing our duties.
答案解析：
中国的改革已进入关键阶段和深水区。我们必须充分依靠人民，以巨大的决心打破思想枷锁和既得利益。我们将扩大城镇棚户区改造范围，让城市焕然一新，告别成片棚户区与高楼大厦并存的景象。我们将加强社会治安综合治理，严厉打击暴力恐怖犯罪，维护国家安全，营造良好社会治安环境，共同保障中国的公共安全。民为邦本，本固邦宁。政府工作的根本目标是保障每个人都能过上好日子。我们将持续健全制度、补齐短板，帮扶困难群众，保障基本民生，提高人民生活水平和质量。我们将向污染宣战，以打赢脱贫攻坚战的决心治理污染。我们将全面落实依法治国基本方略，政府各项工作都要依法开展，履职尽责的思想和行动都要以法律为指引。
- 术语精准：“critical stage and a deep water zone” 译为 “关键阶段和深水区”，符合中国改革领域的固定表述；“vested interests” 译为 “既得利益”，“law-based governance” 译为 “依法治国”，均为官方规范译法。
- 句式优化：英文长句拆分重组，符合中文表达习惯。如 “We will expand the rebuilding... existing side by side with high-rise buildings” 拆译为 “我们将扩大城镇棚户区改造范围，让城市焕然一新，告别成片棚户区与高楼大厦并存的景象”，避免直译导致的生硬。
- 文化适配：“The people are the foundation of a nation, and a nation can enjoy peace only when its foundation is strong” 引用中国传统政治理念 “民为邦本，本固邦宁”，既准确传达原意，又贴合中文语境，提升译文文化内涵。
- 语气一致：保持原文正式、坚定的语气，如 “declare war against” 译为 “宣战”，“with the same determination” 译为 “以…… 的决心”，体现政府工作的坚定态度。
- 逻辑清晰：按原文语义逻辑分层翻译，确保各分句之间衔接自然，如 “build institutions, improve weak links, help those in need...” 译为 “健全制度、补齐短板、帮扶困难群众”，并列结构对仗工整，语义连贯。
略......
- 现在流行网上购物；
- 网上购物的利与弊；
- 你的观点。
答案解析：
In the digital era, online shopping has become an indispensable part of people's daily life, gaining unprecedented popularity across all age groups. With just a few clicks on a smartphone or computer, consumers can browse a vast array of products from around the world and complete purchases within minutes. This booming trend is driven by the rapid development of e-commerce platforms and the widespread use of mobile payment, making online shopping a convenient and efficient choice for modern people.
Online shopping brings both notable advantages and inevitable drawbacks. On the one hand, it offers unparalleled convenience. Consumers no longer need to spend time traveling to physical stores; instead, they can shop anytime and anywhere, which greatly saves time and energy. Additionally, online platforms provide a wider range of products at more competitive prices, allowing consumers to compare and choose freely. On the other hand, online shopping also has obvious limitations. The biggest issue is the inability to physically inspect products, leading to potential mismatches between the actual item and its description. Moreover, there are risks of online fraud and delayed deliveries, which may cause consumer dissatisfaction.
From my perspective, online shopping is a double-edged sword, but its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages. To address the existing problems, consumers should enhance their awareness of risk prevention, such as choosing reputable platforms and reading product reviews carefully. Meanwhile, e-commerce platforms and relevant authorities should strengthen supervision, improve after-sales service, and crack down on illegal activities. With joint efforts, online shopping will continue to evolve and better serve people's needs, becoming an even more vital part of the digital economy.
- 结构清晰：严格按照大纲要求分段，第一段引出网上购物的流行趋势，第二段分析利弊，第三段提出个人观点，逻辑连贯，层次分明。
- 内容充实：
- 第一段用 “indispensable part”“unprecedented popularity” 等词汇强调流行程度，结合 “smartphone or computer”“mobile payment” 等具体例子说明流行原因，内容具体。
- 第二段分点阐述利弊，优势从 “convenience”“wider product range”“competitive prices” 三个方面展开，弊端聚焦 “inability to inspect products”“online fraud”“delayed deliveries”，论据充分，贴合实际。
- 第三段提出 “利弊权衡” 的观点，从消费者、平台和 authorities 三个角度给出解决方案，具有建设性。
- 语言规范：
- 词汇丰富：使用 “unparalleled”“inevitable”“mismatches”“reputable” 等高级词汇，避免简单重复，提升文章质感。
- 句式多样：运用定语从句（“which greatly saves time and energy”）、状语从句（“On the one hand... On the other hand...”）、分词结构（“leading to potential mismatches...”）等，句式灵活，避免单一。
- 语法正确：时态、语态使用准确，无语法错误，表达流畅自然。
- 符合要求：字数超过 200 词，紧扣主题，论点明确，符合博士研究生英语写作的学术规范和语言要求。
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